Preuves de la discordance de l'Ordovicien supérieur dans la zone axiale des Pyrénées : exemple du dôme de la Garonne (Espagne,France)

The geological mapping of the Garonne Dome had already shown an angular unconformity between the Upper Ordovician and the underlying series. This paper presents data from a nearby location, Planelh deth Pas Estret, southeast of the Garonne Dome, where the unconformity can be seen at outcrop scale. The unconformity angles amount to up to 20°. This unconformity is interpreted as a result of an extensional event of pre-Upper Ordovician age. To cite this article: J. Garc??a-Sansegundo et al., C. R. Geoscience 336 (2004).     

塔里木盆地古隆1井中上奥陶统牙形石生物地层界线研究

塔中地区古隆1井中晚奥陶世处于台缘斜坡带,地层发育齐全,奥陶系划分为3统5组,自上而下为却尔却克组、恰尔巴克组、一间房组、鹰山组与蓬莱坝组.在恰尔巴克组及一间房组分别获得了Pygouds anserinus与P.serra牙形石带,依此将中上奥陶统界线划在5875 m,两统之间不存在任何地层缺失或不整合面.认为碳酸盐岩...     

鄂尔多斯盆地南缘奥陶纪沉积充填记录的关键时限及其构造意义

鄂尔多斯盆地南缘上、下古生界呈现明显的角度不整合,标志着该区卷入了加里东造山带变形。本文以盆地内奥陶纪沉积充填记录为线索,利用地层序列中沉积凝灰岩的锫石U-Pb同位素测年,结合秦岭造山带岩体年代学研究成果,探讨了秦岭加里东期构造事件的发生与发展过程。研究表明:1)奥陶系沉积时期,沉积序列经历了海侵至海退的完整旋回,中奥陶世马五期海退序列开始,晚奥陶世背锅山期海水自鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘完全退出;2)晚奥陶世平凉期至背锅山期,地层序列中凝灰岩、滑塌构造、滑塌角砾岩普遍发育,滑塌构造和滑塌角砾岩的直接触发因素是构造活动引发的地震,构造活动性明显加强;3)中奥陶世马五期海退序列的开始,孕育着秦岭洋壳板块开始向北俯冲,时限大约为475~463 Ma;4)晚奥陶世平凉期,沉积序列中重力流、滑塌构造和凝灰岩普遍发育,孕育着秦岭洋向北的俯冲碰撞进入了高峰阶段,其时限大约为454~450 Ma。     

塔中隆起中-上奥陶统之间的不整合成因机制

塔里木盆地众多岩溶储层不整合中, 中-上奥陶统之间的不整合研究意义重大.本文以塔中隆起中-上奥陶统之间的不整合结构特征为依据, 对不整合成因机制进行了分析.研究表明, 发生在恰尔巴克组沉积期间的地壳褶皱作用控制了不整合的发育, 其分布范围受背斜控制.在背斜区, 不同层系缺失的原因存在差异, 一间房组和鹰山组的缺失是剥蚀缺失, 而恰尔巴克组的缺失是沉积缺失.成因上可将其不整合划分为同构造型和后构造型两种不整合类型.同构造不整合分布在塔中背斜型隆起两翼的恰尔巴克组与一间房组之间, 后构造不整合分布在塔中背斜型隆起顶部的良里塔格组与鹰山组之间.     

柴达木北缘达肯大坂群与滩间山群的接触关系

柴达木北缘古元古界达肯大坂群片麻岩系与上奥陶统滩间山群绿片岩系之间先存的角度不整合已经受到后期滑脱构造变形的强烈改造,是一种变质岩区特有的构造接触关系——隐蔽不整合,从而明确"过渡带"片岩系实质上是一条变质滑脱带,是伸展体制下低角度正断层沿不整合面滑脱拆离的产物,其主体应划归达肯大坂群。     

宁夏香山群的时代探讨

香山群主要分为４个亚群,在第一和第三亚群的灰岩扁豆体中采获三叶虫化石。香山群与下伏中奥陶统来钵山组关系为整合接触,不整合伏于志留系、泥盆系、石炭系之下。从沉积相序分析,香山群与下伏米钵山组表现为从大陆斜坡相至深海盆地相的特征。将香山群重新厘定,置于中奥陶统上部。     

Ordovician volcanism of the Peloritan Mountains (Sicily): Implications for evolution of Palaeozoic basins in the Calabrian-Peloritan Arc

The palaeontologically dated Ordovician associations of the Peloritan Mountains consist of metasilts, metapelites, calc-schists and metavolcanic rocks. These rocks form a portion of a terrigenous-volcanic-carbonate sequence of Cambro-Ordovician to Carboniferous age. This Palaeozoic sequence occupies the lower tectonic position in a Variscan orogen, affected by later Alpine deformation. The upper portion of this orogen is formed by low to high grade metamorphic rocks and some rare magmatic rocks. The Ordovician section of the sequence is divisible into a lower part (probably Arenigian), characterized by frequent and extensive within-plate alkaline metabasalts, and an upper part characterized by metadacites and metarhyolites intercalated with metasediments, commonly carbonates. The chemical characteristics of the metavolcanic rocks and the composition and structure of the metasediments indicate the persistence of tensional conditions during the Lower Ordovician. In contrast, the Upper Ordovician was marked by reducing tension, stagnation of basaltic magmas at different crustal levels, and consequent formation of dacitic and rhyolitic melts by partial melting of the surrounding crust. A comparison of the Ordovician sequences of the Peloritan Mountains with those of the Calabrian Palaeozoic basins shows several geodynamic similarities. Among other circum-Mediterranean basins, only that of north-western Bulgaria shows good analogies.     

内蒙古大青山地区寒武系与奥陶系之间的一个重要的层序界面

大青山地区寒武纪－奥陶纪地层分布零星，是由中生代逆冲推覆构造就位于此的一系列近东西向延展的构造岩片组成。下寒武统色麻沟组直接覆盖在太古界变质岩之上，缺失中元古界什那干群，寒武系与奥陶系之间呈假整合接触，标志着区内寒武纪与奥陶纪之间发生过一次抬升构造运动，其形成机制与古亚洲洋内的稳定陆快向华北板块拼贴事件有关，是早奥陶世末期华北板块整体抬升的序幕。这个层序界面的认识，对于恢复华北板块北部边缘构造演化历史具有重要意义。     

新疆巴楚中—晚奥陶世牙形刺生物地层和沉积环境研究

塔里木盆地中央隆起区的中—上奥陶统灰岩相地层露头分布在巴楚良里塔格地区的一间房—唐王城。以牙形刺动物群为依据厘定3个组的时代,从下至上为一间房组(Periodus flabellum层、Pygodus serra层,属达瑞威尔阶)、吐木休克组(Pygodus anserinus层、Baltoniodus alobatus带,属桑比阶)和良里塔格组(含B.confluens动物群层,属凯迪阶下部)。一间房组的开始标志了新一期的海进,此组下段发育1期藻丘,中段发育1期藻丘、1期瓶筐石礁丘和3—4期瓶筐石—棘屑滩,上段代表了海水加深至浪基面之下的过程;吐木休克组沉积过程中达到了海进最大值,为凝缩沉积;良里塔格组代表了逐渐海退的过程,由浅滩和3期藻丘建造组成。     

对香山群时代的商榷

分布于宁夏中部的香山群划分为1~4个未命名的亚群,第一亚群中的薄层灰岩所含的三叶虫Holocephalites punctatus Zhou,Olenoides ningxiacus Zhou,Peronopsis ovalis Zhou组合时代为中寒武世,牙形石Furnishina asymmetrica Müller,F.furnishi Müller为晚寒武世,指示第一亚群的时代为中—晚寒武世。牙形石Cordylodus proavus Müller和Oistodiform分子在第二亚群的发现表明这个亚群的时代最可能属于晚寒武世—早奥陶世。然而,整个香山群的精确时代仍不能完全确定,因为它的第三亚群和第四亚群不是化石稀缺就是不含化石。     

关于北祁连山西段早古生代的两个不整合问题

本文讨论的范围是民乐县童子坝河以西的北祁连山区。笔者根据1979～1982年在北祁连山西段的野外观察及对采获的古生物化石分析,综合研究区域地质调查资料,对前人所作出的以下结论有不同认识,即:1.北祁连山西段奥陶纪末志留纪初发生了一次造山运动,形成志留系不整合于奥陶系之上;2.中奥陶世末有一个巨大的造山运动——古浪运动,形成妖魔山组不整合于中堡群之上;3.妖魔山灰岩代表     

Transient inversion during the opening stageof the Wilson cycle “Sardic phase” in the Iberian Variscides –Stratigraphic and tectonic record

The Variscides of Iberia have a bilateral symmetry with east vergence in the eastern branch and west vergence in the western, on both sides of a Centro-Iberian Zone (CIZ), with predominant steep axial planes. All the structures curve around the Ibero-Armorican Arc (IAA). Unconformities in the sedimentary sequences of Cambrian to Early Ordovician age were ascribed to “Sardic phase” by correlation with similar tectonosedimentary events in Sardinia. Recent studies showed diachronism between these events in Sardinia and Iberia but migration of major geodynamic regime in time may be due to regional variation of major events at plate tectonic scale. We studied in detail two critical areas in the CIZ, the Marão anticline in the NE and the Amêndoa-Carvoeiro synform in the SW. Two unconformities can be put in evidence, as elsewhere in CIZ. A stronger lower unconformity of a Volcano-Sedimentary Complex of Lower Arenig (and Tremadocian?) age on top of a Cambrian clastic sequence with flysch characteristics; and a milder upper unconformity of Armorican Quartzite of Arenig age on both the Volcano-Sedimentary Complex and the Cambrian sequences. The lithostratigraphy of the studied areas is described and correlated with other areas in Iberia. The Volcano-Sedimentary Complex and coeval magmatic bodies with bimodal composition are briefly described. The Sardic event corresponds to folds with steep axial planes at high angles to Variscan structures that produce the penetrative cleavage that cut across the unconformity surfaces. Sardic thrusts are also present and can be explained by thin-skinned compressive tectonics. Sardic folds and thrusts suggest a brief period of transient inversion between a major extensional regime from Cambrian to Devonian. The obliquity of Sardic structures to Variscan compression suggests a component of transpression during the Sardic tectonic event, corresponding to a tectonically enhanced unconformity near the Cambro-Ordovician boundary. The transient Sardic inversion is interpreted in terms of a break-up unconformity related to the migration of an intracratonic rift; in the Ordovician this rift moves into the SW of Ossa Morena Zone (OMZ) and since then become the SW Iberia suture during the Variscan Wilson cycle. This migration induced transient compression and dextral strike-slip in the major boundary between CIZ and OMZ due to presence of incipient primary curvature in this segment of IAA.     

塔里木柯坪地区奥陶系层序地层与同位素地球化学响应特征

塔里木盆地柯坪地区奥陶系发育浅水碳酸盐岩台地、深水陆棚-盆地两大类沉积体系和局限台地、开阔台地、陆棚和盆地等4种相类型。通过露头剖面的详细观察,在该区识别出局部暴露不整合和淹没不整合两类层序界面,以此为依据将该区奥陶系划分为9个三级层序。通过对层序格架内碳同位素和元素地球化学组成分析表明,不同层序界面及层序内不同体系域的δ13C和元素地球化学组成有明显的差异,并呈现出有规律性变化,反映出该区奥陶纪发生了多次海平面升降变化。研究表明同位素和地球化学特征可以作为层序地层学研究的辅助标志。     

Stratigraphy and tectono-sedimentary evolution of the Upper Cretaceous–Tertiary sequence in the southern part of the Malatya Basin, East Anatolia, Turkey

The Malatya Basin is situated on the southern Taurus-Anatolian Platform. The southern part of the basin contains a sedimentary sequence which can be divided into four main units, each separated by an unconformity. From base to top, these are: (1) Permo-Carboniferous; (2) Upper Cretaceous–Lower Paleocene, (3) Middle-Upper Eocene and (4) Upper Miocene. The Upper Cretaceous–Tertiary sedimentary sequence resting on basement rocks is up to 700 m thick.The Permo-Carboniferous basement consist of dolomites and recrystallized limestones. The Upper Cretaceous–Lower Paleocene transgressive–regressive sequence shows a transition from terrestrial environments, via lagoonal to shallow-marine limestones to deep marine turbiditic sediments, followed upwards by shallow marine cherty limestones. The marine sediments contain planktic and benthic foraminifers indicating an upper Campanian, Maastrichtian and Danian age. The Middle-Upper Eocene is a transgressive–regressive sequence represented by terrestrial and lagoonal clastics, shallow-marine limestones and deep marine turbidites. The planktic and benthic foraminifers in the marine sediments indicate a Middle-Upper Eocene age. The upper Miocene sequence consists of a reddish-brown conglomerate–sandstone–mudstone alternation of alluvial and fluvial facies.During Late Cretaceous–Early Paleocene times, the Gündüzbey Group was deposited in the southern part of a fore-arc basin, simultaneously with volcanics belonging to the Yüksekova Group. During Middle-Late Eocene times, the Yeşilyurt Group was deposited in the northern part of the Maden Basin and the Helete volcanic arc. The Middle-Upper Eocene Malatya Basin was formed due to block faulting at the beginning of the Middle Eocene time. During the Late Paleocene–Early Eocene, and at the end of the Eocene, the study areas became continental due to the southward advance of nappe structures.The rock sequences in the southern part of the Malatya Basin may be divided into four tectonic units, from base to top: the lower allochthon, the upper allochthon, the parautochthon and autochthonous rock units.     

塔里木盆地北部地区奥陶系层序地层格架与沉积演化*

应用层序地层学和沉积岩石学的原理与方法,深入分析塔里木盆地北部地区(塔北地区)轮南、哈拉哈塘和英买力3个构造单元逾百口钻井的岩心、薄片、测井等资料,结合主要构造运动及海平面变化的研究,建立塔北地区奥陶系层序地层格架,阐述格架内沉积特征及演化。根据区域性不整合界面划分2个二级层序(SSQ1,SSQ2),SSQ1包括下奥陶统—中奥陶统,SSQ2包括中奥陶统—上奥陶统;再根据岩性岩相转换面划分11个三级层序(OSQ1—OSQ11);进一步根据主要海泛面,划分海侵体系域(TST)和高位体系域(HST)。塔北地区奥陶纪沉积环境主要为浅海台地,经历了局限台地—开阔台地—淹没台地—台地边缘的演化过程,最终因陆源碎屑的注入破坏了台地的沉积环境,晚奥陶世塔北地区转为混积台地环境。     

Lower Palaeozoic unconformities in an intracratonic platform setting: glacial erosion versus tectonics in the eastern Murzuq Basin (southern Libya)

The stratigraphic record of the eastern Murzuq Basin has been importantly influenced by deformation resulting in angular and/or deeply erosional unconformities, though the overall context is intracratonic. Major transgressive events and the Ordovician glaciation are nevertheless documented, allowing the delineation of tectonic-, eustasy- or climate-driven unconformities. Lower Palaeozoic key events and related unconformities that characterize the North Gondwana platform have therefore a signature in the eastern Murzuq Basin. The basement/cover unconformity, also known as the infra-Tassilian surface, truncates all the deformed and metamorphosed Lower Cambrian and older rocks. Above is a ?Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician megasequence (Murizidié and Hasawnah Fms.), which is in turn truncated by an intra-Ordovician, angular unconformity. This megasequence is unconformably overlain by a Middle Ordovician (Hawaz Fm.) to Silurian (Tanzzuft and Akakus Fms) megasequence, which includes the Upper Ordovician glaciogenic unit (Mamuniyat Fm.), bounded at the base by a polygenic glacial erosion surface showing corrugated glacial lineations, tillites, and glaciotectonic structures. The Middle Ordovician to Silurian megasequence is finally truncated by a base-Devonian, angular unconformity overlain by fluvial sandstones. Regarding the possibility that those fluvial deposits may be as younger as Late Devonian in the eastern Murzuq Basin based on palaeoflora, the so-called Caledonian unconformity might be here a much younger (mid-Eifelian?) surface, and the occurrence of the Lower Devonian “Tadrart Fm.” is questioned. The Upper Ordovician glacial erosion surface, which is sometimes referred to as the Taconic unconformity, usually truncates Middle Ordovician strata in the Murzuq Basin but reaches significantly deeper stratigraphic levels in places that have been previously involved in the intra-Ordovician deformation event. In the Murizidié (southeastern Murzuq Basin), the infra-Tassilian surface, the intra-Ordovician unconformity, and the Upper Ordovician glacial erosion surface amalgamate together. Here, an estimate of the glacial erosion depth cannot be derived from the stratigraphic hiatus beneath the glacial incision, the main part of which relate to the intra-Ordovician tectonic event. The Upper Ordovician climate-related glacial erosion surface is not a valid unconformity for a sequence hierarchy framework of the Lower Palaeozoic, although it presents most of the physical attributes of tectonic-driven unconformities.     

内蒙古中部地区太古界划分意见

内蒙古中部地区是全区太古界发育最好的地段。主要展露于东径108°～114°;北纬40°～41°20′范围内,东西延伸约500km,出露面积6000km~2以上。七十年代前,多趋向与山西省有关岩系相比较,分别称之为五台系（群）和桑干群（系）。由于山西相应地层单元的划分和命名几经变更,对比发生困难,所以相继出现一些地方性群、组名称。主要有:1963年李璞将集宁市、卓资县和凉城县一带的硅线榴石片麻岩、大理岩、变粒岩夹麻粒岩系命名为集宁群;1969年大同幅1:20万区调报告将兴和县、丰镇县南部的原桑干群下部麻     

A re-examination of the type Arenig Series

The stratotypc of the Arenig Series (Ordovician System) and its boundaries are critically re-examined. The lithostratigraphy and biostratigraphy of the Tremadoc, Arenig, and Llanvirn age rocks at Arenig Fawr, North Wales that were constructed by Feamsides in 1905 are amended. The Arenig Series at Arenig is represented by the Camedd Iago Formation which was established by Lynas (1973) in the Migneint area. Examination of the sparse graptolite faunas indicates that the type Arenig Series is incomplete, only the extensus Zone having been recognized with certainty. There is a possible unconformity at the base and a probable unconformity at the top, and on present knowledge the succession cannot be correlated precisely with what are considered to be Arenig sequences elsewhere. It therefore may prove necessary to redefine the Arenig Series at a more useful type section. It is suggested that the Carmarthen district may provide a suitable stratotype.     

塔里木盆地中、晚奥陶世疑源类组合

塔里木盆地中、晚奥陶世疑源类被划分为４个组合,自下而上分别为Ｐｅｔｅｉｎｏｓｐｈａｅｒｉｄｉｕｍ－Ｂａｌｔｉｓｐｈａｅｒｉｄｉｕｍ组合,Ｂａｌｔｉｓｐｈａｅｒｏｓｕｍ－Ｄｉｃｈｏｔｉｓｐｈａｅｒａ组合,Ｎａｖｉｆｕｓａ－Ｏｒｄｏｖｉｃｉｄｉｕｍ组合及Ｄａｃｔｙｌｏｆｕｓａ－Ｌｅｉｏｓｐｈａｅｒｉｄｉａ组合。下部３个组合产于中奥陶统,代表台地—台缘斜坡相环境,最上部１个组合产于上奥陶统,代表滨海相或陆源碎屑浊积岩沉积     

Les Pyrénées centrales et orientales au début du Paléozoique (Cambrien s.l.): évolution paléogéographique et géodynamique

In order to debate of the early Paleozoic paleogeography, the repartition of the Hercynian blocks, today scattered around West-Mediterranean Sea. should be known. This is the case for the end of the Paleozoic (Fig. 1), but not for the beginning; Fig. 6 is drawn with the supposed repartition in the middle of the Carboniferous.In Central and Eastern Pyrenees and surrounding areas (Fig. 1), Upper Ordovician beds rest unconformably upon a thick (4–6 km), dominantly pelitic series known as Lower Paleozoic in the Eastern Pyrenees or Seo Formation in the Central Pyrenees. The metamorphic lower part of this series often lies over metagranilic orthogneisses, which are best interpreted as a Precambrian basement, Panafriean-Cadomian in age. By correlation with fossiliferous series of other areas, the Pyrenean Lower Paleozoic should be mainly Cambrian in age (ranging from Uppermost Proterozoic to Lowermost Ordovician).For the purpose of this paper, the complex lithostratigraphic succession of the Lower Paleozoic of the Eastern Pyrenees, with two groups and seven formations, could be summarized (Fig. 2) by a threefold division, from bottom to top: (i) a pelile-greywacke and carbonate unit, with a conspicuous plagioclasic component and a sodic composition (Uppermost Precambrian to Lowermost Cambrian?): (ii) a sandstone-pelite unit, with lithic sandstones, ending with a carbonate level, well developped in the Central Pyrenees (Lower Cambrian?): (iii) a mudstone-siltstone unit (Middle-Upper Cambrian?). Fossiliferous Lower Cambrian beds which outcrop at Terrades (south of the Eastern Pyrenees) could be a remnant of an allochthon unit which can be compared with the nappe-thrusts of the nearby Southern Montagne Noire.The pelite-greywacke and carbonate unit (Fig. 3) occurs only in the South-Eastern Pyrenees as a south to north transgressive platform bordering a basin extending southwards; not far south of Eastern Pyrenees, a volcanism of “intermediate” type supplied in plagioclasic clasts the greywackes and volcanoclastic deposits. Near the base of the sequence, a bimodal volcanism and synsedimentary faults reflect the extensional context of the basin initiation, the geochemistry of which has been related to back-arc setting. An acidic volcanism developped higher in the sequence (tufs and hypovolcanic bodies). Carbonate levels are numerous, particularly in the lower part of the unit. The upper part of the sequence is an oslistostrome made of polygenic intraformational conglomerates fed from the south: it outlines the transition to the next unit.The sandstone-pelite unit (Fig. 4) rests conformably on the previous one in the Eastern Pyrenees, and is unconformable upon the Precambrian basement to the north (North-Pyrenean massifs) and to the west (Central Pyrenees). It is characterized by arkosic lithic sandstones with clear quartz grains: they originated in the erosion of a granitic basement and/or acidic volcanic rocks. Coarseness of the sandstones and thickness (up to 2–4 km) of the unit increase from south-east to north and west. A carbonate upper level, well developped in the Central Pyrenees, can be correlated with Lower Cambrian limestones from the surrounding areas.The mudstone-siltstone unit (Fig. 5) is defined by the prevalence of mm- to cm- scale alternations of argillaceous mud and silt of a flyschoid type, representing a more basinal sedimentation. A carbonate level, the highest in the series, is intercalated in Ihe lower part ot the unit: above this level, deposits are very homogeneous and thiek (about 2 km). A poorly known formation with pelitcs and sandstones caps the muddy-silty unit: it could be Lower Ordovician in age.Thus, the Pyrenean domain shows the same depositional history as West-Mediterranean area: (i) first, a volcano-sedimentary platform or basin occurs, as in Central Spain. Eastern Pyrenees. Sardinia and axial zone of the Montagne Noire, but not further north; (ii) second, a silicoclastic platform spreads out. which becomes carbonated at the end: (iii) third. Ihe basin deepens and receives fine silicoclaslies. This evolution is not fully accounted for in recent synthesis of Pre-hercynian France or Spain, and it should appear useful for a better understanding of the south French Massif Central geological history.