基于图像信息方法的日本东北MW9.0地震回溯性预测研究

以日本局部地区(32.0°~46.0°N, 136.0°~148.0°E)为研究区域, 应用图像信息方法, 选用8 a滑动预测窗长, 1°×1°网格为主要计算参数, 系统计算了研究区域内2000年以来的“地震热点”(显著异常地区)并获得了区域内7级以上大震特别是2011年日本东北M_W9.0地震的热点演化图像。 结果表明: ① 包含M_W9.0地震的预测时间窗内, 其震中的邻近网格持续有热点出现, 并且其中有4个连续滑动的窗口中该地震震中所在网格亦存在热点。 ② 在回溯时间段内发生的21个M≥7.0地震中, 除2004年9月5日发生于日本近畿南岸近海的M7.1地震前无地震热点外, 绝大多数在震前皆有热点出现。 ③ 与其他M≥7.0地震相比, M_W9.0地震前热点图像分布范围更广, 稳定性更好, 持续时间更长。     

Systematic Procedural and Sensitivity Analysis of the Pattern Informatics Method for Forecasting Large (M > 5) Earthquake Events in Southern California

Recent studies in the literature have introduced a new approach to earthquake forecasting based on representing the space-time patterns of localized seismicity by a time-dependent system state vector in a real-valued Hilbert space and deducing information about future space-time fluctuations from the phase angle of the state vector. While the success rate of this Pattern Informatics (PI) method has been encouraging, the method is still in its infancy. Procedural analysis, statistical testing, parameter sensitivity investigation and optimization all still need to be performed. In this paper, we attempt to optimize the PI approach by developing quantitative values for ``predictive goodness'' and analyzing possible variations in the proposed procedure. In addition, we attempt to quantify the systematic dependence on the quality of the input catalog of historic data and develop methods for combining catalogs from regions of different seismic rates.     

Pattern Informatics and its Application for Optimal Forecasting of Large Earthquakes in Japan

Pattern Informatics (PI) technique can be used to detect precursory seismic activation or quiescence and make an earthquake forecast. Here we apply the PI method for optimal forecasting of large earthquakes in Japan, using the data catalogue maintained by the Japan Meteorological Agency. The PI method is tested to forecast large (magnitude m ≥ 5) earthquakes spanning the time period 1995–2004 in the Kobe region. Visual inspection and statistical testing show that the optimized PI method has forecasting skill, relative to the seismic intensity data often used as a standard null hypothesis. Moreover, we find in a retrospective forecast that the 1995 Kobe earthquake (m = 7.2) falls in a seismically anomalous area. Another approach to test the forecasting algorithm is to create a future potential map for large (m ≥ 5) earthquake events. This is illustrated using the Kobe and Tokyo regions for the forecast period 2000–2009. Based on the resulting Kobe map we point out several forecasted areas: The epicentral area of the 1995 Kobe earthquake, the Wakayama area, the Mie area, and the Aichi area. The Tokyo forecast map was created prior to the occurrence of the Oct. 23, 2004 Niigata earthquake (m = 6.8) and the principal aftershocks with 5.0 ≤ m. We find that these events were close to in a forecasted area on the Tokyo map. The PI technique for regional seismicity observation substantiates an example showing considerable promise as an intermediate-term earthquake forecasting in Japan.     

用模式识别方法估计水库诱发地震危险性

水库蓄水后可能诱发的地震危险性估计是工程地震工作中的一项重要环节,其中可能诱发的地震强度是人们特别关注的要素。本文基于国内外41个水库地震震例,从目前对水库地震形成机理的认识水平出发,提取了15个可能的诱震指标,应用模式识别的一些方法对水库蓄水后的诱发地震危险性进行复因子评估,通过内符检验讨论了这些方法在水库诱发地震危险性上的估计效能,给出了其错误概率估计值,结果表明,这些方法能够相对客观和合理地评定水库蓄水后可能诱发的地震危险性水平大小,在工程上具有一定应用价值。     

2008年汶川MS8.0地震电离层图像信息长时程演化初探

应用改进的图像信息方法, 结合DEMETER电磁卫星的电子温度数据, 对2008年汶川M_S8.0地震进行了长时程的回溯性预测研究。 与以往的地震电离层演化图像提取异常的研究相比, 将其回溯的时程延长至震前近11个月, 并向震后延长48 d。 在长期连续的异常扰动演化图中, 出现了两个明显的异常时段, 且在震前2个月短期内异常扰动明显减弱并趋于背景值。 两个时段出现的异常扰动分布位置及其形态以及持续时间皆不重复, 这体现了前兆异常的不易确定, 难以定性及定量识别的特点。 电离层异常扰动特征的长时程研究, 有评估其预测参数和模型可靠性的实际作用, 也为应用中国卫星观测数据服务于地震预报等研究积累经验, 具有借鉴意义。     

青藏高原北部地区弱震空间图像特征与中短期地震预测方法

通过对青藏高原北部地区31次地震的研究,确定了震前地震活动图像的中短期预测指标以及中期向短期过渡的异常判据及预测方法。研究结果表明,中强地震前普遍存在地震空区、弱震条带、前兆地震或震群、地震活动增强和平静等异常图像,所表现出的异常时间存在很大的差异。具有中短期特征的弱震空区(段)和条带一般出现在震前1～3a,平均持续时间1a,在空区解体后1～6个月发生地震。大多数前兆地震或震群活动属于短临异常,一般出现在震前几天至6个月,震级差为1．0～2．3,距离震中5～60km,空间上主要集中在祁连山地震带。地震活动增强以应力集中为主,属于短期异常特征。异常图像在时间上表现为中期阶段以孕震空区、弱震条带、地震活动增强和平静等异常,异常比较显著且不同步;短临阶段出现前兆地震和地震空区停止活动而形成的临震前的相对平静。异常图像在空间上具有较明显的分区性,与区域活动构造有一定的关系。     

The Entropy Score and its Uses in Earthquake Forecasting

Suppose a forecasting scheme associates a probability p^* with some observed outcome. The entropy score given to this forecast is then –logp^*. This article provides a review of the background to this scoring method, its main properties, and its relationships to concepts such as likelihood, probability gain, and Molchans - diagram. It is shown that, in terms of this score, an intrinsic characterization can be given for the predictability of a given statistical forecasting model. Uses of the score are illustrated by applications to the stress release and ETAS models, electrical signals, and M8.     

辽宁岫岩M_S5.9地震前应力积累的讨论

使用营口地震台记录的地震波形资料, 对1999年11月29日辽宁岫岩MS5.9地震前后进行剪切波分裂分析, 结果表明剪切波分裂参数在岫岩地震前后有明显的变化, 慢剪切波时间延迟在岫岩地震前约142天开始增加, 揭示了震前的应力积累过程. 应力积累的持续时间与震级的关系符合对数坐标下的直线拟合经验统计关系.     

2014年于田MS7.3地震产生的静态库仑应力变化及对周边断层的影响

This paper calculates the static Coulomb stress changes generated by four earthquakes in the Yutian area during 2008 ~ 2014 separately, then discusses the triggering influence, their accumulated Coulomb stress changes and their influence on nearby faults. The results indicate that the Ms5. 5 earthquake in 2011 and the Ms7. 3 earthquake in 2014 are both in the regions where the Coulomb stress change is positive, the stress changes are 0. 004MPa and 0. 021MPa, respectively, meaning they are triggered by prior earthquakes. The Ms6. 2 earthquake in 2012 occurred in the place where Coulomb stress change was negative, so it is postponed by the prior earthquakes. The image of Coulomb stress changes of the Ms 7. 3 earthquake in 2014 is in accord with aftershocks （ML ≥ 3. 0 ） distribution, but some regions on the fault where the Coulomb stress change is positive have few aftershocks, and strong aftershocks may occur at these districts in future. In addition, this paper calculates the Coulomb stress change on nearby faults, and finds that the Coulomb stress changes of different elements in the GGC fault are very different, and must receive strong triggered-influence, though the result may be influenced by the input finite fault model, so there is still a large earthquake-risk. The GGN, PLC, PLW and LBW faults were also triggered by the four earthquakes occurring between 2008 ~ 2014. Their maximum Coulomb stress changes all exceed 0. 002MPa, so they also have a strong earthquake hazard.     

Semi-Periodic Sequences and Extraneous Events in Earthquake Forecasting: I. Theory and Method,Parkfield Application

We present a new method to identify semi-periodic sequences in the occurrence times of large earthquakes, which allows for the presence of multiple semi-periodic sequences and/or events not belonging to any identifiable sequence in the time series. The method, based on the analytic Fourier transform, yields estimates of the departure from periodicity of an observed sequence, and of the probability that the sequence is not due to chance. These estimates are used to make and to evaluate forecasts of future events belonging to each sequence. Numerous tests with synthetic catalogs show that the method is surprisingly capable of correctly identifying sequences, unidentifiable by eye, in complicated time series. Correct identification of a given sequence depends on the number of events it contains, on the sequence’s departure from periodicity, and, in some cases, on the choice of starting and ending times of the analyzed time window; as well as on the total number of events in the time series. Some particular data combinations may result in spectra where significant periods are obscured by large amplitudes artifacts of the transform, but artifacts can be usually recognized because they lack harmonics; thus, in most of these cases, true semi-periodic sequences may not be identified, but no false identifications will be made. A first example of an application of the method to real seismicity data is the analysis of the Parkfield event series. The analysis correctly aftcasts the September 2004 earthquake. Further applications to real data from Japan and Venezuela are shown in a companion paper.     

结合汶川8.0级地震实践探讨地震应急基础数据库更新途径

通过汶川8.0级地震实践的检验,"十五"期间建立的地震应急基础数据库急需更新和完善.围绕地震应急基础数据库建设时期遇到的各种问题以及地震应急实际需求,对地震应急基础数据库更新的途径和方法进行初步探讨,以满足地震应急工作需要.     

有限元法在构造应力场与地震预测研究中的应用与发展

针对有限元数值模拟方法,系统总结了其在构造应力场与地震预测研究中的一般性研究方法与主要处理环节,阐述了有限元法在我国地壳构造应力场与地震预测研究中的应用,分析讨论了该方法的优点与存在的问题,并对有限元等数值模拟方法的发展作了展望。     

Empirical Approaches to Earthquake Prediction: A Brief Review of the Practice and Research in China

This paper gives a brief review of some progress in the research and practice of earthquake prediction in China in terms of the study of strong earthquake cases in three disciplines of precursory means: crust deformation and strain, underground fluid dynamics, and geoelectro-magnettsm, summarized in the past 30-odd years. All the progress, however, shows that the research of earthquake prediction in China is still in the empirical stage of its development. The main tasks in this stage would involve the following aspects: (1) accumulating earthquake cases, particularly the cases of strong earthquakes with a wide variety of reliable precursory data observed by fixed or mobile networks of different disciplines; and (2) studying the physical mechanism of observational means in more detail and the synthetic model of earthquake preparation based on the theoretical and laboratory researches as well as the data of in-situ observation.     

Analysis on Double-difference Earthquake Location and the Seismicity Pattern of the Yangjiang Earthquake Sequences

The locations of about 400 earthquakes in Yangjiang, Guangdong Province are determined using the double, difference earthquake location algorithm （DDA）. The seismicity pattern becomes concentrated from discrete grids. The rupture characteristics of the Yangjiang earthquake sequence show a conjugated distribution in NW and NE directions. The major distribution trends NE and dips NE with an angle of 30^o and a length of 30km,and the minor distribution trends NW and dips SE with an angle of 30^o and a length of 20km. The focal depth is 5km - 15km. The distribution of the Enping earthquake sequence,which is not far from Yangjiang,is NW-trending. The relationship between hypocenter distribution and geological structure is discussed.     

Retrospective Study on the Predictability of Pattern Informatics to the Wenchuan M8.0 and Yutian M7.3 Earthquakes

Two large earthquakes occurred in the western part of China in 2008, one of them being the Yutian (35.6°N, 81.6°E) M7.3 earthquake that occurred on March 21 (BJT) and the other the Wenchuan (31.0°N, 103.4°E) M8.0 earthquake that occurred on May 12 (BJT). In this paper, the West Continental China (included in 20.0°–50.0°N, 70.0°–110.0°E region) was the study region for verifyong the predictability of the pattern informatics (PI) method using the receiver-operating characteristic curve (ROC) test and R score test. Different forecasting maps with different calculating parameters were obtained. The calculating parameters were the grid size Δx, base time t _b, reference interval t _b to t ₁, change interval t ₁ to t ₂, and forecasting interval t ₂ to t ₃. In this paper, the base time t _b fixed to June 1, 1971, the ending forecast time t ₃ fixed to June 1, 2008, and the forecasting interval t ₂ to t ₃ changed from 1 to 10 years, and the grid sizes were chosen as 1° × 1° and 2° × 2°, respectively. The results show that the PI method could forecast the Yutian M7.3 and Wenchuan M8.0 earthquakes only using suitable parameters. Comparing the forecast results of grid sizes 1° × 1° and 2° × 2°, the models with 2° × 2° grids were better. Comparing the forecast results with different forecasting windows from 1 to 10 years, the models with forecasting windows of 4–8 years were better using the ROC test, and the models with forecasting windows of 7–10 years were better using the R score test. The forecast efficiency of the model with a grid size of 2° × 2° and forecast window of 8 years was the best one using either the ROC test or the R score test.     

2013年岷县漳县M_S6.6地震前/后地电观测引起的思考

介绍了在2013年7月22日甘肃岷县漳县MS6.6地震前/后地电学科所做的震情研判和预测预报工作,评价了震中附近甘东南及邻区台站出现的地电阻率观测数据异常。认为:(1)在地震短临阶段和紧接震后提出的两个地震预测意见大致符合本次地震主震、余震发生的实际情况;(2)在数据异常中包括了与本次地震有关的前兆异常信息和由于台站观测环境变化引起的干扰数据异常,震前震后的震情预测意见有一定程度的有科学意义和启示,也存在明显的不确定性。最后强调了加大力度保护地电观测环境的重要性。     

2008年度日本防灾对策的重点

为实现防灾、减灾的社会,在进一步促进平日防灾对策的同时,从推进具体的战略、根据灾害特性采取各种对策的观点,中央防灾会议2007年6月21日决定,2008年度实施以以下8个项目为重点的防灾对策。1树立减轻大规模灾害的战略思路(1)首都直下型地震以及大规模地震的不断准备。(2)推动大规模水灾对策。为了把任何时间任何地方发生的大地震所造成的灾害控制在最低限度,在正确抓住地震防灾战略进展情况的同时,要加强实现以减灾为目标的各种对策。其中,为确保国家中枢机能的连续性,特别是需要对首都直下型地震采取对策,要推进中央省厅、企业等制定业务…     

江苏常熟—太仓5.1级地震的前兆异常及可能的前兆机制

这次地震前震中附近地区的地震活动随时间呈波浪式起伏，形成了小震条带，出现了小震群；地下水异常非常强烈；地形变异常也观测到了。分析发现：前兆不是沿断裂带分布，而主要是于近震中的破裂面法线方向；可用ＩＰＥ模式解释一前兆现象。     

使用Mf值,C值,D值异常资料进行地震短期预测的神经网络方法

介绍了神经网络的一些基本概念，ＢＰ神经网络及其算法，使用地震强度因子Ｍｆ值，地震空间集中度Ｃ值，地震危险度Ｄ值对华北地区１９７２￣１９９２年期间进行空间扫描的中期和短期异常资料，通过ＢＰ神经网络进行学习并进行地震短期预测。研究结果表明：利用这３类资料的多项因子进行短期预测的效果较为理想。文章还对使用ＢＰ神经网络的一些具体问题进行了讨论。     

南北地震带北段强震形变异常特征与预测指标研究

利用南北地震带北段及附近地区上世纪70年代以来的区域水准、跨断层短测线和90年代以来的GPS、流动重力等监测资料,结合地质构造和监测区发生的几次6级左右及以上震例,采用定性与定量相结合的方法分析研究了与地震有关的构造形变异常的基本特征及可能的机理,初步总结了基于这些不同尺度(类型)的构造形变异常进行强震中期预测的一些指标判据。