应用涡动相关法计算水热、CO2通量的国内外进展概况

目前涡动相关法被认为是国内外测定CO2、水热通量的最可靠方法。国外应用此方法解决了均匀下垫面假设下森林和农田等生态系统的CO2、水热通量的计算问题，目前致力于非理想下垫面（真实地形）的CO2、水热通量的计算。而国内应用涡动相关技术起步较晚，用此方法测定水热通量已有一定的知识积累，但测定CO2通量还处于资料收集阶段。我国自然生态系统、环境外交和社会经济可持续发展都要求精确查明我国CO2的时空变化特征和动力学机制，这应是今后研究的重点，并提出了应用该方法存在的主要问题及可能的解决方法，指出值得深入研究的领域。     

基于涡度相关法的中国农田生态系统碳通量研究进展

农田生态系统是受人为活动强烈控制和干扰的系统,对其碳源/汇的评价是全球碳循环研究的热点.首先概括了以涡度相关法为手段的中国农田生态系统碳通量的研究进展,重点总结了中国农田生态系统碳通量的时间变化、驱动机制和模型模拟等方面的研究成果,并在此基础上对今后中国农田生态系统碳通量研究提出了建议,认为长期观测与研究、多因子协同作用、模型开发与尺度推绎、数据质量监控和评价是今后研究的重点方向.     

基于涡度相关通量数据估算水稻光能利用率

使用涡度相关通量数据估算安徽寿县农田水稻拔节至成熟期的光能利用率,并分析光能利用率的日变化和季节变化。研究表明:光能利用率的日动态呈现先降低后升高的单峰U型曲线,即早晚值较高,中午较低;季节变化总体呈现降低趋势。日变化中,光能利用率与温度呈正相关,与吸收的光合有效辐射呈显著负相关;季节变化中,光能利用率与温度呈弱正相关。     

应用涡动相关法计算水热、CO2通量的国内外进展概况

目前涡动相关法被认为是国内外测定CO₂、水热通量的最可靠方法。国外应用此方法解决了均匀下垫面假设下森林和农田等生态系统的CO₂、水热通量的计算问题,目前致力于非理想下垫面(真实地形)的CO₂、水热通量的计算。而国内应用涡动相关技术起步较晚,用此方法测定水热通量已有一定的知识积累,但测定CO₂通量还处于资料收集阶段。我国自然生态系统、环境外交和社会经济可持续发展都要求精确查明我国CO₂的时空变化特征和动力学机制,这应是今后研究的重点,并提出了应用该方法存在的主要问题及可能的解决方法,指出值得深入研究的领域。     

涡度相关仪倾斜订正方法的比较及应用

利用973暴雨项目2002年在安徽肥西观测的涡度相关资料,针对目前涡度相关法中存在的仪器倾斜误差问题,采用两种倾斜订正方法计算湍流参数并进行对比分析.结果表明,三次坐标轴旋转倾斜订正方法和平面拟合方法均可以对仪器倾斜引起的误差进行坐标旋转订正,有效剔除仪器倾斜引起的侧向应力的影响,以及仪彝倾斜时水平方向风速引起的虚假湍流通量,提高了湍流通量的计算精度.两种倾斜订正方法各有一定适用条倬,平面拟合方法优于三次坐标轴旋转倾斜订正方法.     

玉米农田生态系统CO2通量的动态变化

利用2008年辽宁锦州农田生态系统野外观测站涡动相关系统通量观测资料,分析了玉米农田生态系统生长季(5-10月)及非生长季CO₂通量动态变化。结果表明：玉米农田生态系统的非生长季日动态趋势不明显;生长季日动态明显,呈明显的U型曲线,CO₂通量最大值出现在12:00时,为-1.19 mg·m^-2·s^-1;不同物候期的日动态也呈现U型曲线,各发育期CO₂通量日最大值范围为0.07～-0.23 mg·m^-2·s^-1;玉米农田生长季生态系统净CO₂交换日累积（NEE）为-652.8 g·m^-2,非生长季NEE499.8 g·m^-2,2008年碳收支-153.0 g·m^-2,表现为碳汇。     

仪器表面加热效应对临泽站开路涡动相关系统CO2通量的影响

LI-7500分析仪仪器表面加热效应对开路式涡动相关系统CO2通量观测结果影响显著,利用Burba校正方法对提高观测站CO2通量观测精度、年净生态系统碳交换量(NEE)估算、全球CO2交换量估算和气候变化模拟等具有重要意义.基于临泽站绿洲玉米农田的开路式涡动相关系统和小气候观测系统所获得的一年数据,利用Burba校正方法分别对LI-7500分析仪光路中的感热通量、大气潜热通量、CO2通量以及NEE的季节变化过程进行了修正.结果表明,LI-7500分析仪底部窗口和支杆部分热量交换是光路中感热通量校正量的主要贡献者,平均分别为6.81 W·m-2和2.68 W·m-2,其加热效应主要来源于太阳辐射和电子元件运行产生的热量;加热效应对潜热通量影响最小,平均校正量仅为0.24 W·m-2;Burba校正对CO2通量和NEE的季节变化影响显著,其平均校正量分别为19.14μg· CO2·m-2·s-1和313.21 mg·C·m-2·d-1,而且气温越低加热效应对通量的影响越显著;除生长季空气中水汽浓度显著高于非生长季而导致潜热校正量较大外,生长季其他各通量的校正量明显小于非生长季,生长季光路中感热、周围大气潜热、CO2通量和NEE日校正量分别为6.94 W·m-2、0.33 W·m-2、12.86 μg·CO2·m-2·s-1和161.58mg·C· r-2·d-1,分别是非生长季的60.4％,220.0％,50.6％和37.4％.若未进行仪器表面加热效应的Burba校正,在生长季和非生长季累计高估的绿洲玉米农田生态系统碳吸收量分别为25.85 g·C·m-2和88.47 g·C·m-2.     

半干旱区农田和草地与大气间二氧化碳和水热通量的模拟研究

集成生物圈模型(IBIS)是目前最复杂的基于动态植被模型的陆面生物物理模型之一。通过应用该模型对国际协调强化观测计划(CEOP)半干旱区基准站之一的吉林通榆观测站(44°25′N,122°52′E)草地和农田生态系统2003年全年的CO2和水、热通量变化进行模拟,并将结果与涡度相关法测定的观测值进行了对比分析,以检验IBIS模型在半干旱区的模拟能力。对比结果表明:除CO2通量模拟结果不够理想外,IBIS模型较好地模拟了通榆观测站的感热通量和潜热通量。模拟与观测比较的相关系数均通过了0.05以上显著性水平的信度检验。总体上看,模型对农田生态系统模拟的偏差小于对退化草地的模拟。     

盘锦湿地芦苇生态系统长期通量观测研究

针对2004年5月26日-2005年10月15日盘锦湿地芦苇生态系统碳通量、感热通量和潜热通量资料进行分析。结果表明:芦苇湿地具有较强的碳汇作用;2005年芦苇湿地固定二氧化碳为13.32 t/hm2,日平均感热通量和潜热通量分别为2 464 kJ/m2和3 880 kJ/m2。2004年和2005年6～9月的日累积值波文比平均值均为0.15。芦苇湿地碳通量、感热通量和潜热通量的日动态呈单峰单谷型变化,极值出现在中午前后,夜间线形平直。芦苇生长季白天通量绝对值远较夜间大,白天碳吸收,夜间碳排放。CO2浓度年平均日变化曲线亦为单谷单峰型,夜间浓度较高且逐渐升高,直到日出前达到峰值;日出后急剧下降,傍晚又开始逐渐增加。芦苇湿地感热通量昼正夜负,潜热通量与林地不同,全天为正。各通量季节变化明显,冬季CO2通量日变化不明显,趋近于零;感热通量总体向上输送,春季数值较大,生长季数值较小;潜热通量冬季最小,接近0,春季开始显著增加,生长季达到最大。     

A Re-examination of Density Effects in Eddy Covariance Measurements of CO2 Fluxes

Corrections of density effects resulting from air-parcel expansion/compression are important in interpreting eddy covariance fluxes of water vapor and CO2 when open-path systems are used. To account for these effects, mean vertical velocity and perturbation of the density of dry air are two critical parameters in treating those physical processes responsible for density variations. Based on various underlying assumptions, different studies have obtained different formulas for the mean vertical velocity and perturbation of the density of dry air, leading to a number of approaches to correct density effects. In this study, we re-examine physical processes related to different assumptions that are made to formulate the density effects. Specifically, we re-examine the assumptions of a zero dry air flux and a zero moist air flux in the surface layer, used for treating density variations, and their implications for correcting density effects. It is found that physical processes in relation to the assumption of a zero dry air flux account for the influence of dry air expansion/compression on density variations. Meanwhile, physical processes in relation to the assumption of a zero moist air flux account for the influence of moist air expansion/compression on density variations. In this study, we also re-examine mixing ratio issues. Our results indicate that the assumption of a zero dry air flux favors the use of the mixing ratio relative to dry air, while the assumption of a zero moist air flux favors the use of the mixing ratio relative to the total moist air. Additionally, we compare different formula for the mean vertical velocity, generated by air-parcel expansion/compression, and for density effect corrections using eddy covariance data measured over three boreal ecosystems.     

Comparison of Ozone Fluxes over a Maize Field Measured with Gradient Methods and the Eddy Covariance Technique

Ozone(O_3) fluxes were measured over a maize field using the eddy covariance(EC) technique and gradient methods.The main objective was to evaluate the performance of the gradient methods for measuring the O_3 flux by comparing them with the EC O_3 flux.In this study,turbulent exchange coefficients(K) calculated with three methods were compared.These methods were the aerodynamic gradient(AG) method(in which K is calculated by using wind speed and temperature gradients),the aerodynamic gradient combined with EC(AGEC) method,in which the friction velocity and other variables are based on EC measurements,and the modified Bowen ratio using the EC sensible heat flux and temperature gradient(MBR) method.Meanwhile,the effects of the measurement and calculation methods of the O_3 concentration gradient were analyzed.The results showed that:(1) on average,the transfer coefficient computed by the MBR method was 40% lower,and the coefficient determined with the AG method was 25% higher,than that determined with the AGEC method.(2) The gradient method's O_3 fluxes with the MBR,AGEC,and AG methods were 30.4% lower,11.7% higher,and 45.6% higher than the EC O_3 flux,respectively.(3) The effect of asynchronous O_3 concentration measurements on the O_3 gradient must be eliminated when using one analyzer to cyclically measure two-level O_3 concentrations.The accuracy of gradient methods for O_3 flux is related to the exchange coefficient calculation method,and its precision mainly depends on the quality of the O_3 gradient.     

A Re-examination of Density Effects in Eddy Covariance Measurements of CO_2 Fluxes

Corrections of density effects resulting from air-parcel expansion/compression are important in interpreting eddy covariance fluxes of water vapor and CO2 when open-path systems are used. To account for these effects, mean vertical velocity and perturbation of the density of dry air are two critical parameters in treating those physical processes responsible for density variations. Based on various underlying assumptions, different studies have obtained different formulas for the mean vertical velocity and ...     

Measurement of the Sensible Eddy Heat Flux Based on Spatial Averaging of Continuous Ground-Based Observations

Using the standard eddy-covariance (EC) method to quantify mass and energy exchange at a single location usually results in an underestimation of vertical eddy fluxes at the surface. In order to better understand the reasons for this underestimation, an experimental set-up is presented that is based on spatial averaging of air temperature data from a network of ground-based sensors over agricultural land. For eight days during the 34-day observational period in May and June 2007, additional contributions to the sensible heat flux of more than 50Wm⁻² were measured in the lower surface layer by applying the spatial EC method as opposed to the standard temporal EC method. Smaller but still significant additional sensible heat fluxes were detected for four more days. The additional energy is probably transported in organised convective structures resulting in a mean vertical wind velocity unequal to zero at the tower location. The results show that convective transport contributes significantly to the surface energy budget for measurement heights as low as 2–3 m. Since these structures may be quasi-stationary, they can hardly be captured by a single-location measurement. The spatial EC set-up presented here is capable of quantifying contributions to the sensible heat flux from structures up to the scale of our spatial sensor network, which covered an area 3.5 × 3.5 km. For future experiments aiming at closing the energy balance, the spatial EC method should be employed to measure both the sensible and latent heat fluxes. Experimental determination of the horizontal advection of sensible and latent heat should also be considered, since such transport must occur due to convergence and divergence related to convection.     

非均匀下垫面湍流通量观测的印痕分析

利用2005年在北京昌平区小汤山开展的非均匀下垫面观测实验的观测数据,分别处理了涡旋相关法和大孔径闪烁仪LAS测得的感热通量,并运用印痕模型对数据进行“源区”分析。分析结果表明:在复杂地表上,涡旋相关的测量值由于混杂了其他下垫面的通量信息,不能真实地反映其观测区域的湍流特征,存在着观测误差。而LAS观测出现的低估问题则与掺混高度和“源区”有关。通过用印痕方法进行数据订正后,以上问题均得到很好的改善,订正结果与LAS观测通量的线性关系良好,两者的相关系数达到0.9。实验结果验证了印痕模型在非均匀下垫面的适用性。     

On Frequency Response Corrections for Eddy Covariance Flux Measurements

Several potentially significant errors are noted in published frequency-response corrections for eddy-covariance flux measurements.     

关于大气涡动热通量参数化问题研究

用NCEP/NCAR等再分析资料计算和分析表明,月平均瞬变涡动热通量和月平均温度梯度的局域相关性很低,甚至在一些纬度是负相关,更严重的是二者之间存在非线性的多值对应函数关系.如果用非局域参数化,参数化水平将有所提高,但改进并不明显.通过与分子运动论输运理论进行数学、特别是物理类比提出了考虑"风暴路径"效应的瞬变涡动热通量的参数化方案,经再分析资料的检验,结果表明它能大大提高参数化的水平.其次,还证实采用空间非局域参数化仍然是进一步提高瞬变涡动热通量参数化水平的方法之一.此外,资料分析显示中高纬度纬向平均温度梯度和纬偏涡动温度通量之间也存在负相关及多值函数关系,说明仅用温度梯度去参数化纬向平均涡动热通量难以得到好的结果,需要考虑多元参数化或非同步参数化等.     

Eddy Covariance Tilt Corrections over a Coastal Mountain Area in South-east China: Significance for Near-Surface Turbulence Characteristics

Turbulence characteristics of an atmospheric surface layer over a coastal mountain area were investigated under different coordinate frames.Performances of three methods of coordinate rotation:double rotation(DR),triple rotation(TR),and classic planar-fit rotation(PF) were examined in terms of correction of eddy covariance flux.Using the commonly used DR and TR methods,unreasonable rotation angles are encountered at low wind speeds and cause significant run-to-run errors of some turbulence characteristics.The PF method rotates the coordinate system to an ensemble-averaged plane,and shows large tilt error due to an inaccurate fit plane over variable terrain slopes.In this paper,we propose another coordinate rotation scheme.The observational data were separated into two groups according to wind direction.The PF method was adapted to find an ensemble-averaged streamline plane for each group of hourly runs with wind speed exceeding 1.0 m s 1.Then,the coordinate systems were rotated to their respective bestfit planes for all available hourly observations.We call this the PF10 method.The implications of tilt corrections for the turbulence characteristics are discussed with a focus on integral turbulence characteristics,the spectra of wind-velocity components,and sensible heat and momentum fluxes under various atmospheric stabilities.Our results show that the adapted application of PF provides greatly improved estimates of integral turbulence characteristics in complex terrain and maintains data quality.The comparisons of the sensible heat fluxes for four coordinate rotation methods to fluxes before correction indicate that the PF10 scheme is the best to preserve consistency between fluxes.