The North American City Revisited: Urban Quality of Life in Canada and the United States

An international comparative urban analysis requires an effort to reconcile not only the variables, but also the units of observation from each country. In a multivariate analysis, failure with regard to the former jeopardizes the validity of the results while failure with regard to the latter risks a priori bias in the interpretation of the results. This comparative, multivariate analysis of urban quality-of-life variables from Canada and the United States calls into question the distinctiveness of the Canadian City in the North American City debate because of such potential bias. As a point of departure from past research, not only is an attempt made to harmonize the set of urban quality-of-life variables with regard to definition, year, and geography, but also to control for the definitional, geographic, and hierarchical differences between the Canadian and U.S. urban systems. Such efforts reveal the Canadian City is indeed distinct from the U.S. City, but also distinct from the North American City, which is a regional entity encompassing Canada and the United States.     

北极地区盆地群油气地质特征及其资源潜力

北极地区具有超过4 000亿桶油当量的待发现技术可采储量, 是未来全球油气勘探与开发的重要增长点。本文按照地理和地质构造因素将北极地区分为北冰洋海盆区和环北极含油气区（含潜在含油气盆地）,按照板块演化及盆地发育历史将后者划分为北太平洋极地盆地群、俄罗斯极地盆地群和欧洲极地盆地群。根据大量文献和IHS数据, 结合生油层、储层、盖层及圈闭特征方面的研究, 系统对比、分析北极地区石油、天然气分布特征:北太平洋极地盆地群重要烃源岩形成于侏罗纪和白垩纪, 盆地群中重要储层大部分都分布于新生界布鲁克斯层, 油气系统以构造圈闭为主。俄罗斯极地盆地群中多数盆地具有古生代基底, 受斯堪的纳维亚早古生代造山期变形、西伯利亚板块古生代西部造山变形影响, 60%以上的烃源岩产自中生界, 储层以中生界前陆、克拉通盆地沉积物为主,盖层分布较广, 以中生界居多。欧洲极地盆地群受控于北大西洋洋脊的扩张和迁移, 各盆地烃源岩分布于中生界, 大部分储层分布于上白垩统—古新系, 自生自储、古生新储为该区域盆地的主要成藏模式。其中, 俄罗斯极地盆地油气储量最多, 占北极地区总储量45%以上且勘探潜力最大。     

自然资源综合考察与资源科学综合研究

中华人民共和国成立以来,中国的资源科学研究在自然资源考察的基础上形成了一门综合性的学科体系。本文系统总结中国资源科学从自然资源综合考察到资源科学综合研究的发展历程,大致可划分为自然资源综合考察初期（20世纪50—60年代）、区域资源综合科学考察与资源科学研究时期（20世纪70—80年代）、资源科学学科体系的形成与发展时期（20世纪90年代—2000年）及现代资源科学迈向新发展时期（21世纪以来）等4个阶段,促进了中国自然资源的考察和开发利用事业不断向前发展,对中国资源科学形成与发展影响深远。当下面向生态文明建设和美丽中国建设两个国家先进发展需求,资源科学研究要以史为鉴,推陈出新,不断丰富学科的新概念、新知识与新方法,促进资源科学的蓬勃发展。     

加拿大入境美国旅游流的地域对接分析

加拿大游客入境美国旅游是北美最大的国际旅游流。依据2006～2007年的有关统计资料,采用游客到访率、市场占有率和二维矩阵模型等,分析了加拿大10个省到美国22个州旅游流的0-D对接关系。结果发现:加拿大游客入境美国旅游,多以北部边界、五大湖区,沿环美高速铁路分东西两线流向美国南部;从加拿大各省到美国各州旅游流,遵循以"三择原理"为特征的0-D对接关系。其中,东部各省游客主要分布在五大湖区和东部沿海,中部各省游客分布在相邻的边界各州,西部各省游客主要分布在美国西部沿海,受趋"阳光性"影响沿环美高铁可抵达南部的佛罗里达。加拿大各省游客在美国各州的分布,主要受距离衰减原理、沿高铁和航空线分布、以及顶极旅游资源吸引的控制。这个研究拓展了旅游流0-D对接中的多源对多汇,为我国沿边省区与周边国家开展跨国旅游合作提供借鉴。     

Continuity and change: (re)constructing environmental geographies in late Soviet and post-Soviet Russia

Environmental studies conducted worldwide often overlook the knowledge traditions of the locales where they are conducted. Addressing this issue, I investigated the geographic journal literature of late Soviet (1980–1989) and post-Soviet (1990–2003) Russia. Notable trends are increasing criticism of environmental and resource management in Russia and a (re)turn to pre-socialist Russian theorizations of society–nature interactions. Specifically, the noösphere, ethnogenesis and geosystems are trends in the literature that signify how Russian geographers (re)construct environmental knowledge. For non-Russian geographers working in Russia, awareness of these trends situates place-based knowledge relative to multiple cultures (ethnic, scientific) and time periods, promoting cross-cultural understanding of different traditions of geographic inquiry.     

Where are the sustainable forestry projects?: A geography of NGO interventions in Ecuador

For the past 25 years, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have sponsored an increasing number of sustainable development projects in poor rural areas, but the overall pattern of NGO development efforts has remained too difficult to discern. This paper tries to clarify the geographic dimension of NGO led sustainable development efforts through a mapping of NGO sponsored sustainable forestry projects in Ecuador. The mapping and associated analysis reveals considerable unevenness in NGO efforts with people intensive projects clustering near cities and government assisted projects spread more evenly across all rural areas.     

Science and the St Elias: an evolving framework for sustainability in North America's highest mountains

The past, present, and future contributions of science in the St Elias Mountains, and its relationship with regional development, resource management, and traditional ecological knowledge is examined. Science has evolved from an early foundation of exploration, through stages of resource inventories and surveys, to deductive scientific research and, more recently, a promising reconnection with traditional knowledge. Directly and indirectly, events such as the Klondike Gold Rush, construction of the Alaska Highway, creation of the Arctic Institute of North America's Kluane Lake Research Station, and establishment of protected areas have helped foster scientific activities in the region. In turn, this scientific perspective has influenced regional development by providing detailed information that has been utilized, to varying degrees, in resource use, planning, and decisionmaking. Over the past decade, management of the region has become less sectoral and more cooperative in nature, due partly to the implementation of co-management agreements, regional land use planning, and settlement of first nations' land claims. Incorporating both science and traditional knowledge into this process through collaborative endeavours such as long-term ecological monitoring, adaptive management, and information integration will contribute to ecosystem-based management of the St Elias and ensure that both perspectives play an integral role in sustainable development of the region.     

西方创新地理研究的知识图谱可视化分析

近年来,创新问题日益受到西方人文地理学者的关注,并成为西方人文地理学研究的新方向。本文选择WOS（Web of Science）作为文献搜索引擎,选取在创新主题下刊发文章最多的500本期刊中的14本被社会科学引文索引SSCI收录的地理学期刊作为文献来源,以1982-2015年共2048篇英语创新主题文献记录作为数据源,基于显示知识发展进程与结构关系的可视化工具CiteSpace对数据进行关键词共现分析和文献共被引分析,绘制了西方创新地理研究的知识图谱,实现了本领域热点主题、知识基础和演进轨迹的可视化。研究发现：西方创新地理研究近30年来发文量和新兴关键词数量增长显著,研究者分布形成西欧、北美两大核心地区,近期研究指向热点关键词技术、溢出、集聚、研发、企业家精神;拥有较为明显的演进主体,研究内容宽广,主题尚不集中,全球城市、全球蜂鸣、空间化模式、产业、生命周期、剑桥地区（或剑桥现象）、知识、产业发展、区域创新战略是建立在32篇高被引文献之上的9个热点主题;经济地理学导向明显,尤其受新区域主义、转向潮流、演化经济地理学的发展影响显著,具有较为清晰的发展脉络。     

Factors Influencing Recreational Boaters’ Intentions to Comply with Right Whale Regulations in the Southeastern United States

Regulations for boaters can help mitigate adverse effects on threatened marine mammals. One management tool to protect endangered North Atlantic right whales is a 460-m distance restriction rule for all vessels. This study is the first effort to analyze factors that influence recreational boaters’ intentions to comply with this regulation. Using the theory of planned behavior, we analyzed 362 mail surveys of recreational boaters using the offshore waters of the southeastern United States. We found that two constructs of the theory significantly explained 58% of the intention to comply with the rule: (1) positive attitude toward the rule and (2) stronger belief that other people are complying. Boaters recommended increasing knowledge about whales to improve compliance, but they were divided with respect to increasing fines for violators to increase compliance. This information can be useful for designing outreach strategies to protect whales.     

Environment,Culture, and The Great Lakes Fisheries

The commercial fisheries of the United States and Canadian Great Lakes are in a long period of decline. Detailed statistics kept for well over a century document a fluctuating pattern of harvests of the major commercial species. In the 1940s, sea lamprey began to devastate the fisheries, an effect that has not been fully countered. Overfishing, nonnative species, declining nutrient levels, and chemical pollution have contributed to reduced catches. Court decisions in the United States and Canada during the past thirty years have awarded a sizable share of commercial fishing rights to Native North Americans for their own support and sustenance. The Lake Erie yellow perch and walleye fishery, based mainly in Ontario, is the most successful commercial fishing operation in the region. Despite the many environmental and cultural challenges, the Great Lakes fisheries live on.     

A 1500-year record of climatic and environmental change in ElkLake, Minnesota III: measures of past primary productivity

Diatom analysis of a varved sediment core from Elk Lake, Minnesotadocuments important natural and human-caused shifts in primary productivity atdecadal scales for the past 1500 years. Interpretations from a perspective ofplanktic diatom seasonal dynamics and from total phosphorus inferences based ona 111-lake training set of freshwater Canadian lakes reveal a major change tomore productive environments after 1000 years ago probably caused by earlierice-out and stronger, longer periods of lake circulation during the spring.European impacts in the region, principally logging in the Elk Lake drainage,during the past 100 years increased nutrient fluxes and turbulence during theopen water season to promote blooms of Aulacoseiraambigua. High resolution (semi-decadal) diatom analyses suggestsunspot cycle periodicities that may reflect short-term changes in thecharacter of irradiance and (or) sun-climate interactions. Total epilimneticphosphorus inferences from the Canadian training set applied to the Elk Lakediatom record document both long-term and short-term variations inproductivity and reconstruct past phosphorus values consistent with somepresent-day measured values at Elk Lake. The Elk Lake study underscores theneed for neolimnological monitoring of both training set and target lakes aswell as for the application of a multiple proxy protocol to documentpaleo-productivity that approaches neolimnological resolution.     

俄罗斯社会经济地理学近30余年的发展

中俄两国建立战略伙伴关系是共同致力于两国社会经济可持续发展的重要举措,加强了解两国地理学发展的特征、扩大合作领域是推进这一战略任务实施的必然选择。本文以对俄罗斯社会经济地理学相关资料与文献收集与分析、以及近10余年俄罗斯地理学者与社会学者联合会年度学术会议资料等为支撑,用传承、革新、创新的视野,对俄罗斯近30余年社会经济地理学思想体系的发展以及近期的主要趋势进行概略性地阐述。在将俄罗斯经济地理学传承变革划分为6个阶段的基础上,重点围绕国家或区域地缘关系变化、多尺度地域空间组织、地域经济网络结构形成与发展、“大欧亚”建设和“东向发展”构想的社会经济地理学思考和对策、社会经济地理学的包容性和实践性,以及伴随全球化和国家发展战略需要涌现出新的分支学科、新思路、新观念等方面进行分析综述;给出近30余年主要地理研究机构对社会经济地理学研究领域的重点研究问题、主要学者及其代表作;并阐述在理论与方法论、落后地区发展、社会公平、贫困等问题研究方面存在的不足。研究结果对加深中俄两国地理学界的相互了解、推进社会经济地理学的创新发展具有现实意义。     

BUILDING UPON THE FOUNDATIONS OF GENTRIFICATION: INNER-CITY HOUSING DEVELOPMENT IN AUSTRALIA IN THE 1990s

In three recent papers, Bourne has suggested that the rate of gentrification in Canadian cities will decline, for both demand and supply reasons, notwithstanding economic recovery in the mid- 1990s. This prognosis for Canadian cities is so much at odds with the activity currently being generated in the upper-income housing markets at the center of the five largest Australian cities that it invites further investigation. Evidence is presented of recovery in the inner-suburban terrace housing submarket, and what began as countercyclical investment in the Australian equivalent of the loft-conversion and condominium submarkets. This latest phase of residential revitalization in the inner city heralds a trend to higher-value, high-rise living at the center of Australian cities. By the early 1990s enough Australians had become conditioned to inner-area living to provide optimism about the underlying demand, while the projected yields brought condominium development into the realm of financial feasibility. But concerted government action also was necessary to prime the core-area market for residential project development at the time (1991–1993). This raises a series of interesting questions about the advisability of state governments pursuing a property-led development strategy in recovery when the Anglo-American experience suggests that it might be short-lived at best. Lastly, some consideration is given to the implications for gentrification research and theory of possible divergence through the 1990s in the experience of North American and Australian cities.     

The geography of Canadian interlocking directorates: how do they relate to brain circulation?

This study examines the spatiality of interlocking directorates of Canadian companies, with particular emphasis given to international interlocks. From a geographical standpoint, do these connections to foreign firms reinforce the importance of Canada’s top corporate cities as ‘gateways’ to international business? Is there a geography associated with the interlocking to these gateway cities? Findings build on James O. Wheeler’s body of research focused on corporate headquarters. This study is placed within the context of the current economic geography dialogue. Particular focus is placed on Saxenian’s theory of brain circulation, wherein she argues that individuals with international experience serve as brokers linking domestic businesses with those in distant regions. A further purpose of this study then is to examine Saxenian’s argument in the context of Canadian corporations. First, is there a geographical association between directors’ foreign educations and where Canadian firms are interlocked to internationally? Second, the corporate performance of Canadian firms interlocked internationally will be measured against those firms that are not. It seems logical to assume that increased connections would yield more diverse and rich knowledge, which could lead to better decisions, and thus corporate performance, in today’s global world. But does it? This study finds that being linked to an international company through a common director did translate into more profitability for Canadian firms. Findings also revealed a geographical link between international interlocks and a director’s foreign education. However, when Canadian firms were interlocked with an international company with a director who had international education, greater profits did not necessarily result.     

Restructuring of Hog Farming in North Carolina: Explosion and Implosion

Over the past six years hog farming in North Carolina has undergone a significant restructuring. For most of this century raising hogs was a casual farm activity found throughout the state. During the past decade hog farming has been transformed along industrial-corporate lines. In the process, the swine population has expanded rapidly (exploded) and simultaneously collapsed in geographical bounds (imploded). This paper examines the linkage between the development of the industrial-corporate hog farming regime, the rapid growth in hog populations, and the geographical concentration of hog production in a newly emerging high-density hog production district in the south central area of the Coastal Plain region.     

Integrated hydrologic modeling in the inland Heihe River Basin, Northwest China

As a typical inland river basin in arid Northwest China, having distinct hydrological characteristics and severe and representative water problems, the Heihe River Basin (HRB) has attracted considerable research interest worldwide and in 2007 became a pilot basin of the G-WADI network of UNESCO/IHP. Many research programs have been conducted in the HRB since the 1980s, producing rich knowledge and data about the basin, which will be very helpful to further studies. This paper reviews research efforts related to hydrologic modeling and ongoing model integration studies performed in the HRB in recent years. Recently, an observation network covering the whole area and a Web-based data-sharing system have been established which can greatly improve data acquisition. This paper tabulates modeling activities in past years, including model applications, model modifications and enhancements, and model coupling efforts. Also described is a preliminary modeling integration tool designed to quickly build new models, which has been developed for hydrologic modeling purposes. Challenges and issues confronted in current studies are discussed, pointing toward key research directions in the future.     

International knowledge mobility and urban development in rapidly globalizing areas: building global hubs for talent in Dubai and Abu Dhabi

This paper examines the processes through which the United Arab Emirates’ (UAE) cities of Abu Dhabi and Dubai attract and integrate knowledge workers into their labor markets. It focuses on how the UAE has acquired the human capital to create post-oil economies, deploying its oil windfalls into massive urban development strategies in order to create global hubs for talent. More significantly, it analyzes how the UAE’s strategies and frameworks for attracting global knowledge flows ultimately determine the degree to which expatriate knowledge embeds locally. Presentation of results from a large-scale human capital survey of firms in Dubai and Abu Dhabi, as well as key-informant interviews with senior human resource administrators at these firms, demonstrate these processes.     

Diaspora strategies in the sending states of Southeast Asia: Rights,skills and questions of value

Over the past decade there has been a surge of academic and policy interest in the contributions of transnational migrants in furthering national development objectives in their ‘home’ countries. These approaches tend to be bifurcated into two distinct categories: (1) ‘diaspora strategies’ that target the participation in national development objectives of sought‐after elite, high‐skilled migrants and (2) migration‐as‐development strategies, which focus on facilitating and channeling the economic and social remittances of nonelite, low‐skilled migrants. Although these broad categorizations have never been entirely adequate in capturing the complexity of international migration flows, a conceptual division between them persists, with very real consequences for state policies in migrant‐sending countries in Southeast Asia. This paper explores the separation between diaspora strategies and migration‐as‐development frameworks through a focus on rights and skills, and questions of relative labour value. I argue that while diaspora strategies and migration‐as‐development frameworks cannot simply be merged, the academic separation between them should be challenged and more in‐depth theoretical engagement should be encouraged. I further suggest that migration policy makers should strive to evaluate their migration policies to address the increasing complexities of contemporary migration.     

Facilitating Co-Production of Transdisciplinary Knowledge for Sustainability: Working with Canadian Biosphere Reserve Practitioners

Sustainability scientists argue that diverse knowledge holders should work together in social learning processes to co-produce knowledge in support of sustainability. Yet, how to co-produce such knowledge remains unexplored. A multi-year, national knowledge sharing partnership among Canadian biosphere reserve practitioners, academic researchers and policy advisors revealed that a skilled facilitator was necessary for successful knowledge co-production. We draw attention to the multiple barriers to learning and knowledge co-production, and to the skills required of the facilitator to address them. The facilitator helped draw together local and formalized western knowledge systems (weaving) and diffuse innovations across local sites (out-scaling) and between local sites and the broader program network (up-scaling). Our experience reveals that simply bringing parties together will not generate transformative change for sustainability. Rather, multi-lateral facilitators are needed to ensure deliberate and managed interventions and to institutionalize learning across a diverse collective.     

海权论与俄罗斯海权地理不利性评析

本文概要介绍了马汉的海权理论及俄罗斯的海权思想与实践。提出海岸条件、出海通道、海岸间的地理联系是制约海权发展的三个最直接的地理因素。在此基础上,分析了俄罗斯的海权地理状况,指出俄罗斯海权发展存在显著的、巨大的地理制约性。