大型矿集区深部精细结构与含矿信息──国土资源部专项研究计划

《大型矿集区深部精细结构与含矿信息》是国土资源部“十五”启动的重大科技项目，项目于２０００年７月先以重点项目启动，由于项目研究意义重大，进展突出，今年４月升为专项研究计划。该专项由中国地质科学院矿产资源研究所承担，计划５年内完成。 该专项下设“大型矿集区深部构造－岩浆三维结构与成矿作用过程研究”等４个子项目，选择长江中下游成矿带中一西段，以铜陵、九瑞两个大型矿集区为野外研究基地，从与成矿过程密切相关的构造、岩浆和流体研究人手，充分运用现代地球物理深部探测技术、成矿流体蚀变填图与示踪技术、岩石探针…     

庐枞矿集区深部探测科钻预导孔开钻

《中国矿业报》消息（2012-07-19）庐枞矿集区深部探测科学钻探预导孔近日在安徽省枞阳县正式开钻,标志着大陆科学钻探选址与钻探实验综合研究项目进入新的阶段。据悉,实施庐枞矿集区深部探测科学钻探预导孔,是国家＂深部探测技术与实验研究专项＂中的东部矿集区科学钻,     

利用深地震反射剖面开展矿集区深部结构的探测:现状与实例

深地震反射剖面技术以其探测精度高的优势被作为岩石圈精细结构研究的先锋技术,并在全球典型矿集区结构探测中发挥了重要作用.为深入研究青藏高原碰撞造山成矿系统深部结构与成矿过程,本文系统总结了深地震反射技术发展现状,梳理了该技术在加拿大、澳大利亚、中国、俄罗斯、瑞典等全球多个国家的典型矿集区的应用实例,归纳总结了地壳深部结构对矿集区控矿因素的影响,阐述了地壳、上地幔深部结构与深部成矿过程的关系.从全球实例看,深地震反射剖面探测成果为大型矿集区的形成提供了深部线索,反射透明区可能是地幔流体向上运移通道,形成矿集区的成矿物质与能量来源,表明地幔物质参与了成矿作用;具有很强反射特征的断裂系统,包括大型断层、滑脱面和剪切带,是成矿流体从下地壳向上迁移的通道;矿集区深地震反射剖面中“亮点”反射可能是火山活动的深部岩浆上涌至中地壳后而形成的残余岩浆囊的反映.揭露精细的矿集区深部结构不但对矿集区构造历史演化的重建具有重要作用,还对未来成矿潜力和前景靶区的确定具有重要指导意义.     

深部构造与地质过程控矿研究

随着大规模全球填图和矿产勘探的发展，在地壳深部寻找新的矿产资源的紧迫性日益增加。大型热液成矿系统和矿集区的时空分布受深部地质过程演化制约，成矿系统明显与岩石圈各个层圈的深部结构和组成的不均一性密切相关，其时空分布本质上受深部构造和过程制约。通过深部热-物质迁移的研究，可以建立岩石圈块体构造模型和非线性成矿作用动力学及源区构造等概念，深入探讨岩石圈及与相邻圈层物质和能量交换过程中造矿组分的分散与富集机制及时空演化规律，可以预测矿床出现的种类和聚集的部位，特别是大型矿集区的位置和矿化形式，从而为大型-超大型矿床及矿集区的探寻与预测提供思路和基础。     

铀矿大型矿集区与成矿作用

大型矿集区的形成，是在地质历史演化进程中，多矿种大矿量超常聚集的结果。不同的矿集区有不同的典型矿种和典型矿床。本文仅以铀矿为例，在世界范围内厘定出14个铀矿大区矿集区。本文研究铀矿大型矿集区时空分布规律与地球动力学演化的关系，在此基础上探讨了铀矿大型矿集区元素超常聚集规律，提出多矿种“点区超常聚集”和“短时限爆发成矿”特征。本文按照“源、运、积”3个环节，探讨铀矿大型矿集区的成矿作用，其中有关深源成矿、特殊碱质流体的水岩反应以及元素沉积环境的研究，为建立铀矿大型矿集区的找矿模式奠定基础。     

新书介绍

毛景文,胡瑞忠,陈毓川,王义天,等．著．2006．大规模成矿作用与大型矿集区．北京：地质出版社,上、下册,共1030页．本书是我国20世纪末以来实施国家重点基础研究发展计划的第一个矿产资源方面的研究项目“大规模成矿作用与大型矿集区预测”的最终成果。该项目由国土资源部。中国科学院和教育部等部门100多位科学家共同执行,     

深部探测技术与实验研究(SinoProbe)

“深部探测技术与实验研究”作为国家地壳探测工程的培育性启动计划(2008—2012年), 专项围绕深部探测实验和示范, 在全国部署“两网、两区、四带、多点”的深部探测技术与实验研究工作,“两网”:全国电磁参数标准网和全国地球化学基准网;“两区”: 大华北综合探测实验区、华南综合探测实验区; “四带”: 西秦岭中央造山带、青藏高原腹地、三江活动带、松辽油气盆地;“多点”: 金川铜镍矿集区、罗布莎地幔探针(铬铁矿矿集区)、腾冲火山、长江中下游和南岭矿集区、南北中国板块汇聚边界等。旨在: 自主研发深部探测关键仪器装备,全面提升国产化水平; 为实现能源与重要矿产资源重大突破提供全新科学背景依据和基础信息; 揭示成藏成矿控制因素, 突破深层找矿瓶颈, 开辟找矿“新空间”; 把握地壳活动脉搏, 提升地质灾害监测预警能力; 深化认识岩石圈结构与组成, 全面提升地球科学发展; 为国防安全的需要了解地壳深部物性参数; 为地壳探测工程的全面实施进行关键技术与实验准备。     

《大规模成矿作用及大型矿集区预测》——国家重点基础研究发展规划项目正式启动

国家重点基础研究发展规划项目《大规模成矿作用及大型矿集区预测》于 1 999年 1 2月底正式启动。该项目由科技部主管 ,以国土资源部和中国科学院为依托 ,是建国以来矿产资源级别最高 ,规模最大的项目。国家将投资 30 0 0～ 5 0 0 0万元 ,计划五年完成。项目首席科学家由中国地质科学院矿产资源研究所毛景文研究员和中国科学院地球化学研究所胡瑞忠研究员承担。同时 ,汇集了 77名平均年龄 45岁的我国该领域的优秀科技骨干。项目分为大规模成矿作用预测与成矿谱系等 1 5个课题 ,以巨量成矿物质聚集为基础 ,以成矿大陆动力学为主导 ,以大型矿…     

SinoProbe——中国深部探测实验

在人类向太空发展,实施新一轮太空计划,中国“神舟7号”载人航天飞船、“嫦娥”探月工程圆满成功之时,中国地球科学家不得不面对这样一个现实：对人类赖以生存的地球内部了解的太少,直接钻探深度只有12 km,涉及的仅仅是地球的表皮。可谓上天不易,“入地”更难。地球是人类居住的唯一场所,为人类提供了生命必需的粮食、水,和生活必须能源和矿产资源;同时也常给人类带来诸如火山、地震、海啸等灾难。通过深部探测,了解地下的物质、结构和动力学过程,不仅是人类探求自然奥秘的追求,更是人类汲取资源、保障自身安全的基本需要。近百年来,各国的地球科学家一直不断地进行探索,我国科学家也意识到必须开展中国的地球深部探测计划,才能解决面临的重大资源环境问题,才能全面实现地球科学的创新和发展。最近,国家启动“深部探测技术与实验研究”专项（英文简写SinoProbe）,标志了我国地球科学的深部探测计划拉开帷幕。该专项（2008~2012）年总体任务是,为全面开展我国地壳探测工程做好关键技术准备,解决关键探测技术难点与核心技术集成,形成对固体地球层圈立体探测技术体系;在不同自然景观、复杂矿集区、含油气盆地深层、重大地质灾害区等关键地带进行试验、示范,形成若干深部探测实验基地;解决急迫的重大地质科学难题,部署实验任务;实现深部数据融合与共享,建立深部数据管理系统;积聚、培养优秀人才,形成若干技术体系的研究团队。     

我国“三稀”关键矿产的成矿理论与勘查研究进展

“十三五”以来,我国启动了国家重点研发计划深地资源勘查开采重点专项(DREAM),在“三稀”关键矿产成矿理论与勘查研究方面取得了重要进展。具体表现为：(1)通过对“三稀”矿产成矿系统深部结构、深部过程、矿产分布规律与矿体定位控制要素的整体研究,揭示了重要矿床的形成时代、成矿机制与成矿末端效应,实现重点矿集区“透明化”的勘查示范,通过增储实践,成效显著。(2)创建了“五元一体”稀土成矿与勘查模型,在赣南等地区新发现陆内浅变质岩风化壳离子吸附型稀土矿,形成了以浸出相和赣南钻为核心的勘查评价技术体系,实现绿色、经济、安全、高效勘查评价和稀土找矿重大突破,赣州稀土资源储量增长显著。(3)在喜马拉雅东段扎西康-错那洞矿集区,建立伟晶岩型铍矿、矽卡岩型铍钨矿、锡石硫化物型锡钨铍矿、独立萤石矿、脉状铅锌矿“五位一体”成矿新模型,新发现祥林、日纳等大型矿床,整体达超大型规模,开辟了特提斯喜马拉雅成矿带战略新区,取得铍-钨-锡等关键矿产找矿重大突破。(4)初步建立了“多旋回深循环内外生一体化”锂能源矿产成矿理论,创新“五层楼+地下室”锂矿勘查模型,“以锂找锂”探测技术助力深部找矿。将黏土型锂资源分为火山...     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.