塔里木盆地西部巴什托普断裂的主要特征及其油气勘探意义

巴什托普断裂经历了两期变形。早期变形发生在中生代(或中生代末),沿中寒武统膏盐层发生的顺层滑动在上盘形成断层转折褶皱,之后发生冲断并伴有断层传播褶皱发育。由于南天山冲断带向南扩展(始自始新世晚期在中新世达到高潮)时该断裂带不活动,巴楚断隆南界的西段由中生代的巴什托普断裂北移至色力布亚断裂带。晚期变形发生在更新世,向南冲断,属西昆仑前陆褶皱冲断带中低级别的背冲断层。该地的生储盖条件较好,是相对的低应变区,因而是有利的油气勘探区。     

塔里木盆地西部吐木休克断裂带的主要特征和构造演化

塔里木盆地西部的吐木休克断裂带是中央隆起(前身是晋宁期碰撞造山带)的次级单元巴楚断隆与北部坳陷的次级单元阿瓦提凹陷之间的分界。本文以大量的地质和地球物理证据,证明它是一条内部结构复杂且切穿地壳的深断裂。结合区域构造演化恢复了断裂发育史,指出它经历过三期重大的冲断活动,分别发生在加里东期、海西期和新近纪。新近纪的冲断与巴楚断隆的南界断裂带有相同的构造样式,可分为两幕:中新世的冲断受制于南天山前陆冲断带的向南扩展,更新世的冲断主要受制于西昆仑前陆冲断带的向北扩展。吐木休克断裂带的东西走向段和北西走向段的构造特征尚有若干差异,前者在加里东期活动较强,反映了构造的继承性;北西走向段则是加里东期出现的新生构造,在海西期进一步发展,更新世时因被卷入西昆仑的前陆冲断作用,表现出强烈而复杂的变形。     

塔里木盆地玛扎塔格构造带断裂构造分析

玛扎塔格构造带是麦盖提斜坡与巴楚断隆之间的一条边界断裂带,其中已发现和田河气田。断裂构造对于圈闭的形成和油气运聚成藏具有决定性的制约作用。通过系统的地震剖面解释,在玛扎塔格构造带识别出3期断裂构造:第1期构造活动以中寒武统的膏盐层为主滑脱面,由麦盖提斜坡向巴楚断隆冲断,伴生有断层传播褶皱发育,形成于新生界沉积之前,玛扎塔格背斜形成;这期冲断构造是本次研究的一个新发现。第2期活动为基底卷入型挤压走滑断裂,由相互背冲、近于平行的玛南断层和玛北断层组成,形成于中新世末,玛扎塔格背冲断块背斜形成。第3期活动以古近系底部的膏盐层为主滑脱面,由麦盖提斜坡向巴楚断隆冲断,也伴有断层传播褶皱发育,形成于更新世—全新世。在此基础上讨论了区域构造演化对玛扎塔格构造带3期断裂活动的形成和发育的控制。     

塔里木西部地区古生代断裂活动的方式和机制

基于系统的地震剖面解释及其与塔中地区的对比,本文探讨了塔里木西部地区古生代断裂活动的方式和机制。玛东断裂带是一条宽阔的北东向盖层滑脱型褶皱冲断带,前展式向东南扩展,冲断作用发生在奥陶纪末。巴东断裂(吐土休克Ⅱ号断裂)为北西向基底卷入型冲断带,奥陶纪末和中二叠世末发生冲断。巴西断裂和塔参2井南断裂是海西期的正断层。塔里木古板块古生代的发育受邻侧的造山带演化制约,近东西向和北东向断裂奥陶纪末的冲断是继承基底构造发育的。塔中地区的近北西向断裂是晚寒武世的新生断裂,加里东运动可分为两幕:奥陶纪末的冲断(艾比湖运动)和晚志留-中泥盆世的冲断-走滑,后者向西明显减弱。塔里木西部的部分北西向断裂(如康西断裂)可归入塔中北西向断裂系。北东向的玛东断裂带是其西的向北(东)冲断的吐木休克断裂带与其东的向南偏东冲断的塔中8-1井——塔中5井断裂带之间的调节断层。     

巴楚隆起亚松迪断裂带构造特征及几何学模型

基于地震剖面的精细地质解释,识别出塔里木盆地巴楚隆起亚松迪断裂带及邻区三期冲断褶皱构造,并建立了其几何学模型。第一期活动的为沿中寒武统膏盐层滑脱的巴什托断裂,该断裂走向为NWW,形成于二叠纪之后、古近纪之前;第二期为基底卷入型的色力布亚断裂,该断裂走向为NNW,形成于晚中新世;第三期为分别沿中寒武统和古近系膏盐层滑脱的亚松迪深、浅层断裂,这两条断裂走向均为NW,形成于更新世-全新世。平面上,亚松迪断裂的发育位置受控于古近系膏盐层的分布范围。剖面上,与先存的巴什托断裂和色力布亚断裂的复合发育造成了亚松迪断裂带东、中、西三段不同的构造样式：东段发育断层传播褶皱(上)与突破型滑脱褶皱(下);中段发育断层传播褶皱(上)、突破型滑脱褶皱(中)和基底卷入构造(下);西段则发育滑脱褶皱(上)与断层转折褶皱(下),该段滑脱褶皱为亚松迪浅层断裂的西端点。最后,我们利用计算机数值模拟的方法对这三种冲断褶皱模型进行了验证。     

塔里木盆地阿恰构造带断裂构造分析

阿恰构造带位于塔里木盆地西部,主要由阿恰断裂和乔来买提断裂组成,构成了塔里木盆地次级构造单元阿瓦提凹陷和巴楚断隆分界线的西北段。通过地震资料解释,将阿恰断裂带分为西段、中段和东段3部分。西段为基底卷入型单断逆冲构造样式,断层倾向巴楚断隆;中段为"Y"字形基底卷入型逆冲构造样式,除倾向巴楚断隆的主冲断层外,还发育倾向相反的反冲断层,开始显现出楔状冲断构造的轮廓;东段为典型的楔状冲断构造,倾向巴楚断隆的主冲断层向上断至中寒武统,其冲断位移量完全被倾向阿瓦提凹陷的反冲断层吸收。同时,在阿恰断裂的西段和中段,断层上盘还发育第四纪正断层,而断裂东段不发育。研究认为阿恰断裂带主要存在两期断裂构造:深部基底卷入型逆冲断裂带和其上叠加的浅部正断层。前者形成于新近纪库车组沉积前,在库车组沉积期间持续活动,并在新近纪晚期定型;后者是本次研究首次发现的,形成于第四纪早中期,且只发育在阿恰断裂带的西段和中段。     

Basement-Involved wedge-shaped Structure of Aqia Fault in Northern Magin of Bachu Uplift in Northwestern Tarim Basin, Northwest China

塔里木盆地巴楚隆起为第四系不整合覆盖的古隆起,在其西北缘发育NW走向的阿恰断裂、萨拉姆布拉克背斜、向斜和隐伏的乔来麦提断裂.地震剖面和钻井资料显示,阿恰断裂为倾向南的基底卷入逆冲断裂,向北逆冲,错断层位从前寒武系基底一直到中寒武统膏岩,从西向东逆冲断距减少.乔来麦提断裂则以中寒武统膏岩为滑动面,向南逆冲,并在断层端部发育萨拉姆布拉克断层扩展褶皱.这两种类型构造样式的断裂(基底卷入断裂和盖层滑脱断裂),在剖面上组成典型的楔形构造几何形态,平面上形成三角形构造.遥感影像解泽指出阿恰断裂和萨拉姆布拉克向斜向北西方向延伸进入柯坪逆冲带,并在该带有相应方向的地表构造显现,与北东走向的柯坪逆冲带组成叠加构造.生长地层分析确定基底卷入构造形成于始新世—中新世,而柯坪逆冲带形成于第四纪,明显晚于巴楚隆起形成时代.     

塔里木盆地巴楚隆起北缘阿恰基底卷入构造

塔里木盆地巴楚隆起为第四系不整合覆盖的古隆起,在其西北缘发育NW走向的阿恰断裂、萨拉姆布拉克背斜、向斜和隐伏的乔来麦提断裂。地震剖面和钻井资料显示,阿恰断裂为倾向南的基底卷入逆冲断裂,向北逆冲,错断层位从前寒武系基底一直到中寒武统膏岩,从西向东逆冲断距减少。乔来麦提断裂则以中寒武统膏岩为滑动面,向南逆冲,并在断层端部发育萨拉姆布拉克断层扩展褶皱。这两种类型构造样式的断裂(基底卷入断裂和盖层滑脱断裂),在剖面上组成典型的楔形构造几何形态,平面上形成三角形构造。遥感影像解译指出阿恰断裂和萨拉姆布拉克向斜向北西方向延伸进入柯坪逆冲带,并在该带有相应方向的地表构造显现,与北东走向的柯坪逆冲带组成叠加构造。生长地层分析确定基底卷入构造形成于始新世—中新世,而柯坪逆冲带形成于第四纪,明显晚于巴楚隆起形成时代。     

塔里木盆地吐木休克构造带断裂构造分析

吐木休克断裂位于塔里木盆地西部,是一条大型基底卷入型断裂构造带,构成塔里木盆地次级构造单元阿瓦提凹陷和巴楚断隆的分界。根据系统的地震资料解释,可以将吐木休克断裂分为西段、中段和东段3部分,各段构造特征有所差异。西段,为单一的基底卷入型高角度逆冲断层,倾向巴楚断隆; 中段,除倾向巴楚断隆的主冲断层外,倾向相反的反冲断层越来越清晰,楔状冲断构造的轮廓逐渐显现出来。同时,在断层上盘还发育第四纪正断层; 东段,倾向巴楚断隆的主冲断层,向上断至中寒武统,未断开中寒武统以上的地层,其冲断位移量完全为倾向阿瓦提凹陷的反冲断层所吸收,形成典型的楔状冲断构造。根据地震资料解释,认为吐木休克断裂带主要存在两期断裂构造:深部高角度基底卷入型逆冲断裂带和其上叠加的浅部正断层。前者形成于库车组沉积前,在库车组沉积期间持续活动,并在新近纪晚期定型; 后者是本次研究首次发现的,形成于第四纪早中期,仅发育在吐木休克断裂带的中部。     

古深断裂活化与燕山期陆内造山运动——以川南—滇东和中扬子褶皱-冲断系为例

基于花岗岩侵入、构造变形和磨拉石建造(或长期隆起)提出川南—滇东和中扬子地区侏罗-白垩纪时发生造山事件。分析了造山带的内部结构、范围和动力机制,发现川南—滇东褶皱-冲断系为北东向及近南北向断裂控制发育,其西以滇中古陆块与燕山期消减型造山带相隔;中扬子褶皱-冲断系为北西向断裂控制发育,向南西扩展时止于黄陵古陆核。两者均属印支运动后出现的中国—东南亚次大陆外侧的新特提斯洋消减,及嗣后的碰撞激活拼合大陆内的古深断裂活化而发生的燕山期陆内造山运动,构成中国大地构造演化的一个显著特色。     

新疆库车新生代前陆褶皱冲断带的变形特征、时代和机制

库车前陆褶皱冲断带自北向南可分为基底冲断带、箱状背斜带、梳状背斜带和挠曲褶皱带,东西方向上可分为西段、中段和东段。本文分段叙述了各变形带的变形特征,指出东段箱状背斜带不发育,秋里塔格山脉(构造带)东延未进入东段,因而总体看自西向东变形强度减弱,地形上趋于夷平。该冲断带的形成经历了两次重大的冲断活动,分别发生在中新世和早(-中)更新世;相应地,该带可分为南、北两个"盆""山"亚系统,两者在地层记录、变形期次和变形机制上尚有若干差异。库车前陆褶皱冲断带的发育,除了受南天山的冲断和向南扩展引起的近南北向挤压应力场控制外,还受到基底断裂在新生代的活化和膏盐层底辟的制约,前者以近北西向的构造变换带及其共轭发育的近北东向断层最为重要,后者既控制了秋里塔格山脉的形成(主要受垂直的挤压应力场作用),也在库车前陆褶皱冲断带东西方向的变形分段中起了重要作用。文章还讨论了变形与地貌发育的关系和在油气勘探中的指导意义。     

塔里木盆地西部喀什地区新生代褶皱冲断带构造解析

基于纵贯喀什地区4条地震剖面的精细构造解析,建立了喀什地区新生代褶皱冲断带的构造地质模型,认为该区新生代晚期不仅受南天山造山带南冲挤压的控制,也受到来自西昆仑的北冲推覆作用的影响,从而将喀什地区的冲断构造划分为北部的"南天山前陆冲断系统"(西段可称"阿图什前陆褶皱冲断带")和南部的"西昆仑前陆冲断系统"两部分。通过平衡恢复技术,定量计算了这两部分的最小水平构造缩短量分别为43.7 km和4 km,剖面总的缩短率为50%。综合构造演化序列和保存条件分析,认为北部深层成藏条件较好,优质储层是否发育是钻探成功的关键因素。     

塔里木盆地巴楚隆起古董山断裂带构造分析

古董山断裂构造带位于塔里木盆地西部的巴楚隆起上,走向北西-南东,延伸140 km左右。基于地震剖面的详细解释,识别出4期构造变形：寒武-奥陶纪正断层、二叠纪正断层、中新世冲断层、上新世-更新世冲断层及其伴生的正断层。中新世基底卷入型冲断层是古董山构造带的主控断裂构造,构成断裂带的主体,构造变形样式为断层传播褶皱。寒武-奥陶纪正断层形成复式地垒,隐伏于中新世主干断层之下。二叠纪正断层可能伴生有岩浆活动。先存的正断层和岩浆岩对古董山中新世断裂活动具有明显的控制作用;后期的断裂活动,即上新世-更新世逆冲断层和正断层,对中新世形成的断裂构造有改造作用。古董山断裂带东南端与玛扎塔格构造带西端交汇,但两者不是同一条断裂带。     

ON THE AGE OF METAMORPHISM IN THE JAPANESE ISLANDS

The Sivas Basin extends over a major crustal structure underlying the contact zone between the Tauride and Pontide belts. The Kirsehir block, a continental crustal element lying between the main belts, introduces a subordinate suture in front of the Pontides—the Inner Tauride suture. The junction of the two main sutures occurs between Hafikand Imranli. Four structural zones have been considered. The northern basement of the basin, which includes both the Kirsehir continental crust and thrust sheets of ophiolite and pelagic sediments, forms an imbricate stack with an Eocene cover. The Eocene cover shows two distinct sequences: marine neritic and continental basalts overlying the Kirsehir basement, and deltaic and basinal deposits lying to the southeast. Southward tectonic stacking of the entire pile has occurred repeatedly since Oligocene time. The Sivas Basin proper is separated from the Kirsehir basement by the Kizilirmak Basin. This new structural unit consists of nearly undeformed, middle Miocene sandstones and conglomerates and a Pliocene lacustrine limestone.

The Sivas Basin proper corresponds to a fold-and-thrust belt involving an Oligocene deltaic plain with intervening large-scale evaporitic stages and subsequent lower Miocene shallow-marine deposits. Three distinct tectonic domains are considered—(1) an eastern A domain, characterized by a hinterland of deep imbricate and rare northward thrusts; (2) a transitional B domain, corresponding to a series of lateral thrust branches propagating to the southwest; this domain later was deformed by the (3) C domain, displaying a foreland-dip type of stacking. The Caldag-Tecer-Gurlevik ridge forms a structural entity of topographic highs along the southern margin of the Sivas fold-and-thrust belt. Three Eocene-cored anticlinoria arranged along an E-W relay zone fold a passive-roof composite allochthon including ophiolitic elements together with Upper Cretaceous to Eocene limestone and conglomerate. The sole of this allochthon consists of Oligocene gypsum. The Kangal Basin, a large syncline cored by Pliocene continental deposits, corresponds to the southernmost unit. The boundary with the Caldag-Tercer-Gurlevik ridge is partially concealed by a lower Miocene continental basin, overlain by a N-vergent thrust of a lower Mesozoic limestone of the Taurus platform. If the southeastward propagation of thrusting in the Sivas thrust belt and related northward thrusts at a variety of scales is considered to represent the main thrust over the undeformed Kizilirmak basin, a comparison with modern analog structural features and analog models yields a coherent interpretation of this basin in terms of its forearc-prism evolution. At a larger scale, the Sivas Basin should be considered as a piggyback basin developed along the northward-rotated rear of the Tauride wedge and the synchronous southward thrusting of the Kirsehir-Pontide wedge. At least in early Miocene time, the Inner Tauride and Erzincan sutures corresponded to a single intracontinental thrust zone along which part of the displacement of the southern front of the Tauride has been progressively transferred.     

Structural style and deformation mechanism of the southern Dabashan foreland fold-and-thrust belt, central China

The Daba Mountains define the southern margin of the East Qinling orogenic belt, and form the boundary of the Sichuan basin in the north and northeast. The Daba Mountains can be divided into two structural belts by the NW-striking Chengkou fault, namely the northern Dabashan thrust-nappe belt and the southern Dabashan foreland fold-and-thrust belt. The southern Dabashan fold-and-thrust belt is a southwestward extruding thin-skinned thrust wedge, showing obvious belted change in deformation style and deformation intensity along the dip direction, and can be divided further into three sub-belts, i.e. the imbricate thrust sub-belt characterized by imbricate stepped-thrust sheets, the thrust-fold sub-belt characterized by the combination of the equally-developed thrusts and related folds, and the detachment-fold sub-belt characterized by box folds and closed overturned-isoclinal folds on the outcrops. Several kinds of structures have been recognized or inferred, including imbricate thrust system, passive-roof duplex (triangle zone), fault-related folds, back-thrust system and pop-up structure. The NE-SW compressive stress from the Qinling orogenic belt and detachment layers in the covering strata are the two most important determinants of deformation style. After the collision between the North China block and Yangtze block at the end of the Middle Triassic, the northward intracontinental subduction along the southern edge of the Qinling orogenic belt was initiated, which led to the corresponding southward thrusting in the upper crust. The thrusting propagated towards the foreland through the Jurassic and extended to the southernmost part of the southern Daba Mountains around the end of the Early Cretaceous, with thrusting deformation to be preferentially developed along major detachment layers and progressing upwards from the Lower Sinian through the Lower Cambrian and Silurian to Middle-Lower Triassic. Translated from Geotectonica et Metallogenia, 2006, 30(3): 294–304 [译自: 大地构造与成矿学]     

西藏中部尼玛—荣玛地区逆冲推覆构造特征

尼玛—荣玛地区位于羌塘盆地中段,发育大量的逆冲推覆构造体系。尼玛以北主要发育自北向南运动的逆冲推覆构造体系,导致中央隆起带和班公—怒江构造带的岩石地层组合、三叠系和侏罗系地层逆冲在红层之上,其中北羌塘盆地侏罗系地层越过中央隆起,在南羌塘盆地发育滑脱构造并形成薄皮逆冲推覆构造及大型逆冲岩席;尼玛以南主要发育自南向北运动的逆冲推覆构造体系,造成侏罗—白垩系、白垩系岩石组合逆冲在红层之上。逆冲推覆构造普遍控制了红层盆地的生长,并被中新世湖相沉积角度不整合覆盖。逆冲推覆构造活动时代为早白垩世晚期至古近纪,其中中央隆起和班公—怒江构造带最早经历了早白垩世晚期—晚白垩世的抬升,随后整个研究区经历了古近纪的构造抬升,分别与新特提斯洋板片的北向俯冲以及印度—拉萨地块陆陆碰撞存在动力学相关;中新世以来的东西向伸展构造则导致局部差异抬升。逆冲推覆构造破坏了早期油气成藏,但同时伴生的断褶系统也促进地层增厚和有机质成熟,为二次生烃提供了有利的构造圈闭条件,桑列勒以及尼玛一带背斜圈闭是有利的油气靶区。     

南大巴山冲断构造及其剪切挤压动力学机制

南大巴山是一个形成于T3－K1，滑脱深度小于8－10km 的扬于板块北缘薄皮冲断锲它主要由发育在显生宙地层中台阶状逆断层及断层相关褶皱构成的逆冲岩席、双重推覆体和冲起构造等组成。变形扩展以前列式为主。经平衡地质剖面制作，因冲断南大巴山地壳缩短率平均达49.3％。并以每年约1.28mm 的速率总体缩短约64km，它的成因受控于秦岭碰撞造山过程中扬于板块北缘A型俯冲所提供挤压应力，在向南扩展时，由于古大陆边缘形态不一所诱发的右旋剪切挤压动力学机制。