清代江苏省冬季冷暖等级序列的重建及特征分析

通过对历史文献资料的收集整理,重建了清代江苏省冬季逐年冷暖等级序列,并利用Morlet复小波变换分析方法对序列进行了多时间尺度特征的综合分析。结果表明:(1)整个清代江苏省冬季气候变化大致可分为2个冷时段(1644—1730年、1821—1900年)和1个暖时段(1731—1820年);(2)重建的冷暖等级序列存在多尺度下的周期变化特征,其中有较明显的周期变化尺度是38～42 a、18～20 a、13～15 a和8 a,38～42 a和8 a特征时间尺度的周期变化相对具有全域性,18～20 a尺度的周期变化在1690—1790年之间比较明显,13～15 a尺度的周期变化在1720年之前和1830年之后比较明显;(3)重建序列的第1主周期为42 a,第2、3、4主周期依次是20 a、 8 a和3 a;在42 a尺度下,清代江苏省冬季气候可划分为6个偏冷时段和6个偏暖时段。     

边坡位移演化的多尺度分析

通过相邻两个时间区间位移观测结果均值差分的积分描述和Harr小波基函数的小波变换方程的对比分析,得到了一个将不同时间尺度下边坡位移均值变化表示为相应尺度下小波变换系数的基本关系。根据这一关系,提出了可以采用小波变换方法确定两个相邻时间区间位移均值在不同时间尺度下变化规律的边坡位移演化的多尺度分析方法。针对卧龙寺新滑坡、三峡永久船闸边坡开挖和隔河岩水电站进水口边坡变形的观测结果,讨论了它们的位移演化多尺度特征。当边坡位移呈现较规则的变化趋势时,在一个尺度上就可以提取它们的时间演化特征。开挖剧烈扰动的影响可以通过给定时间尺度支撑区端点与位移突变点之间递增连的线进行近似。     

敦化盆地晚全新世泥炭沉积中植硅体古气候记录的时频分析

沉积地层中古气候参数的多层次性以及解释过程中的人为性使古气候重建结果带有一定的误差。采用Morlet一维连续小波变换对敦化盆地吉祥和榆树剖面中植硅体记录的古气候参数进行时频分析,探讨植硅体反演的古气候变化过程。结果表明,吉祥剖面在频率域尺度a≥30时的小波变换系数波谱及能量变化与榆树剖面在a≥20时存在相似性,且均具有6个不同能量聚集区域,因此把敦化盆地晚全新世以来的古气候变迁分为6个阶段：公元前730年以前为温暖降温期;公元前730—公元前205年为温和湿润并逐渐变凉时期;公元前205—公元255年为温暖时期;公元255—525年为降温变冷时期;公元525—1220年为温暖湿润时期;公元1220年以来进入气候波动比较频繁时期。Morlet一维连续小波变换可以有效处理古气候信息的叠加,减小人为性分析带来的误差,在古气候分析中具有很大应用潜力。     

近300a来古里雅冰芯记录的气候突变事件

根据古里雅冰芯高分辨率气候环境信息记录,利用小波气候突变的检测方法,对近300a来的气候突变事件进行了检测.结果表明,在百年尺度上,近300a来古里雅冰芯中所记录的δ¹⁸O(温度代用指标)发生了2次突变,分别在1788年和1932年;净积累量(降水量的代用指标)也发生了2次突变,分别在1805年和1939年;降水突变发生的时间迟于温度突变发生的时间.时间尺度越短,发生突变的次数则越多,这也体现了气候变化的层次性.因此,较好地确定隐含在气候资料中冷暖(干湿)期突变的位置,从冷暖(干湿)期的变更上去把握气候变化,将有助于认识气候变化的机理.     

青海省极端气温事件的气候变化特征研究

选用青海省37个气象站点1961-2011年近51 a, 逐日气温(最高、 最低、 平均)资料, 采用国际通用的极端气温指数定义计算了9种极端气温指数, 并分析其主要气候特征.结果表明: 近51 a青海省极端气温呈明显上升趋势, 极端冷指标(霜冻、 结冰日数、 冷夜、 冷昼指数)呈下降趋势, 而极端暖指标(夏天日数、 暖夜、 暖昼指数)呈上升趋势, 且极端冷指标的减少幅度高于极端暖指标的增加幅度.空间分布上, 极端气温指数在全省呈一致的上升(下降)趋势分布.在近51 a的时间尺度上各种极端气温指数都存在多个较明显的周期, 如较短的3~8 a的准周期, 以及13 a、 17 a、 27 a的年代际周期特征.青海省年平均气温与极端气温指数有很高的相关性, 气候变暖突变前后极端气温指数表现出明显差异: 在变暖突变发生后, 霜冻日数、 冷夜指数、 冷昼指数、 结冰日数明显减少, 夏天日数、 暖夜指数及暖昼指数明显增加, 其中相对指数几乎呈倍数显著变化, 表明极端气温指数对气候变暖有很好的响应.     

The Features of Climate Variation and Glacier Response in Mt.Yulong,Southeastern Tibetan Plateau

The Features of climate change in Mt.Yulong, southeasten Tibetan Plateau were analyzed using linear regression, Mann Kendall abrupt test and Morlet wavelet analyses. In addition, the relationship between glacier retreating (Baishui Glacier No.1) and climate warming wasalso analyzed in this study. The main results are showedas follow: ① The annual mean temperature, precipitation have an increasing trend, withinclination rates being 0.15℃/10a and 9.0 mm/10a;annual temperaturedramatically ascend in 1998 with the change values 0.7 ℃; Morlet waveletsin annual temperature andtemperature in dry season mainly have a 10 to 15 year periods,while annual precipitation amount and the precipitation in rainy season presented a quasi 10 year periods. ②Prior to 1998, the important meteorological factor influencing the change of Baishui Glacier No.1 are temperature and precipitation, while in the following years, temperature plays a more important role in affecting its retreat and advance; The main characteristic ofvertical climate change in Mt. Yulong (1982/2009) is that the cold season shortens and temperature rises with elevation, and the maximal value of increased temperature in glacier zone is 2.2~2.5 ℃, resulting in greatly accelerated glacier ablation.     

Palaeotemperature reconstructions of the European permafrost zone during marine oxygen isotope Stage 3 compared with climate model results

A palaeotemperature reconstruction based on periglacial phenomena in Europe north of approximately 51 °N, is compared with high‐resolution regional climate model simulations of the marine oxygen isotope Stage 3 (Stage 3) palaeoclimate. The experiments represent Stage 3 warm (interstadial), Stage 3 cold (stadial) and Last Glacial Maximum climatic conditions. The palaeotemperature reconstruction deviates considerably for the Stage 3 cold climate experiments, with mismatches up to 11 °C for the mean annual air temperature and up to 15 °C for the winter temperature. However, in this reconstruction various factors linking climate and permafrost have not been taken into account. In particular a relatively thin snow cover and high climatic variability of the glacial climate could have influenced temperature limits for ice‐wedge growth. Based on modelling the 0 °C mean annual ground temperature proves to be an appropriate upper temperature limit. Using this limit, mismatches with the Stage 3 cold climate experiments have been reduced but still remain. We therefore assume that the Stage 3 ice wedges were generated during short (decadal time‐scale) intervals of extreme cold climate, below the mean temperatures indicated by the Stage 3 cold climate model simulations. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

常用小波及其时频特性

小波分析以其良好的时频局部化效果,能够用来分析时间序列不同频率的非稳定能量特征。目前,有许多可供选择的小波函数,这些函数的时频特征各不相同,根据研究目的选择合适的分析小波函数就显得非常重要。针对常用的几个实数和复数小波函数,以Nino3海面季度平均温度时间序列(1871-1996,5oS~5oN, 90o~150oW)为例,分别研究它们的时频特征,希望为实际应用过程中选择合适的分析小波提供依据。研究发现,消失矩越大,时域小波越窄,时间分辨率增强,波动幅度越大;而频域小波与时域相反。复数的Morlet小波具有良好的频率分析能力,而Mexican hat小波(Gauss函数的二阶导数)则具有优秀的时间分辨能力。相对小波的总能量谱,复数小波的实部或虚部的能量谱能够明显提高分析结果的时间分辨率,但并不影响小波的频域分辨力。     

气候变化背景下青藏铁路沿线多年冻土变化特征研究

多年冻土是复杂地气系统的产物, 以升温为特征的气候变化不可避免地对其产生影响. 基于青藏铁路沿线8个天然场地2006-2011年的地温监测资料, 分析了气候变化背景下, 多年冻土升温特征及上限变化规律, 并对低、高温冻土的变化特征进行了对比分析. 结果表明: 2006-2011年监测期间, 铁路沿线多年冻土正在经历明显的升温趋势, 上限附近和15 m深处平均升温率分别为0.015 ℃·a^-1和0.018 ℃·a^-1, 其中, 低温冻土区在上述两个深度处升温均比高温冻土区显著; 多年冻土上限深度也表现出一定的增深趋势, 平均增深速率为4.7 cm·a^-1, 其中, 高温冻土区增深速率大于低温冻土区. 低、高温冻土对气候变化的响应表现出了较大差异. 同时, 受局地因素的影响, 不同区域在升温和上限增深上也存在一定差异.     

硅藻生物多样性对千年尺度气候突变的快速响应:以云南云龙天池湖泊末次冰消期记录为例

湖泊是全球生态系统的重要组成部分。尽管湖泊初级生产力的生物多样性在湖泊生态系统中发挥着非常重要的作用,但对其如何在千年时间尺度上对气候变化做出响应却知之甚少,而千年时间尺度与预测未来变化最为相关。本文以云南云龙天池湖泊为研究对象,以湖泊重要的初级生产力硅藻为研究手段,分析了末次冰消期期间硅藻生物多样性对千年尺度上气候变化的响应。云龙天池硅藻生物多样性表现为暖期高、冷期低。随着全球温度的快速变化,硅藻生物多样性亦对应的快速响应:在转暖时(Bolling/Allerod暖期)快速增加,在转冷时(Herinrich 1和Younger Dryas)快速降低。这些变化主要与温度变化驱动的湖泊环境条件的变化(比如冰封期长短、边岸带水生植被的变化等)有关。研究结果还表明,在末次冰消期期间,云龙天池湖泊硅藻生物多样性与千年尺度的气候变化同步,而且在长时间尺度上,气候变暖对高山湖泊生物多样性可能是有利的。     

青藏公路沿线多年冻土对气候变化和工程影响的响应分析

青藏公路沿线工程和气候变化影响下多年冻土变化监测表明,多年冻土对工程活动和气候变化的响应过程存在着较大差异,不同年平均地温的多年冻土使这种差异变得更为明显.分析结果表明:气候变化下低温多年冻土变化要大于高温多年冻土,工程状态下低温多年冻土变化要小于高温多年冻土;气候变化引起的低温多年冻土变化要大于工程对其的影响,而高温多年冻土正好相反.造成这一结果原因主要是由于在工程建设完成初期,相对于气候影响,工程作用对多年冻土的影响具有放大作用,这使得工程状态下多年冻土对气候变化基本没有响应.按照气候影响下多年冻土温度年变化速率来推测,低温多年冻土表面温度升温到工程状态需要50a左右时间,高温多年冻土需要20a左右.6m深的低温多年冻土温度升温到工程状态需要20a,高温多年冻土仅需要5~8a.     

三参数小波分频处理在走滑断层识别中的应用

压扭应力场环境下形成的走滑断层一般具有断面陡立,在剖面上呈花状等特点,其构造特征复杂,剖面解释和空间组合难度较大。同一地震剖面的浅、中、深层的资料品质有差异,断点、断面的清晰度也不同。以地质背景为基础,针对不同层段采用不同主频的地震资料进行断层解释,能够增强其可靠性。三参数小波变换具有比傅里叶变换、Morlet小波变换更好的时频聚焦性,可以使断层在不同主频的地震剖面上取得最佳的成像效果,有利于人工解释并提高其可信度。南堡凹陷走滑断层发育,这里采用三参数小波分频处理技术,针对该区块的地震资料进行处理并用于断层解释,取得了较好的效果。     

川北若尔盖高原红原泥炭剖面孢粉记录的晚冰期以来古气候古环境的演变

利用14C测年及孢粉分析方法对位于若尔盖高原的红原泥炭剖面进行了系统研究,重建了若尔盖地区晚冰期以来古环境的演化历史,并识别在此期间发生的主要气候事件.结果表明:该区晚冰期的气候特点为冷偏干或凉偏干,冷暖波动频繁.其中,14.1～13.4、12.4～12.0和10.5～10.0 kaBP之间的冷阶段分别对应于Oldest Dryas、Older Dryas及Younger Dryas事件;发生于12.6～12.4和12.0～10.5kaBP左右的暖阶段分别对应于Bolling及Allerod暖期.Younger Dryas事件之后,气候总体以温湿为主要特征,8.9～8.7和6.1～5.8kaBP之间的明显降温为全新世期间的2次冷事件.孢粉记录所反映的若尔盖地区晚冰期以来的气候演化与全球气候变化具有较好的可比性.     

近1500年来新疆艾比湖同位素记录的气候环境演化特征

利用介形虫壳体^δ18O,^δ13C及其沉积物有机质^δ13C同位素组成等环境代用指标,重建了西北干旱区艾比湖地区近1500年来气候环境演化特征。结果表明,气候不稳定性不但出现在时段约660～760A.D.及约1380～1500A.D.由暖干变冷湿的气候转换时期,也出现在时段约1050～1150A.D.及约1850～1940A.D.由冷湿变暖干的转换时期。尤其是由冷湿到暖干的气候转换时期,频繁而大幅度的气候变化影响湖泊水环境的稳定连续性,限制了介形虫等湖泊生物的生存,造成湖泊生态环境系统的破坏。而在百年尺度上艾比湖地区气候表现为暖干、冷湿的组合特征。约1850年开始,气候出现明显的干旱化趋势。     

Study on the Relationship between Large Volcanic Eruptions and Temperature Variation Based on Tree-Ring Data in the Eastern Tibetan Plateau during the Past Millennium

Volcanic eruptions can significantly cool the global troposphere on the time scales from several months up to a decade due to reflection of solar radiation by sulfate aerosols and feedback mechanisms in the climate system. The impact of volcanic eruptions on global climate are discussed in many studies. However, few studies have been done on the impact of volcanic eruption on climate change in China in the past millennium. The 1300-year and 600-year temperature series were reconstructed based on the six tree-ring temperature proxy data in northeastern and southeastern Tibetan Plateau, respectively. Three warm periods occurred in 670-920,1000-1310 and 1590-1930, and three cold periods happened at 920-1000,1310-1590 and 1930-2000 in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau. There were two obviously warm periods (1385-1450 and 1570-1820) and two cold periods (1450-1570 and 1820-2000) in southeastern Tibetan Plateau. Contrasting with volcanic eruption chronology, we analyzed the relationship between volcanic activity and temperature variation in the eastern Tibetan plateau during the past millennium using Superposed Epoch Analysis (SEA) method. The results indicated that the temperature decreased one year after large volcanic eruptions located beteen 10°S and 10°N in latitude in northeastern Tibetan Plateau and two years in southeastern Tibetan Plateau. The volcanic eruptions occurred at different latitudes have different impacts on the temperature variations, which may be caused by regional difference, the nature of the eruption, the magnitude of the resulting change in incoming solar radiation, prevailing background climate and internal variability, season, latitude, and other considerations.     

Detection of Cyclic Patterns Using Wavelets: An Example Study in the Ormskirk Sandstone, Irish Sea

This study shows how wavelet analysis can be used on well log and drill core data to identify cyclicity in sedimentary sequences. Three possible methods for determining wavelength were investigated: the Morlet wavelet, the Fourier transform, and the semivariogram. When applied to several hypothetical signals similar to those observed in petrophysical measurements in hydrocarbon reservoirs, all three methods could identify the presence of cyclicity. Only the wavelet scalogram, however, gave a clear indication of when the cyclic element was present and where frequency changes occurred in the signal. To illustrate the wavelet analysis, we processed well log and core data from a well in the Ormskirk Sandstone and determined the wavelet coefficients for each zone and the wavelengths of the strongest cyclicities. The cyclicities observed corresponded well with sedimentary features of the formation (e.g., channels and channel sets). Also, ratios of the cyclicity wavelengths corresponded with ratios of the Milankovitch precession, obliquity, and eccentricity periods. This result is in agreement with other investigators, who have proposed that Milankovitch-driven climate changes exercised an important control on Ormskirk Sandstone deposition.     

European vegetation during Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage-3

European vegetation during representative “warm” and “cold” intervals of stage-3 was inferred from pollen analytical data. The inferred vegetation differs in character and spatial pattern from that of both fully glacial and fully interglacial conditions and exhibits contrasts between warm and cold intervals, consistent with other evidence for stage-3 palaeoenvironmental fluctuations. European vegetation thus appears to have been an integral component of millennial environmental fluctuations during stage-3; vegetation responded to this scale of environmental change and through feedback mechanisms may have had effects upon the environment. The pollen-inferred vegetation was compared with vegetation simulated using the BIOME 3.5 vegetation model for climatic conditions simulated using a regional climate model (RegCM2) nested within a coupled global climate and vegetation model (GENESIS-BIOME). Despite some discrepancies in detail, both approaches capture the principal features of the present vegetation of Europe. The simulated vegetation for stage-3 differs markedly from that inferred from pollen analytical data, implying substantial discrepancy between the simulated climate and that actually prevailing. Sensitivity analyses indicate that the simulated climate is too warm and probably has too short a winter season. These discrepancies may reflect incorrect specification of sea surface temperature or sea-ice conditions and may be exacerbated by vegetation-climate feedback in the coupled global model.     

近百年大连市气温、降水变化特征

利用大连市1914-2013年近100 a气温、降水资料, 应用一元线性回归、小波分析、气候趋势系数等方法, 对大连市气温、降水的季节-年际变化特征进行了研究, 结果表明: 近百年来, 大连市气温的变化趋势与全国增暖的总趋势基本一致, 年平均气温以0.12℃·(10a)^-1的增温率在上升; 以20世纪50年代中期为界, 出现了两个冷暖交替期, 1930年和1982年为两个增暖突变点, 20世纪90年代之后为增暖趋势最显著期; 伴随百年明显的增温趋势, 大连市年降水量有相应微弱的减少趋势, 递减率为4.57 mm·(10a)^-1; 降水量变化具有明显的周期性, 同时又具有多时间尺度特征; 大连市降水的季节变化明显, 降水异常的幅度在雨季最大, 尤其是7-8月, 异常幅度的峰值所在月份也有较明显的年际变化.     

《翁同龢日记》中的冷暖感知记录及其对气候冷暖变化的指示意义

依据清代《翁同龢日记》(以下简称《日记》)中逐日的冷暖感知记录和同时期的器测月均温资料,采用相关分析和线性回归分析等统计方法,以月为基本统计单元,对《日记》中冷暖感知记录反演气候变化的能力进行了分析。结果说明,《日记》中的冷暖感知记录可以用于气候变化研究,但是最佳代用指标因气候变化的时间尺度和季节而异。总体而言,极热、偏热、偏凉、极冷日数对年内月到季时间尺度气候变化的代表性较好,其中尤以偏凉和极冷日数最佳。对于年际尺度上的气候波动,从季节对比来看,冷暖感知日数反演夏季(6—8月份)月均温的能力最差;从冷暖感知类型对比来看,极冷日数是多个月份月均温的最佳代用指标,1、3、5、9和12月份的最佳代用指标均是极冷日数。并且,还可以依据极冷日数的多寡识别极端冷、极端热年。由此可见,古代私人日记中的冷暖感知记录可以用于反演历史时期气候的冷暖变化。     

Characteristics analysis of extremely cold weather in the Greater Khingan Mountains region北大核心CSCD

Extremely cold weather has an important influence on winter production and life in the Greater Khingan Mountains region. This paper uses the daily minimum temperature data of ground observation stations during extreme cold weather from 1974 to 2021 in the Greater Khingan Mountains region, monthly circulation index data, the spatial distribution and temporal variation characteristics of extreme cold days and extreme minimum temperature were analyzed by climate statistical method; The abrupt changes and periods of extreme cold days and extreme minimum temperature were tested by Mann-Kendall method and Morlet wavelet analysis; calculating the recurrence period of extreme minimum temperature by empirical frequency method; correlation method was used to analyze the circulation factors which had significant influence on the number of extremely cold days. The results are followed: (1) The spatial distribution of extreme cold days in the Greater Khingan Mountains region was not uniform, and gradually decreasing from northwest to south. The extreme cold days was at most 717 d in Huzhong, and at least 29 d in Gagadaki, the extreme cold days in the whole region mutated in 1979, and the average annual extreme cold days decreased 14.2 d after the mutation compared with that before the mutation, and the annual extremely cold days have a significant cycle of 2 to 4 years. (2) The extreme minimum temperature in the whole region mutated in 1990, before the mutation the extreme minimum temperature was low and after the mutation began to rise, the significant cycle of annual extreme minimum temperature was 4 to 5 years, the extreme lowest temperature was -49.6 ℃ in Mohe, followed by -49.2 ℃ in Huzhong; the extreme lowest temperature occurs once every 2 years, once every 5 years and once every 10 years in Huzhong, while the extreme lowest temperature occurs once in 20 years, once in 50 years and once in 100 years in Mohe. (3) SCAND teleconnection patterm has a good correlation with extreme cold days in winter(January, February and December)in the Greater Khingan Mountains region. Positive growth of the circulation mode, it has great influence on the extreme cold weather in winter in the Greater Khingan Mountains region. © 2022 Science Press (China).