滇池内湖滨带底泥的有机质分布规律

2008年4月,用自制柱状采泥器及彼德森采泥器在滇池草海和外海采集内湖滨带底泥柱状样(每5 cm分一层)和表层样(0～10 cm).其中,草海内湖滨带底泥表层样12个,柱状样9个;外海内湖滨带底泥表层样22个,柱状样7个.研究结果表明,滇池内湖滨带底泥表层有机质含量为2.20～154.62 g/kg,滇池草海内湖滨带底泥中平均有机质含量为76.94 g/kg,明显高于外海(16.56 g/kg),这主要是因为草海是沼泽化湖湾且附近村落密集;草海内湖滨带底泥有机质含量的最大值出现在西岸,而外海内湖滨带底泥有机质含量也是西岸高于东岸,这主要是由于周围农业和渔业的影响所致.由于外源污染输入量及湖内自净能力等的综合作用逐年波动,使内湖滨带底泥有机质含量垂直分布未明显随深度增加而一直增加或降低.滇池内湖滨带底泥表层pH为7.03～7.96,略偏碱性,外海内湖滨带底泥pH水平略高于草海,底泥含水率除个别采样点外变化不大,多数低于50%.     

滇池不同底泥条件下黑藻和金鱼藻的生长生理特征

为了探讨富营养化湖泊沉水植物恢复的可行性,通过实验,研究了滇池草海和外海3种不同的底泥对黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)和金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum)生长发育和生理活动的影响。结果表明,草海底泥和混合底泥(外海底泥和草海底泥等质量混合)培养的黑藻和金鱼藻,其株高、节间距、株数和生物量都显著高于外海底泥中黑藻和金鱼藻的相应指标(p0.05);外海底泥中生长的黑藻的根冠比显著高于其他两种底泥中生长的黑藻的根冠比(p0.05)。草海和混合底泥中培养的黑藻和金鱼藻的叶绿素a和过氧化物酶含量显著高于外海底泥中的黑藻和金鱼藻(p0.05);外海底泥中金鱼藻的丙二醛含量显著高于另外两种底泥中金鱼藻的丙二醛含量。有机质和营养盐含量较高的草海底泥和混合底泥更有利于黑藻和金鱼藻的生长,但与黑藻相比,金鱼藻具备更高的耐贫瘠底泥的能力。     

官厅水库底泥污染物的分布与释放预测研究

通过对官厅水库库区55个表层底泥样品的采样分析，对库区底泥中重金属的存在状态及生态风险进行了评价。通过底泥释放研究，预测了底泥中污染物的释放可能对水体造成的影响。同时对官厅水库库区底泥中重金属及氮、磷的分布状况进行了研究，结果表明，铅的污染主要由历史上上游污水入库所致；而铜、氮、磷污染主要是由于上游入库水体、库区周边的农田及葡萄园使用农药化肥所致。底泥中的重金属较稳定，一般不会对水体造成二次污染。     

温州三垟湿地底泥氮、磷含量及其对水质的影响

为探讨温州三垟湿地底泥中氮、磷营养盐含量及其对水质的影响,测定了三垟湿地水体、底泥中的氮、磷含量。结果表明,三垟湿地底泥中富含氮、磷等营养盐,当氧化还原环境发生变化时,底泥可成为水体的主要污染源;底泥中的全氮、全磷若有1％释放,则会使水体中的总氮增加0．63—3．10mg／L,总磷增加0．94—4．70mg／L;若一次释放,则会使水体中的总氮增加62．50～310．00mg／L,总磷增加94．13～470．00mg/L;因此在当前情况下,即便切断外源污染,三垟湿地水体仍将长期处于富营养化状态。     

达里诺尔湿地水环境和鱼类多样性调查Ⅳ.达里湖水体中的污染物

达里湖是达里诺尔湿地的重要组成部分.根据2019年对达里湖水体中污染物的调查结果,研究了达里湖水体中的金属污染物、非金属污染物和类金属污染物的特征,并将研究结果与以往达里湖的相对应的调查资料进行了比较,探讨了达里湖水体的污染物特点和污染物对鱼类物种多样性的影响.研究结果表明,2019年7月,达里湖水体中的氟化物质量浓度...     

滇池水体富营养化特征分析及控制对策探讨

20世纪 70年代以来 ,云南滇池水体富营养化问题日益严重 ,已成为制约滇池流域可持续发展的重要因素。本文以叶绿素 a( Chla)、TP、TN、CODMn和透明度 ( SD)等表征富营养化的指标作为评价因子 ,综合评价和分析了滇池水体富营养化变化特征及其成因。在此基础上 ,总结了过去滇池水体富营养化的防止措施 ,指出偏重外源控制、防护林体系不完善、底泥清除技术不合理是阻碍解决滇池富营养化的主要问题。针对这些问题 ,建议将恢复湖泊生态系统、控制内外污染源以及强化流域环境管理作为新的控制对策.     

三江平原沟渠系统水体和底泥的养分特征及效应

分季节原位采集三江平原不同土地利用方式下沟渠系统水体和底泥,调查沟渠水体及底泥中养分的时空分布特征及生态环境效应,分析了土地利用、沟渠植被生长及淹水状况等对沟渠养分时空分异的影响。结果表明,湿地开垦为旱田有利于沟渠DOC的沉积,但降低了沟渠水体DOC的浓度;湿地的垦殖和大量化肥的施用使得旱田沟渠水体TN、TP浓度高于湿地和水田沟渠;而沟渠植被生长和死亡分解又使得沟渠水体及底泥养分呈现出一定的时空差异。养分的长期积累将使沟渠系统水体N/P不断降低,影响湿地生态系统的稳定性。     

基于AHP和GIS方法的滇池湖滨水鸟栖息地适宜性评价

滇池湖滨水鸟栖息地的适宜性评价对于指导水鸟保护管理和湿地恢复具有重要意义。基于层次分析法（AHP）和GIS技术,选择水文条件、食物丰富度、隐蔽度、距水源地距离及人为干扰5个评价因子构建滇池湖滨水鸟栖息地适宜性分析模型,分析得到鸥、鸻鹬、雁鸭和鹤鹮等4个水鸟类群的栖息地适宜性评价定量研究结果。结果表明：食物丰富度和人为干扰是影响滇池湖滨水鸟选择栖息地的最主要因素;4个类群水鸟的最适宜栖息地空间分布差异显著,鸥类和鹤鹮类水鸟的适宜区较雁鸭和鸻鹬类要大;草海西岸及外海南岸、东岸的带状或斑块状区是水鸟的最适宜栖息地。本研究方法可为其他湿地的水鸟栖息地适宜性定量分析和空间分布研究提供思路参考,研究结果可以为滇池湖滨水鸟生物多样性保护和湿地恢复提供基础资料和科学依据。     

昆明草海晚更新世硅藻植物群及其环境演化

通过对草海2号孔硅藻植物群生态演化及沉积特征的研究,将草海晚更新世划分为十个硅藻带和五个环境演化段落,说明5万年以来草海经历了由河流三角洲—中深湖滨—浅湖—沼泽的发展过程,在距今4.4万年时,滇池湖达到高潮,以后一直湖退,其中距今2.8万年左右由于河口砂坝的发展而形成海埂,使草海与滇池相对隔离而进入一个独立发展阶段,并加快了草海沼泽化进程。从气候上看,5万年以来,草海也经历了凉—暖—凉—温的两次周期性变化。     

滇池外海水体叶绿素a与水质因子关系研究

使用近5年滇池外海的水体理化指标监测数据,分析了滇池外海水体叶绿素a的时空分布特征,并使用多元逐步回归分析叶绿素a与水质因子的关系。研究结果表明,滇池外海水体叶绿素a浓度为0．003～0．475mg／L,长年平均浓度为0．063mg／L,每年2月最低,8月最高,夏季最高,冬季最低。近5年各测点年平均值2004年平均浓度最高,2005年最低。滇池外海叶绿素a的空间分布呈现出北高南低,中部呈现西高东低的态势。各水质因子在不同的位置对叶绿素a浓度的影响显著程度不一样,但叶绿素a浓度总体与透明度呈现负相关,与pH值呈显著的正相关,与水温呈现正相关。通过多元逐步回归分析,滇池外海水体叶绿素浓度回归方程在不同位置有1～4个因子入选,外海叶绿素a平均浓度的回归方程为：Chla=-0．336＋0．002·WT＋0．028·TN＋0．034·pH。     

南极洲万达盐湖水的悬浮物中的粘土矿物和痕量金属组成的研究

南极洲万达盐湖水中悬浮物的流量 :水深 1 2m ,1 1 9 673mg/cm2 ·a;3 2m ,67 93mg/cm2 ·a;45m ,1 5 82mg/cm2 ·a;48m ,9 46mg/cm2 ·a ;60m ,1 3 5 5mg/cm2 ·a ;65m ,3 0 3 3mg/cm2 ·a。湖水悬浮物中粘土矿物主要为伊利石 ,含量 64～ 67% ,次为绿泥石 ,含量 2 5～ 3 0 % ,蒙脱石仅含 5 9～6 6% ,而高岭石含量极低。湖水悬浮物中痕量金属的含量 :水深 1 2m ,Cr 5 4 3 μg/g、Cu 1 1 9 3 μg/g、Ni 5 3 4μg/g、Co 2 3 9μg/g、Cd1 43 μg/g;3 2m ,Cr 44 9μg/g、Cu 1 1 8 7μg/g、Ni 5 0 2 μg/g、Co 1 9 4μg/g、Cd 1 5 1 μg/g;45m ,Cr 5 3 μg/g、Cu1 42 8μg/g、Ni 5 9 8μg/g、Co 1 9 8μg/g、Cd 1 83 μg/g ;60m ,Cr 1 3 2 μg/g、Cu 49 6μg/g、Ni 1 3 4μg/g;Co 4 3 μg/g、Cd 0 3 7μg/g ;65m ,Cr 7 4μg/g、Cu 1 7 6μg/g、Ni6 7μg/g、Co 2 4μg/g、Cd 0 3 6μg/g。悬浮物中痕量金属含量高低顺序 :Cu>Cr>Ni>Co >Cd。在水深 60m以上 ,悬浮物中痕量金属主要被束缚在硅酸盐、锰的氧化物及铁的氢氧化物悬浮物颗粒上 ,在水深 60m以下 ,则主要被束缚在硅酸盐矿物及有机质颗粒上。     

SEDIMENT TRANSPORT, DELTA GROWTH AND SEDIMENTATION IN LAKE NIGARDSVATN, NORWAY

ABSTRACT. The retreat of Nigardsbreen, an outlet glacier from the ice-cap Jostedalsbreen in south-central Norway, from its largest extent during the Little Ice Age, uncovered a proglacial lake during 1936–1967. This lake, Nigardsvatn, has been studied since 1968 in order to obtain data on solid material carried by the meltwater stream from the glacier, both in suspension and as bottom load. Between 70 and 85% of the suspended sediment has been deposited on the lake bottom, forming annual varves. The coarse material has been deposited in a delta, the formation of which started in 1968. Its growth, and hence the volume of total annual bottom load, has been surveyed annually for the past 36 years. In 1969 the entire bottom load was collected by building a fence-like net across the river. Material >3 cm was caught by this net, and formed approximately half the amount of suspended sediment transport during the same three-week period. Annual average deposition on the delta was 11800×10³ kg for the period 1968–2003. This is almost the same amount as carried in suspension from the glacier on an annual mean basis for the 36-year period. If conditions remain constant, the lake will be completely filled in about 500 years. The glacier erosion is calculated to be 0.3 mm/a.     

岱海湖泊沉积物频率磁化率对历史时期环境变化的反映*

在探讨封闭湖泊沉积物频率磁化率的环境意义的基础上,根据岱海DH₃₂孔湖泊沉积物磁化率的测量结果,结合粒度、孢粉、历史资料和硅藻分析结果,对岱海历史时期的环境变化进行了探讨。研究认为:历史时期内陆封闭湖泊沉积物频率磁化率高值段指示气候偏湿阶段;低值段指示气候干旱阶段;DH₃₂孔湖泊沉积物频率磁化率反映的近300年来岱海气候变化可划分七个阶段,并与粒度、孢粉、硅藻和历史资料的分析结果基本一致。湖泊沉积物频率磁化率是恢复历史时期环境变化的重要环境指标之一。     

博斯腾湖环境与资源的保护和可持续利用

通过实地调查和对监测资料的分析，从水域面积和水环境质量变化，湖滨湿地萎缩和芦苇资源衰退以及湖泊水环境的恶化导致生物多样性受损等方面探讨了新疆博斯腾湖生态与水环境问题及其成因，提出建立博斯腾湖保护区，加大管理检查和执法力度，加强对农田排污水的控制，强化重点排污口和重点城镇生活污水的排污管理，并通过湖滨湿地生态恢复工程、增源节水工程、加速湖水循环工程等措施，解决博斯腾湖水污染问题，保护和改善生态环境。     

达来诺尔的变迁

达来诺尔是在汗克拉源水头两个新生代断陷盆地、古地貌、新构造运动的影响下,几经变迁发育而成.中更新世中期该湖出现在好鲁厍一带,末期湖面扩大;晚更新世中期湖水占据现代分水岭两侧宽广地带,末期湖水越过分水岭超复全区;全新世地壳上升,湖水退缩在区内景低位置.     

THE UTILITY OF THE SEDIMENT BUDGET CONCEPT IN SEDIMENT POLLUTION CONTROL*

Soil conservation programs and management of sediment pollution in streams are both concerned with land conservation and water quality, but specific management goals are usually governed by separate considerations. Geomorphic concepts, especially the fluvial sediment budget, can be used to examine the relationship between upland soil erosion and sediment pollution in waterways. An example of such an application is given for the upper Tar River basin of North Carolina, showing that achieving soil loss goals will not prevent continuing high stream sediment concentrations and water quality deterioration. The budget concept can also be used to determine whether direct control of sediment input to waterways is needed in addition to on-site erosion control. Usually such applications require assumptions of a constant qualitative character of the sediment budget.     

Implications of diverse sedimentation patterns in Hala Lake, Qinghai Province, China for reconstructing Late Quaternary climate

Hala Lake is located in the Qilian Mountains, Qinghai Province, China, at 4,078?m a.s.l. Its sediments contain an archive of climate and hydrologic changes during the Late Quaternary, as it is located close to the area influenced by the East-Asian summer monsoon and westerly-driven air masses. Sedimentation patterns and depositional conditions within the lake were investigated using eight sediment cores from different water depths, and this information was used to evaluate the feasibility of using a single core to reconstruct past climate and hydrological conditions. Long core H7, from the center of the lake (65?m water depth) and core H8 from a western, near-shore location (20?m water depth), were compared in detail using sediment composition and geochemical data (X-ray fluorescence, loss-on-ignition and CNS analysis). Age models were constructed using 17 AMS radiocarbon dates and indicate negligible reservoir error for sediments from the lake center and?~1,000?year errors for the near-shore sediment core. Cores H1?CH5 and HHLS21-1 revealed a sediment succession from sand and silty clay to laminated clay on the southern side of the lake. Undisturbed, finely laminated sediments were found at water depths???15?m. Core H5 (2.5?m long), from 31?m water depth, yielded abundant green algal mats mixed with clayey lake deposits and was difficult to interpret. Algae occurred between 25 and 32?m water depth and influenced the dissolved oxygen content of the stratified lake. Comparison of cores H7 and H8 yielded prominent mismatches for different time periods, which may, in part, be attributed to internal lacustrine processes, independent of climate influence. We thus conclude that data from a single sediment core may lead to different climate inferences. Common shifts among proxy data, however, showed that major climate shifts, of regional to global significance, can be tracked and allow reconstruction of lake level changes over the last 24,000?years. Results indicate advance of glaciers into the lake basin during the LGM, at which time the lake experienced lowest levels, 25?C50?m below present stage. Stepwise refilling began at ca. 16 kyr BP and reached the ?25?m level during the B?lling/Aller?d warm phase, ca. 13.5 kyr BP. A desiccation episode falls within the Younger Dryas, followed by a substantial lake level rise during the first millennium of the Holocene, a result of climate warming, which promoted glacier melt. By ca. 7.6 kyr BP, the lake reached a stable high stand similar to the present level, which persisted until ca. 6 kyr BP. Disturbed sediments in core H7 indicate a single mass flow that was most likely triggered by a major seismic event?~8.5 kyr BP. Subsequent lake development remains unclear as a consequence of data mismatches, but may indicate a general trend to deteriorating conditions and lake level lowstands at ca. 5.0?C4.2, 2.0 and 0.5 kyr BP.     

南极阿德雷岛淡水湖沉积物细菌群落研究

应用样品直接稀释涂布平板法,从南极阿德雷岛淡水湖沉积物中分离得到34株菌,并进行了生理生化性质检测。根据其16SrDNA全长序列所进行的系统发育分析表明,分离菌株分属于革兰氏阳性菌:节杆菌(Arthrobacter)、红球菌(Rhodococcus)、葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus);gamma-变形细菌(gamma-proteobacteria):假单胞菌(Pseudomonas)、不动杆菌(Acinetobacter)、寡养单胞菌(Stenotrophomonas);beta-变形细菌(beta-proteobacteria):紫色杆菌(Janthinobacterium);拟杆菌门(Cytophaga-Flexibacteria-Bacteroides):假结核棒杆菌(Cytophaga)、土地杆菌(Pedobacter)等9个属。分离的菌株在4℃条件下能产生多种大分子物质水解酶类,其中32%的菌株能产生脂肪酶,18%的菌能够水解明胶或者产生卵磷脂酶。同时对沉积物垂直方向的可培养细菌生物量进行了分析,表明阿德雷岛企鹅排泄物输入量对微生物分布有较大影响。     

Laghi di Monticchio (Southern Italy,Region Basilicata): genesis of sediments—a geochemical study

The sedimentation record of Lago Grande di Monticchio (LGM) is one of the most prominent paleoclimatic archives in the non-glaciated areas of Europe. However, the modern lake system has never been the subject of intense limnological studies. On the basis of hydrochemical water profiles, detailed investigations of sediment short cores and in situ pore water profiles from the littoral to the profundal zone, we elucidate spatial variations of sediment genesis within the lake basin and the importance of various depth sections for the lake’s internal nutrient cycling. Sediments from the smaller meromictic Lago Piccolo di Montichio are discussed as a reference. Our study demonstrates: (i) distinctly higher sediment accumulation for the centre of the lake basin by focussing of the settling particle flux; (ii) decline of carbonate from the littoral to the profundal zones; (iii) non-synchronous change of calcite net-accumulation for various water depths; (iv) exceptionally high cation release from sediments covering the steeply inclining sector of the lake basin; (v) relatively constant dissolved silica concentrations in the pore waters (SiO₂ ∼42 mg/l) independent of water depth and sediment composition; (vi) influx of oxygen-bearing groundwater into the anoxic hypolimnion after heavy rainfall and the associated precipitation of Fe-oxihydroxides; (vii) higher release of NH₄ by anaerobic degradation of organic matter at a water depth of 23 m than for sediments at a maximum water depth of 32 m, whereby the latter reflects the importance of seasonal sediment re-oxidation for anaerobic degradation of organic debris; (viii) although seasonal re-oxidation of sediments from various water depths is quite different, Oxygen Index values of LGM sediments fall in a small range, which reflects rapid microbial consumption of seasonally re-generated easily bio-degradable organic molecules.     

南极阿德雷岛湖泊沉积:企鹅粪土层识别

在 CHINARE- 1 5考察期间 ,采集了南极阿德雷岛 Y2湖 67.5cm长的一支湖芯。室内分析测试了部分化学元素的含量 ,与南极西湖沉积物、新鲜企鹅粪、阿德雷岛鸟粪土和南沙太平岛鸟成土的元素特征进行对比后指出该湖泊沉积物为企鹅粪土。元素的聚类分析结果表明该粪土的元素标型组合包括 P、S、Sr、Ba、Cu、Zn、Se、Ca和 F等 9种元素。这为进一步解释其中所记录的气候环境事件提供了依据。