安徽牯牛降A型花岗岩的年代学、地球化学和构造意义

皖南地区牯牛降岩体位于扬子板块东南缘,江南隆起带内。本文报道了牯牛降花岗岩体新的锆石U-Pb年龄和地球化学数据,并对岩体成因及其构造意义进行了探讨。锆石原位LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年表明牯牛降岩体的形成年龄为130.1±1.3Ma (95% confidence, MSWD=0.55)。结合己发表的其他高质量锆石U-Pb同位素年龄数据表明皖南地区花岗岩的形成年龄主要集中在125~130Ma。牯牛降花岗岩为高钾钙碱性、准铝质岩石,SiO₂ 含量为72.21%~74.85%,具有高K₂O含量(>5.11%)、高铁值(FeO^T/(FeO^T+MgO)>0.91)和K₂O/Na₂O比值(>1.61),低MgO和CaO含量的特征。微量元素地球化学性质上表现为强烈亏损Ba、Sr、Eu(Eu^*/Eu=0.29~0.30),富集REE(>419×10^-6)、Rb、Th 和U,较高的高场强元素Zr、Nb、Y和Ga含量。主量和微量元素均表现为A型花岗岩的特征。非常低的Mg^#值(0.14~0.16)和较低Cr含量(Cr=10×10^-6),高Yb(7.08×10^-6~9.02×10^-6)、Y(78.7×10^-6~90.8×10^-6)含量和较高的Th/U比值(5.17~7.79)说明古老地壳物质的部分熔融可能是牯牛降岩体主要形成机制。牯牛降A2型花岗岩特征代表了拉张的碰撞后构造环境。     

鄂西南宣恩地区牯牛潭组和宝塔组时代讨论:来自牙形石的证据

鄂西南宣恩地区牯牛潭组瘤状灰岩与宝塔组龟裂纹灰岩为整合接触,相变缺失了庙坡组。通过对牯牛潭组和宝塔组界线附近牙形石样品的采集和鉴定,发现代表庙坡组开始沉积的Pygodus serrus牙形石带的Eo.Foliaceaus亚带初现于牯牛潭组顶部瘤状灰岩中,而消失于宝塔组龟裂纹灰岩,说明牯牛潭组为中奥陶世地层(O_2),宝塔组为中-晚奥陶世地层(O_(2-3))。     

牯牛潭组与庙坡组的界线

<正> 牯牛潭组和庙坡组是张文堂(1962)命名建立的,标准剖面位于湖北宜昌分乡镇西侧的牯牛潭。牯牛潭组以灰岩与瘤状灰岩为主,厚约20m;庙坡组为页岩夹灰岩,厚约2m,页岩的出现为庙坡组的开始。长期以来这一观点被广大地质工作者所接受。70年代初南京地质古生物研究所西南队在湖北宜昌黄花场重测奥陶系剖面时,在牯牛潭组顶部约0.5m厚的地层中发现了三叶虫Birmanites hupeiensis Yi,Lonchodomas brevicis Lu,     

皖赣两省地质公园造景花岗岩的岩石特征、形成时代及景观成因

皖赣两省气候宜人,旅游资源丰富。黄山、三清山、天柱山、九华山、牯牛降等地质公园更是以独特的花岗岩地貌景观闻名于世。通过对地质公园内造景花岗岩进行年代学、岩石学、地球化学等方面的研究,证明上述地质公园内的花岗岩集中形成于135~125 Ma,属于早白垩世强烈岩浆活动的产物。这些花岗岩高硅、富碱、过铝,轻重稀土分馏不明显,Eu强烈亏损,稀土配分曲线呈海鸥型;强烈亏损Ba、Sr、P、Ti,形成四个明显的凹槽,具有造山后铝质A型花岗岩的岩石地化特征,属于铝质A型花岗岩或者高分异花岗岩。上述花岗岩主要形成于造山后伸展的构造背景。该构造背景下产出的花岗岩以浅色矿物为主,暗色矿物含量稀少,抗风化蚀变能力更佳;并具有多组密集的原生节理,对花岗岩地貌景观的形成起着极其重要的控制作用。     

湖南沅陵柳林■附近之脉金矿

(一)导言柳林■在沅陵县城东北约二百里,位于沅江之南岸,自此西南行约三十里至牯牛背,沿途开采之脉金矿甚多,本文所讨论     

安徽"两山一湖"地区地质环境问题

1前言“两山一湖”是指安徽省南部地区的黄山、九华山和太平湖及其周边地区。区内有被世人称之为“天下第一奇山”的黄山,国家级山岳风景名胜———九华山(中国四大佛教胜地之一),还有太平湖风景区、世界文化遗产———黟县西递、宏村古村落、国家级自然保护区———牯牛降、清凉峰。她是集世界文化、自然遗产于一身的旅游大区。更是拥有丰富的地质景观、地质遗迹和较多的岩溶景观,构成融自然风景、宗教圣地、休闲活动、科学考察和猎奇探险为一体的世界级旅游区,旅游资源十分丰富。由于人们缺乏必要的地学知识及相应的地质环境保护意识,“两…     

开阳磷矿用沙坝矿段牯牛背边坡变形分析

本文主要应用岩石力学原理对开阳磷矿用沙坝矿段牯牛背边坡变形机制进行分析,总结了逆向型边坡变形的控制因素,提出了相应的防治措施。     

湘西奥陶系红色碳酸盐岩碳、氧同位素组成特征及古环境意义

红色碳酸盐岩是华南奥陶系的一种具有紫红—砖红色调的代表性沉积岩,其中可能蕴含特殊的古环境信息。湖南湘西三百洞地区具有一条出露良好、厚层为主的红色碳酸盐岩剖面,主要发育于大湾组和牯牛潭组内,文章对该段地层采集了355件碳、氧同位素和Mn、Sr元素分析样品,以及10件牙形刺化石样品进行研究。根据牙形刺样品约束,大湾组底界可能大致相当于弗洛阶顶界,大湾组和牯牛潭组界线在达瑞威尔阶中下部,牯牛潭组顶界大致相当于达瑞威尔阶顶界。据显微薄片鉴定、δ¹³C-δ¹⁸O相关性分析和Mn-Sr元素评估,推断样品受到成岩作用影响不大。355件同位素测试样品显示三百洞剖面的δ¹³C和δ¹⁸O均为低幅高频振荡,δ¹³C在-0.38‰～1.67‰之间,δ¹⁸O在-9.34‰～-7.21‰之间,其中可与全球对比的同位素事件有大坪阶底部碳同位素负漂事件(BDNICE)和达瑞威尔阶中部碳同位素漂移事件(MDICE),可以间接对比的有达瑞威尔阶下部碳同位素负漂事件(LDNICE),此外还有2...     

桃源牯牛山─老屋棚金矿地质特征

本文对桃源县牯牛山─老屋棚金矿地质特征及其矿化规律作了总结，并据地质类比法预测烂泥湖─猪梁背一带，为找石英脉、破碎带蚀变岩型金矿的远景区。     

华南上扬子区中奥陶世(达瑞威尔期)十字铺组与牯牛潭组的划分与时空分布

笔者等在充分调研的基础上,通过开展大量的野外勘察以及牙形石生物地层研究,结合露头和钻井资料对上扬子区中奥陶世牯牛潭组与十字铺组的定义与时空分布特征进行了系统的梳理与总结。结果表明:十字铺组为中奥陶世达瑞威尔期晚期(Dw3)的一套以页岩为主的地层,呈条带状近东西向分布于黔北、川东南及滇东北等地区。牯牛潭组是达瑞威尔期(Dw1—Dw3)的一套灰岩相沉积,与下伏和上覆地层的接触关系类型存在四种情况。在其中三种情况下,该组可能与上覆地层之间存在地层缺失。该组底、顶界穿时明显:底界主要介于Dw1晚期至Dw2早期之间,对应牙形石Lenodus antivariabilis带至Lenodus variabilis带;顶界最晚可达Dw3晚期,对应牙形石Pygodus anserinus带,最早仅到Dw1晚期(L.antivariabilis带)。在研究区该组主要分布于川东、重庆大部、黔北、黔东北、鄂西及湘西北地区。在部分地区,牯牛潭组上部可与十字铺组对比。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

Terrestrial geochemistry of Cd,Bi, Tl,Pb, Zn and Rb

About 2000 common magmatic, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks and rockforming minerals contained in 465 individual samples have been analyzed for 6 trace metals and potassium with high precision, mainly by combined distillation and AAS methods. Estimates of average abundances in the continental crust are: 98 ppb Cd. 82 ppb Bi. 490 ppb Tl, 14.8 ppm Pb, 77 ppm Zn and 98 ppm Rb (K/Rb: 223). These averages are close to the mean concentrations of the 6 elements in sedimentary and in low to medium grade metamorphic rocks. In relation to the upper mantle the earth's crust has very effectively accumulated Rb, Pb, Tl (and Bi). Cd and Zn are equally distributed between the upper and lower crust. Bi, Tl, Rb, Pb and K are accumulated in the upper relative to the lower continental crust by factors between 3.5 and 1.4. This is mainly due to higher concentrations in granites and lower abundances in granulites relative to gneisses and schists. The five metals form large ions with bulk coefficients less than one for the partition between metamorphic rocks and anatectic granitic melts. The major hosts of Rb, Tl, Pb and Bi in rocks are minerals with 8- to 12-coordinated sites such as mica, K-feldspar, plagioclase etc. (except for some preference of Bi for sphene and apatite). As examples of significant correlations those of Pb with Tl, K, Bi and Rb in mafic rocks and of Bi with K, Rb, Tl and Pb in sedimentary rocks can be reported. In granites and gneisses hydroxyl containing Fe²⁺-Mg-silicates are major host minerals for Zn and Cd. Except in some carbonate rocks Cd has no preference for Ca minerals.     

Partition coefficients of Hf,Zr, and REE between zircon,apatite, and liquid

Concentration ratios of Hf, Zr, and REE between zircon, apatite, and liquid were determined for three igneous compositions: two andesites and a diorite. The concentration ratios of these elements between zircon and corresponding liquid can approximate the partition coefficient. Although the concentration ratios between apatite and andesite groundmass can be considered as partition coefficients, those for the apatite in the diorite may deviate from the partition coefficients. The HREE partition coefficients between zircon and liquid are very large (100 for Er to 500 for Lu), and the Hf partition coefficient is even larger. The REE partition coefficients between apatite and liquid are convex upward, and large (D=10–100), whereas the Hf and Zr partition coefficients are less than 1. The large differences between partition coefficients of Lu and Hf for zircon-liquid and for apatite-liquid are confirmed. These partition coefficients are useful for petrogenetic models involving zircon and apatite.     

X射线荧光光谱法测定生物样品中氯硫氮磷钾铜锌溴

研究了用微晶纤维素垫底镶边粉末压片制样-X射线荧光光谱测定生物样品中的Cl、S、N、P、K、Cu、Zn和Br的分析方法。重点研究了N的分析条件和校正方式,K、Cu和Zn的内标选定,测量次数对测定结果的影响。方法的检出限、精密度和准确度基本满足生物样品的分析要求。方法用于实际生物样品的测定,结果与化学法相符。     

Clinopyroxene-matrix partitioning of K,Rb, Cs,Sr and Ba

Extremely pure samples of clinopyroxene phenocrysts from two volcanic rocks have been analyzed for K, Rb, Cs, Sr and Ba. In conjunction with matrix concentrations, partition coefficients are obtained which are in the range 0.001–0.004 for K, Rb, Cs and Ba. These values are lower than those in the literature by factors of 6–100 but are in good agreement with values determined experimentally at pressures of 15–30 kb by Shimizu (Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta38, 1974). Values for partition coefficients measured on separates of impure or cloudy pyroxenes from these same rocks were higher and similar to those in the literature. We suggest this effect is related to ‘trapping,’ during crystal growth, of liquid which is enriched in the larger ions (such as Rb and Cs) due to lack of diffusion equilibrium in the liquid. Partition coefficient values for olivine and plagioclase from one of these same rocks were also determined.     

生物礁的研究现状与发展趋势

生物礁是由固着生物所建造的本质上是原地沉积的碳酸盐建造。生物礁内部孔隙和空洞非常发育,从而成为油气和多种矿藏资源的有利富集场所,所以生物礁的研究具有重要的实际意义,而且越来越受到人们的关注。生物礁成分、构造以及形态复杂多样,研究历史非常久远并且充满了争论。在以前的研究中非常依赖于一些非常主观的特点,如抗浪性等来判断是否为生物礁,因此在生物礁100多年的研究中始终都存在着礁与非礁的尖锐争论。这一问题实际上涉及到生物礁的基本概念、定义以及各种术语的含义。这些方面的混乱严重的影响了生物礁的研究与发展。经过最近20年的研究,生物礁的国内外研究取得了很大的进展。对生物礁的判断现在主要根据生物礁客观和固有的特点,如生物礁内部的构造支撑以及构造支撑所决定的内部成分。这在很大程度上扩展了生物礁研究的广度和深度。对最新的研究成果的总结和介绍必将推动我国生物礁研究的发展。本文在参考国内外大量文献的基础上,主要介绍了生物礁研究的历史与最新成果;总结了生物礁概念与定义的最新认识以及建立在构造基础上的分类方案;对生物礁生长的过程与影响因素以及与环境的关系进行了论述;介绍了造礁生物在地质历史时期中的发展与演化,以及生物礁地化研究的成果与意义。     

Provenance and accumulation rates of opaline silica,Al, Ti,Fe, Mn,Cu, Ni and Co in Pacific pelagic sediments

Accumulation rates and chemical compositions have been obtained for pelagic sediments for 73 locations in the Pacific and for 11 in the Indian Ocean. The data for the Pacific show that many elements accumulate rapidly close to the continents and slowly in the central part of the ocean. This pattern is interrupted by two major zones of relatively high accumulation rates, one along the Equator and one along the East Pacific Rise. Deposition of opaline silica is almost completely restricted to areas of known high biological productivities at the Equator and at very high latitudes. Cu and Ni show stronger tendencies than Fe and Mn to precipitate with opaline silica. The highest accumulation rates of Fe and Mn in the open Pacific occur along the East Pacific Rise, to some extent also Cu and Ni are enriched there due to volcanic processes. Al and Ti show high accumulation rates only close to the continents; these elements appear to be almost completely terrigenous.Provenance studies of minerogen fractions, using the relations between Fe, Ti, Al and Mn, show that significant quantities of basaltic matter (oceanic crust) are incorporated into the sediments only in areas of very low total sedimentation rates in the vicinity of oceanic island groups such as Polynesia and Hawaii, whereas hydrothermal processes act as a major sediment source only on the East Pacific Rise. Sediments in the north as well as in the southernmost part of the Pacific are nearly entirely terrigenous. A balance estimate of the minerogen fraction of the deep-sea sediments from the open Pacific suggests that between 75 and 95% of all sediments in the Pacific are terrigenous and that submarine weathering (and release of basaltic debris in general) and submarine exhalations each account for only a small fraction of the sediments.     

Land alienation,land tenure,and tourism in Vanuatu,a Melanesian Island nation

Land is a primary resource for international tourism development. The relation of indigenous systems of land tenure and the history of land alienation to tourism in Pacific Island nations, however, is problematic. Governments of some Pacific Island nations are now emphasizing the traditional land rights of indigenous people in determining land use for economic development. Land is a key resource for the local participation of Islanders in development, and indigenous land claims are a volatile political issue. There has been little substantive research on tourism and land tenure in Melanesia. This paper examines the history of the problem of land alienation, the nature of traditional land tenure, and the relation of current land claims to tourist development in Vanuatu. Land alienations are tied to modern tourist developments, and issues of land tenure are a central aspects of political debate in local cultures. Suggestions are offered for regional planning for tourism, and local control of tourist development and land use.     

地质样品中砷、镓、钴、镍、溴、氯、硫和氟的X射线荧光光谱法测定

本文叙述了XRF测定地质样品中微量As,Ga,Co,Ni,Br,Cl,S和F的分析方法。采用压片法制样。对As,Ga,Co,Ni和Br元素,用散射内标法校正基体效应,而对Cl,S和F元素则用经验系数法进行基体校正。各元素的探测限(ppm)分别为:As 2.7,Ga 2.4,Co 2.8,Ni 2.5,Br 1.0,Cl,S 5.0,F 500。方法的精密度和准确度与其它化学方法相当,是一种简便快速和较灵敏的分析方法。