垂直上升管中气液两相流电导波动信号的混沌特性分析

首先以Lorenz混沌方程产生的非线性时间序列为例,讨论了在不同时间序列长度下各种延迟时间算法对噪声的适用性.研究发现,采用C_C算法计算延迟时间的鲁棒性强.在此基础上,给出了垂直上升管中气水两相流电导波动信号混沌表征结果,发现在较低水相表观速度时,随着气相表观速度增加,泡状流及混状流动力学特性变得愈加复杂,而段塞流动力学特性受液相表观速度影响较大;在较高水相表观速度时,随着气相表观速度增加,当流型从泡状流向段塞流转变时,气液两相流动力学特性变得相对简单.但是,由于受液相湍流作用影响,段塞流的动力学特性表现出了涨落现象,呈现不稳定性,当流型从段塞流向混状流转变时,气液两相流动力学特性则变得愈加复杂.研究结果表明：基于电导波动信号的混沌分析可以较好地表征气液两相流流型变化,是理解流型转变机理及其动力学演变特性的有用工具.     

模拟井中油气水三相泡状流流型的分形与混沌特征

应用分形及混沌理论,对油气水三相流模拟装置中采集的油气水三相泡状流混合密度波动信号进行了表征,提取的分形维数及混沌吸引子相关维分别在1.1-1.282及4.13-5.87之间.对分相含率(含水率、含气率、含油率)相同而总流速不同的情况,其分形维数及混沌吸引子相关维随总流速呈现相同的变化趋势,从功率谱特征曲线的波动程度上也验证了分形维数及混沌吸引子相关维随总流速变化趋势的正确性.另外,还对混合密度时间序列波动信号提取了最大Lyapunov指数,证明了垂直上升管中油气水三相泡状流是-混沌系统.     

生产测井油气水三相流动流型研究

三相流动是油田开发动态监测中常见而又难于解决的问题.目前多数研究者把油气水三相流动看作气液两相流动处理,即忽略油水之间的差异.三相流动中流型变化很复杂,在实验的基础上,对井中流体的流型进行了分析研究,建立了三相流动中流型变化图版,可以对井下流体流型进行合理的识别与判断.     

低流速高含水条件下油水两相流产出剖面测井方法（英文）

为了获得低流速高含水条件下油井内油水两相流产出剖面,本文提出了一种由场聚焦弧形对壁式电导传感器(ATCS)与插入式相关流量计(CFM)构成的组合测井方法,并通过实验对其测量特性进行了验证。采用场聚焦弧形对壁式电导传感器测量分相持率,插入式相关流量计实现混合流速的测量,通过建立基于流型的漂移模型对分相表观速度进行了预测。研究结果表明,场聚焦弧形对壁式电导传感器对持水率有很好的分辨率,且基于传感器信号及非线性时间序列分析方法可以实现流型的准确识别。插入式相关流量计由于插入体的流型调控作用,增强了上下游信号的相关性,简化了相关速度与混合流速的关系。基于漂移模型可实现不同流型分相表观速度的高精度预测。     

水平井生产测井组合仪模拟井测量数据分析与模型建立

由于水平油水两相流局部流速及局部相含率沿管径方向存在复杂分布,致使其流量及相含率测量非常困难.本文利用伞集流涡轮流量计、电导传感器、过流式电容传感器构成的生产测井组合仪,在水平油水两相流模拟井中开展了动态实验,分析了流动特性及管子角度倾斜对涡轮流量计及含水率传感器响应特性的影响.根据电容及电导传感器在不同总流量及含水率范围的响应分辨特性,分别采用变系数漂移模型及统计模型预测分相流量,发现变系数漂移模型能够自适应调整模型中的流型参数,且对油水两相分相流量具有较高预测精度.     

全井眼电导传感器电场仿真及静态实验特性研究

根据Maxwell和Begovich＆Watson模型的原理,设计了一种新型全井眼两相流含水率电导传感器。用ANSYS软件通过相应边界条件下的Laplace方程进行了其电场仿真计算。用不同直径的长绝缘圆棒代替油插入水中模拟水的体积分数,进行了其静态特性的实验测量。仿真结果和实验结果的趋势相符。实验表明,传感器对水中的绝缘棒敏感,绝缘棒距离电极越近,其灵敏度越高。未发现水矿化度对传感器响应有影响。研究结果有助于高产井油水两相流流动参数连续测量仪的进一步研制。     

周期性层状含孔隙、裂隙介质模型纵波衰减特征

地震波在含孔隙、裂隙斑块饱和介质传播过程中会诱发多个尺度孔隙流体流动而产生衰减和速度频散.在含有宏观尺度“Biot流”和介观尺度“局域流”衰减诱导机制的周期性层状孔隙介质模型基础上,引入了微观尺度硬币型和尖灭型裂隙“喷射流”的影响,构建了周期性层状含孔隙、裂隙介质模型.利用双解耦弹性波动方程的方法数值计算了该模型地震频带的纵波衰减和速度频散并与周期性层状孔隙介质模型做了对比研究.分析了该模型在不同裂隙参数（裂隙密度、裂隙纵横比）及裂隙体积含量下的纵波衰减和频散特征,裂隙密度越高对于纵波衰减和频散的影响越大,裂隙纵横比越小,由裂隙引起的纵波衰减部分向高频段移动,裂隙体积含量越少,纵波衰减先降低后小幅增加再降低,频散速度增加,并逐渐接近于周期性层状孔隙介质模型的纵波衰减和频散速度曲线.最后研究了周期性层状含孔隙、裂隙介质模型有效平面波模量的高低频极限以及流固相对位移在该模型中的分布特征.     

鄂尔多斯盆地下古生界油气地质动力学研究

以鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系烃源岩为主要研究对象 ,采用盆地动态数值模拟和成藏动力学的方法研究其地史、热史、生烃史及排烃史等油气地质动力学特征 .结果表明 :奥陶系总体上经历了原始沉积、抬升剥蚀、快速沉降、升沉交替和差异抬升剥蚀阶段 ;盆地大地热流值总体较低 ,奥陶系的古热流演化可划分为白垩纪前的较高热流和白垩纪后的较低热流两大阶段 .奥陶系烃源岩有机质热演化整体都已进入高成熟 过成熟阶段 ,生气强度大于生油强度 ,烃类相态以天然气为主 ;单位时间的排油、排气曲线为“多峰型” ,累计排气强度大于累计排油强度 ,具良好的天然气勘探远景 .     

致密砂岩油运聚动力学机制及含油饱和度预测的数值模拟

定量刻画致密砂岩油运聚是油气勘探领域的研究前沿.本文设计了包含多种基本地质要素的概念模型,构建了致密砂岩油运聚的非线性渗流数值模型.研究了滑移效应、超压驱动力、浮力、毛管力对致密油运聚的影响规律,模拟结果表明:(1)致密储层和常规储层的石油运聚差异体现在饱和度的增长方式、油水分布特征、地层倾角影响等方面;(2)平均孔喉半径小于150nm时滑移效应影响较大,超压驱动力和毛管力是控制致密砂岩油运聚的主要力学机制,浮力、毛管力和超压驱动力耦合作用控制致密砂岩含油饱和度上限和下限.最终,本文形成了快速预测致密砂岩含油饱和度的有量纲和无量纲图版,并通过实测数据进行了检验.研究结果为分析致密砂岩油运聚机理提供了基础,并且为其含油饱和度预测提供了一种新的途径.此外,本文还发展了运聚结果的数字化和可视化分析方法,充实了油气成藏动力学的表达方式.     

区域尺度地震体波和面波走时联合成像：进展与展望

如何利用观测到的地震图上尽可能多的信息来约束地下结构以及地震震源本身一直是地震学研究的前沿课题.近年来,随着计算机计算能力的提高,使用基于全波形反演的方法已被用于不同尺度结构成像中,并取得了良好的效果.但如何减小全波形反演对计算资源的巨大需求以及其反演的高度非线性仍是目前急需解决的问题.此外,对于区域以及全球尺度成像,全波形反演的波形的拟合仅限于相对较低的频率.目前,基于波形层析成像在区域尺度最高能拟合的频率大约为0.5 Hz,在全球尺度能拟合的频率更低,所以获得的波速模型的分辨率还有一定的改进空间.地震学体波和面波联合反演是另一种可以综合利用更多信息的成像方法.该种方法主要利用高频体波的走时信息以及面波的频散信息来约束地下结构.由于只需要求解高频近似下的波动方程,其效率较全波形反演有较大提高.相比于体波和面波数据单独反演,联合反演能利用体波和面波对地下结构约束的互补性来获得能同时拟合不同数据的波速结构模型.此外,体波和面波数据联合反演能获得更为准确的泊松比模型,因此可以更好地约束岩性、孔隙度、熔融程度等.鉴于目前海量的基于机器学习获得的不同震相的走时数据以及越来越多的密集流动地震观测...     

多同性源阵列电阻率法隧道超前探测方法与物理模拟试验研究

直流电阻率法以其对含水构造响应敏感且适应性强的特点,是隧道施工期超前地质预报的常用方法.针对目前定点源三极观测方式易受到测线附近旁侧异常干扰与聚焦观测方式探测距离过短无法三维成像的问题,提出了一种基于多同性源阵列电阻率的隧道超前探测新方法,利用环形布置的多同性源供电压制隧道掌子面后方的异常体的干扰,同时增强掌子面前方远处异常体的敏感度,阵列电极测量可为含水构造的三维反演成像提供三维数据.首先,开展了含水构造超前探测的数值正演模拟,发现多同性源方法的视电阻率纵向微分曲线极小值以及与横轴的交点位置可对异常体位置进行定性判断,探讨了多同性源方法对后方及侧向异常干扰的响应特征及识别方法.其次,将电阻率光滑约束与轨迹光滑策略引入蚁群反演算法,提出了一种最小二乘方法与改进蚁群算法相结合的混合反演算法,反演数值算例表明混合反演算法能够实现含水构造的三维成像,较好地反演出不同距离的含水构造位置,并使其边界较为清晰.为了验证多同性源探测方法的探测效果开展了物理模型试验,多同性源阵列电阻率法能较好的反映含水构造的存在,与实际含水构造的位置较为相符.     

Multi-scale entropy analysis of Mississippi River flow

Multi-scale entropy (MSE) analysis was applied to the long-term (131 years) daily flow rates (Q) of the Mississippi River (MR) to investigate possible change in the complexity of the MR system due to human activities since 1940s. Unlike traditional entropy-based method that calculates entropy at only one single scale, the MSE analysis provided entropies over multiple time scales and thus accounts for multi-scale structures embedded in time series. It is found that the sample entropy (S _E) for Q of the MR and its two components, overland flow (OF) and base flow (BF), generally increase as time scale increases. More importantly, it is found that there have been entropy decreases in Q, OF, and BF over large time scales. In other words, the MR may have been losing its complexity since 1940s. We explain that the possible loss in the complexity of the MR system may be due to the major changes in land use and land cover and soil conservation practices in the MR basin since 1940s.     

Automatic event detection in low SNR microseismic signals based on multi-scale permutation entropy and a support vector machine

Microseismic monitoring is an effective means for providing early warning of rock or coal dynamical disasters, and its first step is microseismic event detection, although low SNR microseismic signals often cannot effectively be detected by routine methods. To solve this problem, this paper presents permutation entropy and a support vector machine to detect low SNR microseismic events. First, an extraction method of signal features based on multi-scale permutation entropy is proposed by studying the influence of the scale factor on the signal permutation entropy. Second, the detection model of low SNR microseismic events based on the least squares support vector machine is built by performing a multi-scale permutation entropy calculation for the collected vibration signals, constructing a feature vector set of signals. Finally, a comparative analysis of the microseismic events and noise signals in the experiment proves that the different characteristics of the two can be fully expressed by using multi-scale permutation entropy. The detection model of microseismic events combined with the support vector machine, which has the features of high classification accuracy and fast real-time algorithms, can meet the requirements of online, real-time extractions of microseismic events.     

Ultrasonic method for measuring water holdup of low velocity and high-water-cut oil-water two-phase flow

Oil reservoirs with low permeability and porosity that are in the middle and late exploitation periods in China’s onshore oil fields are mostly in the high-water-cut production stage. This stage is associated with severely non-uniform local-velocity flow profiles and dispersed-phase concentration (of oil droplets) in oil-water two-phase flow, which makes it difficult to measure water holdup in oil wells. In this study, we use an ultrasonic method based on a transmission-type sensor in oil-water two-phase flow to measure water holdup in low-velocity and high water-cut conditions. First, we optimize the excitation frequency of the ultrasonic sensor by calculating the sensitivity of the ultrasonic field using the finite element method for multiphysics coupling. Then we calculate the change trend of sound pressure level attenuation ratio with the increase in oil holdup to verify the feasibility of the employed diameter for the ultrasonic sensor. Based on the results, we then investigate the effects of oil-droplet diameter and distribution on the ultrasonic field. To further understand the measurement characteristics of the ultrasonic sensor, we perform a flow loop test on vertical upward oil-water two-phase flow and measure the responses of the optimized ultrasonic sensor. The results show that the ultrasonic sensor yields poor resolution for a dispersed oil slug in water flow (D OS/W flow), but the resolution is favorable for dispersed oil in water flow (D O/W flow) and very fine dispersed oil in water flow (VFD O/W flow). This research demonstrates the potential application of a pulsed-transmission ultrasonic method for measuring the fraction of individual components in oil-water two-phase flow with a low mixture velocity and high water cut.     

Steady-state migration and diffusion of hydrocarbons in complex stratigraphic sequences

A mean-field method is used to describe both average and fluctuating flow properties of water and oil in sedimentary basins. Comparison of oil and water flow shows the relative strengths of capillarity and buoyancy in controlling the mean and fluctuating components of flow. Effects of sandiness and water-wetness are studied as is the effect of decreasing porosity with increasing subsurface burial. Numerical estimates suggest that sandiness percentages between about 20 to 80% influence mean and fluctuating components of flow. Outside of this regime the end-member situations of shale or sand prevail.The extra effects of vertical buoyancy and capillarity generally make lateral diffusion less important for oil flow than for water flow.     

多尺度快速匹配追踪多域联合地震反演方法

多尺度快速匹配追踪多域联合地震反演是一种通过地震数据多尺度分解的迭代反演方法.与此同时,在快速匹配追踪算法中引入低频模型约束,有效提高了收敛精度,使反演结果具有丰富的高低频信息.首先通过对大尺度地震资料进行反演得到低频背景.在此基础上,采用中尺度与小尺度地震数据进行逐级迭代用以获得高频数据,因而有效缓解了常规反演方法对于初始模型精度的依赖.最后利用理论模型与实际地震数据进行测试,通过与常规时间域反演方法的反演结果进行对比可以看出,本文方法在地层连续变化处依然可以对变化地层进行精确刻画,且在纵向分辨率提升的同时保持了较好的横向连续性.     

华北克拉通地壳三维密度结构与地质含义

利用重力异常揭示地壳三维密度结构是重力资料地质解释的目标和任务,密度反演的好坏至关重要.本文对华北克拉通进行了重力异常多尺度密度反演研究,首先利用小波变换对重力异常进行多尺度分解,接着利用功率谱分析方法估算各层场源的平均深度,然后利用广义密度反演方法进行各层密度反演,对华北地区进行了多层密度反演,得到其密度结构,并进行地质解释和油气藏分析.结果显示了重力场多尺度密度反演方法的有效性,对华北地区密度结构的地质含义进行了初步分析,位于造山带中的低密度异常主要反映沿造山带展布的花岗岩体.对比华北东部区浅层密度扰动与油气坳陷位置,发现油气坳陷都表现为低幅度的低密度异常区.说明利用小波多尺度反演提取的密度信息对油气勘探的部署有一定指导意义.     

On the 3-D inversion of vertical electrical soundings: Application to the South Ismailia area—Cairo desert road, Cairo, Egypt

A code for 3-D resistivity modelling and inversion of vertical electrical soundings has been developed based on the finite-element technique and regularisation method. Synthetic data were used to test the effectiveness of the code and to examine the resolving capability of the Schlumberger array in investigating 3-D resistivity distributions. The code was applied to experimental data set constituted by 35 Schlumberger soundings collected near the Cairo city in order to study the subsurface resistivity distribution. The results have shown that valuable imaging of the subsurface resistivity distribution can be constructed even when the vertical electrical soundings are acquired in a sparse field data set.     

2D电阻率正反演成像在水平和垂直模型上的异常响应研究

2D电阻率成像技术近年来被广泛应用于工程、水文、环境和矿产等领域,在实际应用中它具有多种的装置类型,不同的装置类型对特定的地质情况有不同的应用效果.本文通过采用Wenner、Wenner-Schlumberger和dipole-dipole三种排列装置在一个水平和一个垂直模型上正演模拟和块反演,揭示了不同的排列装置在水平结构和垂直结构的异常响应,并对高阻体和低阻体进行了模拟.结果显示当采用Wenner,Wenner-Schlumberger和dipole-dipole数据采集技术时,不同的模型结构异常响应有明显的不同,三种排列类型对地下低阻体的分辨能力均高于高阻体,Wenner装置和dipole-dipole装置分别对水平层状结构和垂直结构有较好的分辨力,wenner-Schlumberger装置对水平层状结构有好的分辨力,对垂直结构有中等的分辨能力.