非饱和红黏土的不排气、不排水三轴剪切试验研究

非饱和土中由于有孔隙气的存在而使得非饱和土的力学性质变得非常复杂。气体对非饱和土体强度和变形会产生重要影响。根据12组不同饱和度、不同干密度云南红黏土土样的三轴不排气、不排水剪切试验结果,讨论了气体对非饱和土土体强度和变形的影响。黏聚力在不排气剪切情况下随着饱和度的变化不是单调的,内摩擦角则随着饱和度的增大而减小。干密度增大则黏聚力和内摩擦角都增大。在三轴不排气剪切过程中,试样出现了明显了的剪胀性,且随着干密度的减小,饱和度的增大剪胀性逐渐消失。试样最后的破坏形态与是否发生剪胀可能也有联系。     

石碑塬滑坡黄土液化特征及其影响因素研究

石碑塬滑坡是1920年海原地震触发的大型黄土流滑,认识其破坏特征与发生机制对于黄土边坡长距离液化失稳机制的研究非常重要。对石碑塬黄土滑坡的调查和研究表明,饱和黄土或高含水率黄土具有很高的液化势和流态破坏势,在强震作用下,饱和黄土易发生液化或流滑。对石碑塬滑坡的7组原状黄土样品进行振动三轴剪切试验,并结合其微观特征分析,探讨了循环振动荷载作用下的饱和黄土孔隙水压力-应变增长模型,分析了振动液化过程中液化应力比与黄土粒度组成、土体微观结构参数及饱和度之间的关系。结果表明：黏粒含量越低,振动作用下饱和黄土孔隙水压力响应越快,液化应力比越低;黄土孔隙比越大,孔隙结构分形维数越大,液化应力比越低,振动液化后黄土孔隙分形维数降低,结构较液化之前更为致密;饱和度对黄土粒间胶结物质的赋存状态及黄土结构强度影响很大,同一土体饱和度越高,溶滤于孔隙水中的离子浓度越高,土体粒间接触点（或胶结点）越容易发生断裂,使得黄土结构强度降低,液化应力比降低。     

四川都江堰红梅村滑坡复活成因与机制分析

＂8.13＂特大暴雨,红梅村滑坡复活,经过现场勘探及进一步分析表明：由于人们对老滑坡认识不足,坡体上的人类工程活动（如：修建房屋,公路等）形成的顶部堆载改变滑体原有的平衡且未对滑体作必要的防治措施,为滑坡的复活埋下隐患。＂8.13＂特大暴雨前该地区连续多天降雨,导致坡体处于近饱水状态,一方面增大了岩土体容重;另一方面增大滑移面剪应力和降低抗剪强度,从而＂8.13＂特大暴雨激发了滑坡的复活。     

基于堆积层厚度变化的侏罗系顺向岸坡变形机制转换研究

三峡库区侏罗系顺向岸坡堆积体滑坡众多,其滑动模式存在一定差异。首先统计分析了192个三峡库区侏罗系层位发育的堆积体滑坡滑体及碎石土的工程地质性质和强度参数。在此基础上,运用数值分析软件对堆积体厚度变化引起的滑坡变形机制进行模拟分析。结果表明:堆积体厚度范围在15m及以下滑坡会沿着岩土界线面滑动、15~35m时滑坡会沿着层内剪切面滑动;厚度范围在35m以上时,堆积体滑坡内部可能存在着多层滑带,即滑坡可能沿着层内剪切面滑动或者沿着岩土界线面滑动。堆积体厚度范围在15m及以下时滑坡的治理措施可采用布置抗滑桩;厚度范围15~35m时可采用排水+布置抗滑桩的滑坡治理措施;厚度范围在35m以上时,可采用滑坡前期监测预报+后期根据滑坡发育情况相结合的滑坡防治措施。     

土坡失稳的有效降雨量研究

降雨易引起花岗岩残积土边坡失稳。在分析降雨对边坡土体含水率影响的基础上,通过饱和度和含水率的关系推求出土体从非饱和过渡到饱和的有效降雨量。结果表明：对土质边坡,并非所有的降雨都会引起边坡的失稳,降雨入渗使边坡土体从非饱和向饱和状态发展,当边坡土体饱和度达到一定程度的时候易产生边坡失稳;土坡存在饱和区和非饱和区的临界深度,降雨对边坡的影响即为使得该深度以上的土体从非饱和过渡到饱和的过程,须采取不同的抗剪强度来计算处于临界深度上下两部分土体的稳定状态。研究结果对确定土坡失稳的降雨量阀值、进一步认识滑坡失稳机制,对滑坡的预测预报具有理论及实际意义。     

Effects of degree of saturation on shallow landslides triggered by rainfall

The empirical rainfall threshold concept and the physical-based model are two commonly used approaches for the assessment of shallow landslides triggered by rainfall. To investigate in detail the rainfall-triggered shallow landslides, many physical-based models coupling the infinite slope stability analysis with the rainfall infiltration modeling in variably saturated soil were developed. However, in those physical-based shallow landslide models, the unit weight and the unsaturated shear strength were assumed constant rather than depending on the degree of saturation. In this study, the effects of the unit weight and the unsaturated shear strength as function of degree of saturation on rainfall-triggered shallow landslides are examined. Several designed scenarios and a real case scenario are used to conduct the examinations. The results show that not only the occurrence of shallow landslides but also the failure depth and the time to failure could be misassessed if the influences of degree of saturation on the unit weight and the unsaturated shear strength are neglected.     

Analysis of the bedding landslide due to the presence of the weak intercalated layer in the limestone

Analysis and research results show that the sliding plane of Jiudingshan landslide is along the weak intercalated layer (clay-filled) in the limestone and the sliding block is separated by the tension crack on the slope crest. The earlier study results show that for the rough, ups and downs structural plane, when i is greater than 2.0, the shear strength of the structural surface is intensely close to the strength of the filling. By the earlier theory, this failure must be through the clay filling. In this study, the failure is back-analyzed and the shear strength of the infilling is tested by the laboratory direct shear tests for which samples were retrieved in the field. The failure cannot be explained by the laboratory results of shear strength parameters. To simulate the field conditions, the real strength parameters of sliding surface are measured by the in situ shear tests for the weak intercalated layer. By the in situ tests, it is shown that the failure initiates along the contacts between the clay infilling and the limestone boundaries, but not through the clay itself. Though the contact surface is the interface of the clay–limestone, the cohesion is not 0 and it is not negligible too.     

强降雨作用下边(滑)坡稳定性分析及预警技术研究

以四川汉源二蛮山滑坡为例,根据现场滑坡情况勘查及室内试验确定土体参数;选择内置VBA为开发工具,开发基于ArcGIS的边（滑）坡稳定性分析插件,并据此得出研究区域危险区划评价图.研究结果表明,特殊地形条件、震后地质构造、连续强降雨以及坡体非饱和渗流等,使孔隙水压力增加和土基质吸力迅速减少,导致坡体滑移面处土的抗剪强度降低而发生滑坡;基于ArcGIS软件得出研究区域危险区划评价图,与滑坡的实际情况具有较高吻合度.研究成果为深入分析强降雨对边（滑）坡影响及边（滑）坡预警提供了新的途径.     

有荷干湿循环条件下不同膨胀土抗剪强度基本特性

针对膨胀土分布区公路边坡常浅层坍滑现状,选取南、北方3种典型膨胀土样,模拟干湿循环并计及边坡破坏时滑面的上覆压力,改变常规试样吸湿及施剪条件开展试验研究,以获得较符合实际的膨胀土抗剪强度及其衰减规律。结果表明：不同上覆压力对膨胀土抗剪强度的影响为荷载越大其强度绝对衰减率越小;用双直线能较好表征其抗剪强度线特征,强度指标c、? 宜按高、低应力段分别获取;随干湿循环次数增加,c值呈指数函数衰减,是造成边坡浅层坍滑的主要原因;? 值随作用次数增加虽有减小趋势,但降幅不大;通过控制基本相同的试验条件,实测得3种膨胀土的最终抗剪强度均降至某一幅值范围。研究结论为解读膨胀土坡为何多浅层坍滑提供了有价值的信息。     

Failure Mechanism of a Shallow Landslide at Tun-Sardon Road Cut Section of Penang Island,Malaysia

The occurrences of shallow landslides in residual soils of Penang hilly areas are common in rainy days. The failure mechanisms of a shallow landslide occurred at km 3.9 road in Tun-Sardon area of Penang Island have been simulated using two different methods of slope stability analysis. The results indicate that the failure was initiated locally inside the slope and then propagated further to induce total failure. The failure propagation was started from initial local failure zone and was driven by mobilized shear strength along the shear plane. The slope was marginally stable with an overall factor of safety of 1.32 before it failed to a rainfall event on September 6, 2008. It is found from back calculation that the rain infiltration raised the temporary water level and reduced the shearing strength of soil to a minimum level with increased pore water pressure to trigger the failure. This paper suggests further research on shallow landslide of Penang Island considering the direct rainfall infiltration effect in terms of groundwater pressure-head distribution inside the slope.     

谷竹高速公路原状片岩抗剪强度的水敏性研究

为了解鄂西北地区水敏性片岩在水作用下的抗剪强度特性,对取自谷竹高速公路现场的原状片岩试样开展了沿其层理面的室内天然状态直剪试验和饱水状态直剪试验,试验结果表明：水对片岩的抗剪强度和破坏特征影响显著;饱水后片岩与天然状态相比凝聚力降低了36.7%,内摩擦角降低了4.6%,残余凝聚力降低了66.7%,残余内摩擦角降低了11.3%;与天然状态的脆性破坏不同,饱水后片岩破坏时具有明显的延性特征。基于试验结果,探讨了水对片岩抗剪强度参数的弱化机制,利用极限平衡方法计算了谷竹高速公路沿线某边坡的安全系数,进而对该边坡在暴雨或连续降雨工况下的稳定性做出了评价。     

基于状态曲面的非饱和土强度准则及其验证

考虑体变对非饱和土土-水状态的影响,将状态曲面函数引入传统的Vanapalli强度公式得到与孔隙比相关的抗剪强度准则,新准则使用饱和土的强度参数和两条不同孔隙比对应的土-水特征曲线。选择一种尾矿砂和高岭土的混合土料为研究对象,进行一系列的土-水特征曲线试验、吸力控制的等向压缩和三轴剪切试验。试验结果表明,新准则能更准确地预测非饱和土的强度,证明了传统强度预测的误差主要来源于忽略了体变导致的土-水状态变化,并提出在不同应力空间内精确地获得抗剪强度包线的方法,合理地解释了强度包线斜率在净应力-强度平面内随吸力增大、强度包线形状在吸力-强度平面内随净应力发生变化的特性。     

An analysis of storm-induced landslides in colluvial soils overlying mudrock sequences, southeastern Ohio, USA

In late-June, 1998, a series of thunderstorms dropped 16.5 cm (6.5 in.) of rain in a 72-h period over southeastern Ohio, causing extensive flooding, six deaths, and 179 million dollars in property damage. The storms also triggered more than 60 shallow landslides along a 64 km (40-mi) stretch of Interstate 77 between Buffalo and Marietta, Ohio. Almost all of the landslides were translational, occurring along the contact between colluvial soils and the underlying bedrock (shales, claystones, mudstones). Six sites were selected in the affected area for a detailed study of the shallow landslides. At each site, a record was made of the stratigraphy, slope geometry, number of landslides, landslide dimensions, hydrologic conditions, and influence of vegetation on landslide distribution. Both colluvial soils and underlying bedrock were sampled for laboratory investigations, which included determination of natural water content, grain size distribution, Atterberg limits, permeability, slake durability, and shear-strength parameters. Data from laboratory tests were used to perform sensitivity and stability analyses with respect to varying slope angles, strength parameters, and thicknesses of saturated colluvial soil. The results of the study indicate that the shallow landslides along Interstate 77 occurred when the colluvial soils reached 90% to 100% saturation, depending upon the slope angles.     

锁儿头滑坡滑带土不同含水率大剪试验研究

锁儿头滑坡属特大型断层破碎带滑坡。该滑坡滑带土主要由强风化的中、上志留统千枚岩、板岩等构成,滑带土中粒径大于2 mm的颗粒含量约为30%,在滑带土颗粒组成中占有重要地位,其强度特征对滑坡体的稳定性分析具有重要影 响。为此,利用室内大型直剪仪对不同含水率下锁儿头滑坡滑带土的剪切特性进行试验研究,结果表明,在控制干密度为1.7 g/cm3情况下,不同含水率滑带土试样的剪应力-应变关系均呈现出弱应变硬化特征,而且法向压力越大,应变硬化特征越明显;在剪应变ε为10%时,相同含水率下滑带土剪切模量G0.1随法向压力的增大而增大,同一法向压力下的剪切模量G0.1与含水率间呈负线性相关关系;利用邓肯-张双曲线模型对锁儿头滑坡滑带土不同含水率下大剪试验剪应力-应变关系进行数据拟合,拟合效果良好,但该模型不能反映土的应变软化性质。     

Analysis of a progressive slope failure in the Xiangjiaba reservoir area,Southwest China

The rehabilitation construction in the reservoir area of Xiangjiaba hydropower station in Southwest China has caused many landslides. A shallow progressive failure that occurred on the resettlement site of Xin’an Town of Pingshan County in Sichuan Province was selected as a case study. This landslide occurred in a long and gently inclined area by slope excavation under rainfall conditions. It is about 3.0 m deep with a total length of 35 m and is composed of some subfailures. Undisturbed samples were retrieved, on which the basic properties, shear strength, expansive potential, mineral compositions, and microstructures were tested and analyzed. The results show (1) the landsliding materials belong to medium expansive soil, consisting of the clay minerals of illite–smectite (I/S) and chlorite–smectite (C/S); (2) shear strength of the soil is sensitive to water, which greatly decreases once saturated; and (3) many fractures and relatively large pores are developed in the soils. Back analysis of the landslide shows that the shear strength at failure is less than the residual shear strength obtained from lab tests, indicating that some processes contributing to the slope failure could not be reflected by the shear box test. Based on the above analysis, the progressive process of the slope failure was interpreted, and it is inferred that the rainfall entered into the slope mainly through fractures and relatively large pores in the soil. It caused not only the great decrease in soil strength but also the swelling trend. The latter one would lead to growth, interaction, and coalescence of the fractures. Soon after, these fractures formed the shear planes (zones), which further decreased the resistance of the landslide. Under these favorable conditions, the slope excavation directly triggered the failure.     

重塑硅藻土抗剪强度的环剪试验研究

硅藻土是一种强结构性土,具有密度小、孔隙大、干燥土块吸水率高等特点。天然硅藻土的抗剪强度大,但在外界扰动或风化后,结构性强度丧失,易发生滑坡等斜坡变形破坏现象,因此,研究其在大变形下的力学性质很有必要。利用环剪仪可以研究土体在较大剪切位移条件下抗剪强度变化规律,对重塑硅藻土进行环剪试验研究,得到了不同竖向压力下的应力-位移曲线,认为重塑硅藻土为典型的应变软化型土;根据测试结果得到了重塑硅藻土的抗剪强度和残余强度,并从物质组成和微观结构特征方面对重塑硅藻土的力学性质进行了分析,为硅藻土滑坡的成因分析和灾害防治提供了依据。     

汶川地震黄洞子沟右岸大型滑坡地质构造特征及成因

"5·12"汶川地震发生于龙门山逆冲构造带映秀-北川断裂,此次地震沿约300 km地表破裂带触发了大型滑坡百余处,其中大光包滑坡、红石沟滑坡和老鹰岩滑坡发育于绵阳安州区黄洞子沟右岸不到5 km区段内,规模均超过千万方,且大光包滑坡是此次地震中最大滑坡,也是世界罕见的巨型滑坡。本研究通过大量现场照片、遥感影像和实地测绘,结合XRD、岩石薄片手段在此3个滑坡滑源区展开了详细的地质调查。结果表明:（1）先期深埋的中-缓倾构造层带为大光包滑坡提供了潜在侧滑面,与岩体结构面组合触发了大光包大型楔形体破坏;（2）红石沟滑坡发育于含多级角砾、糜棱质次级错动带的碎裂结构坡体,地震中这些倾坡外的次级错动带快速贯通形成滑坡底滑面;（3）老鹰岩滑坡主控于厚层陡倾构造带,地震中该带沿走向拉裂破坏,加之两侧陡倾结构面组合切割触发了老鹰岩大型楔形体破坏。研究进一步发现,红石沟斜坡紧临大水闸背斜轴部、老鹰岩和大光包斜坡位于其两翼,认为该背斜构造对研究区斜坡地震稳定性有较大影响。本研究仅揭示了3个典型地质构造滑坡类型,汶川地震百余处大型滑坡地质构造成因有待进一步研究。     

基于参数劣化的软硬相间顺层边坡稳定性研究

三峡库区侏罗系地层具有独特的软硬相间的岩性组合和结构特征,侏罗系砂泥岩软硬相间地层是该地区典型的易滑地层,是滑坡集中发育的地层之一,也是三峡库区滑坡防治工作中的重点区域。为深入研究软硬相间层状岩质边坡的稳定性,通过对理论概化模型的分析,构建了软硬相间顺层岩质边坡的参数劣化计算模型。考虑风化作用对岩体结构面抗剪强度参数劣化的影响,引入空间变异函数,提出软硬相间层状岩质边坡结构面抗剪强度参数劣化模型,导出软硬相间层状岩质边坡沿层面方向抗剪强度参数劣化的函数表达式,表征了分析点的风化影响厚度与其强度参数的一一对应关系,有利于边坡稳定性的定量分析。利用该函数表达式对沿层面方向岩体的强度参数进行劣化,利用劣化后的强度参数进行稳定性评价,得到分析点至坡面距离与该点稳定系数的对应关系曲线,并结合三峡库区边坡实例进行了验证分析,指出软硬相间层状岩质边坡岩体抗剪强度参数的劣化对其稳定性评价具有较大影响,单平面滑动的稳定分析中抗剪强度参数沿层面恒定分布的假定具有一定的局限性;若不考虑结构面抗剪强度参数的劣化,可能导致稳定性计算结果偏于不安全。     

花岗岩风化料弃土快速堆填过程中不排水抗剪强度评估

沿海沿江城市地下开挖产生的工程渣土含泥量大、含水率高且较松散,主要运往渣土场进行堆填处置。由于产量巨大而处置场地有限,许多渣土场在运营过程中存在堆填速度快、缺乏排水设施、超高超库容堆填等问题,容易引发堆填体失稳事故。目前对于非饱和工程渣土堆体在快速堆填过程中的失稳机制认识尚不清晰,尤其是对这一过程中的高饱和度工程渣土强度增长规律缺乏足够的认识。以深圳红坳渣土场填料——花岗岩风化料(CDG)填土为研究对象,对不同初始饱和度土样进行三轴不排水不排气等向压缩和剪切试验,结果表明:非饱和CDG填土不排水抗剪强度随围压增大呈非线性增长,增长速率与试样初始饱和度密切相关;当土样压缩后的饱和度超过0.7,不排水强度随围压的增长速率显著降低。基于有效固结应力法的原理,结合Hilf孔压公式和修正剑桥模型,提出了一种工程渣土不排水抗剪强度估算方法,并通过与试验结果对比验证了该方法对初始饱和度高于0.6的CDG填土的适用性。利用该方法确定的不排水强度cu与正应力σn的关系可应用于高饱和度工程渣土快速堆填中的稳定性分析。     

Rainfall-induced shallow landslides caused by ex-Tropical Cyclone Debbie, 31st March 2017

Every year, Australia experiences tropical cyclones that bring large amounts of rainfall, causing flooding and damage to infrastructure and road closure due to landslips. In March 2017, tropical cyclone Debbie hit the Queensland coast dumping 747 mm of rainfall within 2 days to the Gold Coast region. As a result, multiple shallow landslides occurred in Gold Coast and northern New South Wales due to the increase in soil saturation. A field investigation was conducted from several sites between Gold Coast-Springbrook road and Tallebudgera creek road to identify geological settings and landslide characteristics. Key findings show that slides predominantly occurred in weathered meta-sediments of the Neranleigh-Fernvale Beds within a depth of 1–2 m. Furthermore, a series of shear box tests revealed that the shear strength of the soil significantly decreased when saturation occurred.