Biogeographic implications of a packrat midden sequence from the Sacramento Mountains, south-central New Mexico

Thirteen packrat (Neotoma spp.) and two porcupine (Erethizon dorsatum) middens from 1555 to 1690 m elevation from the Sacramento Mountains, New Mexico, provide an 18,000-yr vegetation record in the northern Chiuahuan Desert. The vegetation sequence is a mesic, Wisconsin fullglacial (18,000–16,000 yr B.P.) pinyon-juniper-oak woodland; a xeric, early Holocene (ca. 11,000–8000 yr B.P.) juniper-oak woodland; a middle Holocene (ca. 8000-4000 yr B.P.) desert-grassland; and a late Holocene (ca. 4000 yr B.P. to present) Chihuahuan desertscrub. The frequency of spring freezes and summer droughts in the late Wisconsin probably set the northern limits of Pinus edulis and Juniperus monosperma at about 34°N, or 6° south of today's limit. Rising summer tempratures in the early Holocene eliminated pinyon and other mesic woodland plants from the desert lowlands and allowed the woodland to move upslope. At this time pinyon-juniper woodland and pine forest dominated by Pinus ponderosa probably began their spectacular Holocene expansions to the north. Continued warming in the middle Holocene led to very warm summers with strong monsoons, relatively dry, cold winters, and widespread desert-grasslands. Desertscrub communities in the northern Chihuahuan Desert did not develop until the late Holocene when the biseasonal rainfall shifted slightly back toward the winter, catastrophic winter freezes decreased, and droughts in all seasons increased. The creosote bush desertscrub corridor across the Continental Divide between the Chihuahuan and Sonoran deserts was probably connected for the first time since the last interglaciation.     

Inferences about winter temperatures and summer rains from the late Quaternary record of C4 perennial grasses and C3 desert shrubs in the northern Chihuahuan Desert

Late Quaternary histories of two North American desert biomes—C₄ grasslands and C₃ shrublands—are poorly known despite their sensitivity and potential value in reconstructing summer rains and winter temperatures. Plant macrofossil assemblages from packrat midden series in the northern Chihuahuan Desert show that C₄ grasses and annuals typical of desert grassland persisted near their present northern limits throughout the last glacial–interglacial cycle. By contrast, key C₃ desert shrubs appeared somewhat abruptly after 5000 cal. yr BP. Bioclimatic envelopes for select C₄ and C₃ species are mapped to interpret the glacial–interglacial persistence of desert grassland and the mid‐to‐late Holocene expansion of desert shrublands. The envelopes suggest relatively warm Pleistocene temperatures with moist summers allowed for persistence of C₄ grasses, whereas winters were probably too cold (or too wet) for C₃ desert shrubs. Contrary to climate model results, core processes associated with the North American Monsoon and moisture transport to the northern Chihuahuan Desert remained intact throughout the last glacial–interglacial cycle. Mid‐latitude effects, however, truncated midsummer (July–August) moisture transport north of 35° N. The sudden expansion of desert shrublands after 5000 cal. yr BP may be a threshold response to warmer winters associated with increasing boreal winter insolation, and enhanced El Niño–Southern Oscillation variability. Published in 2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A long‐term vegetation history of the Mojave–Colorado desert ecotone at Joshua Tree National Park

Thirty‐eight dated packrat middens were collected from upper desert (930–1357 m) elevations within Joshua Tree National Park near the ecotone between the Mojave Desert and Colorado Desert, providing a 30 ka record of vegetation change with remarkably even coverage for the last 15 ka. This record indicates that vegetation was relatively stable, which may reflect the lack of invasion by extralocal species during the late glacial and the early establishment and persistence of many desert scrub elements. Many of the species found in the modern vegetation assemblages were present by the early Holocene, as indicated by increasing Sørenson's Similarity Index values. C₄ grasses and summer‐flowering annuals arrived later at Joshua Tree National Park in the early Holocene, suggesting a delayed onset of warm‐season monsoonal precipitation compared to other Sonoran Desert and Chihuahuan Desert localities to the east, where summer rains and C₄ grasses persisted through the last glacial–interglacial cycle. This would suggest that contemporary flow of monsoonal moisture into eastern California is secondary to the core processes of the North American Monsoon, which remained intact throughout the late Quaternary. In the Holocene, northward displacement of the jet stream, in both summer and winter, allowed migration of the subtropical ridge as far north as southern Idaho and the advection of monsoonal moisture both westward into eastern California and northward into the southern Great Basin and Colorado Plateau. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Pollen analyses from a 50 000‐yr rodent midden series in the southern Atacama Desert (25° 30′ S)

Precipitation in northern Chile is controlled by two great wind belts—the southern westerlies over the southern Atacama and points south (> 24° S) and the tropical easterlies over the northern and central Atacama Desert (16–24° S). At the intersection of these summer and winter rainfall regimes, respectively, is a Mars‐like landscape consisting of expansive surfaces devoid of vegetation (i.e. absolute desert) except in canyons that originate high enough to experience runoff once every few years. Pollen assemblages from 39 fossil rodent middens in one of these canyons, Quebrada del Chaco (25° 30′ S), were used to infer the history of vegetation and precipitation at three elevations (2670–2800 m; 3100–3200 m; 3450–3500 m) over the past 50 000 years. When compared to modern conditions and fossil records to the north and south, the pollen evidence indicates more winter precipitation at > 52, 40–33, 24–17 k cal. yr BP, more precipitation in both seasons at 17–14 k cal. yr BP, and more summer precipitation from 14–11 k cal. yr BP. Younger middens are scarce at Quebrada del Chaco, and the few Holocene samples indicate hyperarid conditions comparable to today. The only exception is a pollen assemblage that indicates a brief but significant interlude of increased winter precipitation in the last millennium. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

西藏阿伊拉日居山南麓第四纪冰川沉积物及其ESR年龄测定

在西藏札达盆地北缘阿伊拉日居山南北两麓及切割山脉的各沟谷中, 分布着 4 套第四纪冰川与冰水沉积物, 其冰川沉积物的电子自旋共振(ESR)测年结果分别为 1 161~730 ka BP、319~336 kaBP、211 ka BP和105~15 ka BP. 测年结果表明, 在札达盆地北缘阿伊拉日居山南麓所发生的 4 次冰川作用, 其形成时期分别为早更新世晚期、中更新世中晚期、中更新世晚期和末次冰期.     

中国大陆降水时空变异规律——I.气候学特征

为系统了解大尺度降水气候特征,利用2 300多个国家级气象站逐日观测资料,分析了中国大陆1956—2013年多年平均降水的空间分布和季节性变化规律。主要新认识有:① 暴雨量、暴雨日数和暴雨强度最高的站点在华南沿海,而小雨量、小雨日数最多的站点主要在江南内陆山区、丘陵;东部季风区山地、丘陵多出现低强度降水,平原和沿海易出现高强度降水;② 四季降水量均由西北内陆向东南沿海递增,南方秋季降水量明显小于春季,但华西和江南沿海秋季降水量较多,冬季降水在东南丘陵出现高值中心;③ 珠江和东南诸河流域降水量年内存在2个峰值,其中珠江流域有6月主峰值和8月次峰值,东南诸河流域主峰在6月中下旬,次峰在8月末,长江流域总体表现为单峰型,出现在6月下旬和7月初,西南诸河流域和北方所有流域降水均表现为夏季单峰型;④ 南方各大河流域从2月末到6月中下旬陆续进入雨季,北方各大河流域进入雨季时间集中在6月末、7月初;南、北方雨季结束时间比雨季开始时间集中,从南到北进入雨季时间持续120 d以上,而从北到南退出雨季时间则仅持续不到45 d;⑤ 丰雨期的持续时间,珠江流域从5月初到9月上旬后期,东南诸河从5月上旬到7月上旬,8月末到9月初再度短暂出现,长江流域从6月中下旬到7月中旬,西南诸河从7月中旬到 8月下旬,淮河流域从7月上旬至7月底、8月初,辽河流域在8月初出现极短丰雨期;⑥ 降水年际变异性最高的站点在青藏高原西南、塔里木盆地、阿拉善高原、华北平原北部和汾河谷地,海河流域年降水具有最大的变异系数。     

桐柏—大别山掀斜隆升对长江中游环境的影响

桐柏－大别山自早更新世晚期以来,不断发生着自北向南的掀斜隆升,从而对长江中游的环境,尤其是水系的演化产生了严重影响。主要表现在：鄂西各东西向河流的阶地高差自北向南逐渐降低;江汉平原水系同步向南发生异常弯曲,长江主河道不断南移,湖相沉积范围也由北向南收缩和迁移;鄂东长江两岸水系和河谷地貌发育不对称,长江主河道紧逼南岸丘陵区。现代地壳形变资料表明：桐柏－大别山的掀升作用仍在继续,由此引起的环境问题还将     

An equable glaciopluvial in the West: Pleniglacial evidence of increased precipitation on a gradient from the Great Basin to the Sonoran and Chihuahuan Deserts

Dated macrofossil evidence documents the widespread occurrence of woodland in what are now desert lowlands of southwestern North America from the last pleniglacial (ca. 20,000 yr B.P.) to late glacial/Holocene transition (12,000–8000 yr B.P.). The composition of the Pleistocene woodlands indicates that they had already differentiated geographically in modern form, though immensely more extensive than today. The pinyon-juniper woodland (Pinus monophylla, Juniperus osteosperma) of the Mohave Desert province had not yet penetrated the central Great Basin, but extended from southern Nevada south through the vast lowlands of the Mohave and westernmost Sonoran Deserts to southeastern California and Baja California. The strongly xerophytic Mohavean woodland was characterized by a very well-marked altitudinal and latitudinal zonation with juniper-Joshua tree (Yucca brevifolia) sorting out below pinyon-juniper woodland, and with live oaks restricted to the upper level along the lower Colorado River drainage. Southeastward, the Sonoran Desert province was similarly zoned, but with the more slender-leaved Pinus edulis var. fallax as pinyon and with more live oaks in the upper zone. However, the pleniglacial woodland of the Chihuahuan Desert province was almost unzoned, inasmuch as the less xerophytic species of pinyon and live oaks prevailed over the entire span of available elevation; the pinyon was the very slender-leaved P. cembroides var. remota.The overall paleozonation indicates a strong northwest-to-southeast gradient of increasing summer rain with decreasing distance from the monsoonal source area over the Gulf of Mexico, as at present, but augmented pluvially along the same gradient. A key piece of evidence is the counterintuitive latitudinal-zonational anomaly between about 30 and 40° N in southwestern North America; the lower limits of modern vegetational zones are depressed with decreasing latitude (e.g., ca. 500 m lower at 34° than at 36° N). The axis of the gradient actually extends from northwest to southeast, paralleling the monsoonal gradient of increasing summer rain, which no doubt causes the apparent anomaly. During the Wisconsinan glacial, the latitudinal anomaly was greatly steepened, a fact requiring a pluvial increase in precipitation over the Southwest. The monsoonalpluvial pattern is supported by the Neotoma record of a northwest-to-southeast gradient of increasing diversity of evergreen oaks requiring summer rain, and by a parallel segregation of pinyon species. Equability of seasons during the last glacial is also suggested by the Neotoma macrofossil data.     

基于2001—2015年遥感数据的天山山区雪线监测及分析

基于2001—2015年MOD10A1/MYD10A1、MOD13Q1以及相关气象数据,采用积雪持续时间比率法,监测了天山山区的季节雪线高程,分析了其变化特征及影响因子。结果表明:①近15年天山山区雪线整体呈显著上升趋势,平均高程3 680 m左右,其中,北坡、伊犁河谷、南坡季节雪线的稳定性依次减弱,平均高程分别为3 620 m、3 390 m及3 820 m;空间上雪线高程呈现南高北低、东高西低的纬度地带性分布特点。②年际尺度上,气温是影响天山山区雪线高程的主控因素,呈显著正相关,南北坡与之相同,但伊犁河谷则降水是影响其变化的主控因素,呈显著负相关;季节尺度上,夏季气温、冬季降水是影响雪线高程的主控因素,降水与其呈负相关,但气温较高的地区,夏秋季降水会促进积雪融化,使雪线高程上升;月尺度上,7月气温、1月降水对其影响最明显,且存在一定的滞后反应。③天山山区雪线高程比零度层低800 m左右,两者呈较好正相关;雪线高程与NDVI（Normalized Difference Vegetation Index）呈负相关,植被覆盖较好区域,同年NDVI与雪线高程相关性较好,植被覆盖较差区域,前一年NDVI与其相关性较好。     

东、西昆仑山晚新生代以来构造隆升作用对比

东、西昆仑晚新生代以来隆升过程和程度存在明显差异。东昆仑山现代地貌格局主要是在第四纪以来经过早中更新世之交的昆黄运动和中更新世晚期的共和运动形成的,山系的崛起在时空演化上呈现出由北向南的迁移趋势,而西昆仑山在第三纪已有明显的地貌反差,第四纪地貌反差加剧。东昆仑地区在昆黄运动后尽管形成了近东西向的东流水系,但向南的强烈溯源侵蚀并奠定现代河流水系格局主要发生于中更新世晚期,与共和运动大体同时,而西昆仑地区向南的强烈溯源侵蚀主要发生于早更新世晚期,与东昆仑的昆—黄运动大体同时。在剥蚀程度上,东昆仑最上部3km的去顶至少延续了45Ma,而西昆仑公格尔—塔什库尔干地貌单元只延续了2~5Ma。控制东、西昆仑晚新生代构造隆升的动力背景可能取决于强烈加厚及强烈隆升的青藏高原岩石圈边缘的重力伸展垮塌与来自南部的挤压应力之间的动态平衡。考察青藏高原隆升过程与机制,不仅要注意隆升作用的共性,更要强调不同部位隆升过程及动力学的差异性。     

Morphology and stratigraphy of the late Quaternary lower Brazos valley: Implications for paleo-climate, discharge and sediment delivery

A shallow coring and geophysical logging program has recorded the sedimentary fill of the Brazos River valley in the Texas Gulf Coastal Plain. Thermoluminescence dates together with new and recalibrated published radiocarbon dates show the valley fill to include extensive, sandy, buried falling stage and lowstand Oxygen Isotope Stage (OIS) 3 and 2 deposits. These alluvial deposits are punctuated by numerous paleosoil horizons that record alternating periods of cutting, bypass and accumulation. Maximum valley incision and two periods of terrace formation preceded marine lowstand conditions, suggesting significant discordance between preserved fluvial and classical marine system tracts. The latest Pleistocene incision and fill history appears related to cycles of increased discharge and incision, followed by system equilibration and terrace formation. Analysis of the Brazos River incised valley and its contained paleochannels indicates that latest Pleistocene mean annual discharge was as much as four times greater than that of today. This magnitude of discharge in the Brazos would require a two-fold increase in precipitation across the drainage basin. Such an increase is comparable to the present day measured positive El Niño winter precipitation anomaly across the region. Paleochannel geometries and the stratigraphic and sedimentologic data from this investigation support the hypothesis that periods of high-amplitude, El Niño-like climatic perturbations characterized the late Quaternary climate of the south-central and southwestern U.S. This period of high discharge coincides, at least in part, with late OIS 3 progradation of the Brazos delta to the shelf margin, OIS 3 and 2 valley incision across the Texas shelf, and concomitant sand bypass to intraslope basins beyond the shelf edge.     

中国天山地区降水对全球气候变化的响应

天山地区的降水变化及其对全球气候变化的响应是近年来研究的热点。利用中国天山地区40个气象站1951-2014年的月降水数据,运用线性倾向估计、相关分析等气候诊断方法,分析了该区域的降水变化,探讨了主要气候指数与降水同步变化的相关关系。结果表明：年降水呈现出"西多东少,北多南少,高山多外围少"的特征,年降水变化率为6.0 mm·（10a）^-1。SASMI与年降水表现为显著正相关,PDO、PNA和AO与年降水表现为弱正相关,且有局限性。在枯水期,SASMI与天山北坡及部分中高山地带的降水表现为弱正相关,而在西天山南坡表现为弱负相关,ENSO与中、西天山南北坡的中低山带的降水变化相关性较高。在丰水期,SASMI与天山南坡和高山区降水变化相关性较高,PDO与中、西天山南北坡的低山带部分站点的降水变化相关性较高。     

东昆仑东段第四纪成山作用过程与地貌变迁

东昆仑山的现代地貌格局为一系列北西西向的山系和盆地(谷地) 相间列, 第四纪沉积和岩相分布与地貌格局存在良好的匹配性, 第四纪不同时代沉积反映了山系的成山作用过程.显著地貌分异首先出现于北部的布尔汗布达山, 即早更新世中晚期(1525ka), 表现为受布尔汗布达山地貌控制的其南部山脚的早更新世中期(1525ka) 左右冲洪积物的始现.南部马尔争—布青山的成型发生于早中更新世之交, 这次成山作用在整个青藏高原昆仑—黄河源地区具有广泛影响.更南部的查哈西里山在1113.9~979.6ka间的沉积特征也显示了这一事件的影响, 即由湖相转变为冲洪积相, 但在这一时期查哈西里山总体仍为沉积区, 山系并未形成, 山顶最高层位粗冲洪积物的砾石成分统计和砾石扁平面产状统计仍显示物源来自北部, 沉积与北部隆起的马尔争-布青山有关, 查哈西里山真正隆起高于两侧, 应发生在晚更新世.伸展断裂组合与地貌之间的良好耦合关系表明, 东昆仑地区山体的崛起与伸展断裂构造之间存在密切的成因关系.山系突出于高原面的成山作用主要受控于近南北向的伸展作用, 这一伸展作用应与青藏高原整体隆升后边缘的重力失稳垮塌及均衡作用相联系, 这种伸展垮塌随着时间的迁移向南发展.      

祁连山北缘-河西走廊西段晚新生代逆冲推覆断裂发育模式

祁连山北缘-河西走廊西段地处青藏高原东北缘,是我国新构造活动最强烈的地区之一。通过野外对研究区主要活动断裂的调查研究、结合年代学测试和综合分析,认为祁连山北缘-河西走廊西段地区的旱峡-大黄沟断裂、玉门断裂、新民堡断裂和阴洼山断裂都是晚更新世至全新世活动断裂。旱峡-大黄沟断裂形成于中新世晚期,一直活动至今;玉门断裂形成于上新世早期,在距今76 ka左右和32 ka左右发生过2次强烈的新构造活动(古地震),也是2002年玉门地震的发震断裂;阴洼山断裂形成于上新世晚期(30 Ma左右),在距今199～210 ka、86～100 ka、41～50 ka发生过3次强烈的新构造活动,也可能是1785年惠民堡(现新民堡)地震的发震断裂;但是位于近盆地中心的新民堡断裂形成时代明显晚的多,起始于中更新世晚期(017 Ma左右),在距今283 ka、44 ka和12 ka左右发生过强烈的3次新构造活动。在运动形式上,上述4条断裂均为自南南西向北北东的逆冲推覆。在变形性质上,新民堡断裂以非地震性的蠕滑为主,其他3条断裂主要为地震性的粘滑变形。在祁连山北缘-河西走廊西段的北北东剖面上,逆冲推覆断裂表现为前展 后展复合发育模式,即形成时代最新的是位于酒西盆地中心的新民堡断裂,在酒西盆地中心以南部分的剖面中断裂发育为前展式,由祁连山腹地向河西走廊盆地中心断裂形成时代越来越新,而酒西盆地中心以北部分的剖面中断裂发育为后展式,即从盆地中心到盆地北缘断裂形成时代越来越老。     

Timing and style of Late Pleistocene glaciation in the Queer Shan,northern Hengduan Mountains in the eastern Tibetan Plateau

Glacial landforms and sediments provide evidence for the existence of two Late Pleistocene major glacial advances in the Queer Shan, northern Hengduan Mountains in the eastern Tibetan Plateau. In the current study, optically stimulated luminescence and electron spin resonance dating results reveal that the two glacial advances occurred during Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 3 and the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) in MIS 2, respectively. Geomorphic evidence shows that the glacial advance during MIS 3 was more extensive than that in MIS 2. This glacial advance is synchronous with other glaciated areas in the Himalaya and Tibet, but contrasts with global ice volumes that reached their maximum extent during the LGM. Glaciers in the Queer Shan are of the summer accumulation type and are mainly fed by precipitation from the south Asian monsoon. Palaeoclimate proxies show that during MIS 3 the south Asian monsoon strengthened and extended further north into the Tibetan Plateau to supply more precipitation as snow at high altitudes. This in turn led to positive glacier mass balances and caused glaciers to advance. However, during the LGM, despite cooler temperature than in MIS 3, the weakened south Asian monsoon and the associated reduced precipitation were not as favourable for glacier expansion as in MIS 3. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

牛首山-罗山断裂带北段柳木高断裂第四纪活动特征

牛首山-罗山断裂带是青藏高原东北缘弧形断裂系最外缘断裂带,自南向北由固原断裂、罗山东麓断裂、牛首山断裂及三关口断裂组成。通过遥感解译、野外调查及探槽揭露等方法对牛首山断裂北段柳木高断裂第四纪几何学、运动学特征进行了研究,并通过断层截切地层关系及年代学测试,限定了该断裂第四纪演化过程及全新世的地震事件。研究结果表明,柳木高断裂上新世至晚更新世自南西向北东逆冲,晚更新世至全新世左行走滑逆冲,表现为正花状构造,而全新世则发生了正倾滑运动。全新世期间,1690±30 yr BP（公元320-415）之后发生了一次古地震事件,推测柳木高断裂可能是公元876年青铜峡南6.5级地震的发震断裂。柳木高断裂第四纪早期活动特征与固原断裂、罗山东麓断裂及牛首山断裂一致,是青藏高原北东向持续扩展引起的,而全新世的正倾滑运动可能与银川地堑的伸展作用有关。      

新疆40a来气温、降水和沙尘天气变化

根据1961-2001年新疆代表北疆的8个气象站、天山山区的8个气象站、南疆的8个气象站的实测资料, 分析了40 a来新疆气温、降水、沙尘暴、扬沙、浮尘年代际变化特征.结果显示: 40 a来新疆气温呈明显上升趋势, 后10 a(1991-2000年)比前30 a平均气温升高, 北疆偏高0.8℃, 南疆和天山山区均偏高0.℃; 降水变化的总趋势是增湿明显, 后10 a与前30 a相比降水增加, 南疆偏多20.4%, 北疆偏多11.3%, 天山山区偏多9.8%; 南疆与北疆各类沙尘天气年际变化趋势基本相似, 80年代以来呈减少趋势; 南疆沙尘暴、扬沙、浮尘总日数之和与同期的温度、降水在春季有相对较好的线性相关关系.     

Holocene sedimentary environments in Lake Eyre,South Australia

In late Pleistocene time Lake Dieri (ancestral ‘Greater Lake Eyre') was permanently filled during a wet climatic phase. Towards the close of Pleistocene time the watertable fell, Lake Dieri dried up, and its sediments deflated. Later the watertable rose, establishing ephemeral Lake Eyre in the deflated area, and Holocene sedimentation commenced. At about this time Lake Eyre tilted to the south and three sedimentary environments developed: (1) a saline playa environment without saltcrusts in the northern end of the lake, where water drains away before wholly evaporating; (2) a terminal salina environment in the south end, where evaporation of brines leaves saltcrusts overlying gypseous sediments; and (3) a saline flocculation environment between the playa and salina environments, where sediments are deposited by flocculation when muddy floodwater from the north meets highly saline water of the southern salina.

In the northern playa environment, sedimentation is limited to the top of the capillary fringe above the watertable, below which sediments remain moist and protected from aeolian erosion, but above which they dry and blow out of the lake. In the southern salina environment sedimentation has not kept pace with the Holocene rise in watertable. If and when it does reach such a level, downward leaching of salt and deflation of exposed sediments is likely to occur. In the flocculation environment new deposits of clay are added but kept permanently wet by rising groundwater. When flocculated sediment builds too high, its excess is transferrred by surface water into the salina deposits to the south.     

Prospects for interregional correlations using Wisconsin and Holocene aridity episodes, northern Gulf of Mexico coastal plain

Luminescence dating of extensive dune fields and associated eolian sandsheets provided a chronology of recently recognized Pleistocene and early Holocene dry climate episodes in the currently humid warm temperate northern-northeastern Gulf of Mexico region. Scattered parabolic dunes and clusters of intersecting parabolic dunes, along with elongated shore-transverse and shore-parallel dunes, developed. These landforms occur in a 390-km-long and 2- to 3-km-wide, semicontinuous belt in southeast Alabama and northwestern Florida. Dune elevations reach ± 22 m. Sangamon coastal barrier sectors were the primary source of the eolian sand. Deflation was coeval with early Wisconsin to mid-Holocene marine low sea-levels and associated distant shorelines. Early Holocene dune dates were synchronous, with indications of a hypsithermal dry interval in southeast Louisiana, the Yucatan, and the south Atlantic seaboard. Overlapping with dry episodes in Yucatan and the High Plains, Texas dunes and Louisiana and Texas prairie mounds, especially in the southwest Texas coast still dominated by dry climate, suggests intervals of early to late Holocene drought. The dates provide the basis for identifying and correlating Wisconsin, early, and late Holocene climate phases between currently semiarid and humid, coastal and interior areas. They contribute to future studies, including interregional paleoclimate modeling. Although Pleistocene coastal eolian deposition coincided with glaciation in the northern interior and with cooler temperatures of a reduced Gulf of Mexico, Holocene aridity phases may have been related to major variations in the position of high-pressure cells, storm tracks, and branches of the jet stream, and even to prolonged La Niña conditions.     

1961 - 2017年中国东北地区降雪时空演变特征分析

利用东北地区162个气象台站逐日降水量和天气现象数据, 采用统计分析方法, 对近57年（1961 - 2017年）降雪的气候特征和时空演变规律进行了分析。结果表明： 降雪量和降雪日数最多出现在12月, 小雪和中雪最多出现在11月或12月, 大雪和暴雪在冬末春初出现概率最高。降雪分布为山地大于平原, 平原地区自北向南、 自东向西减少, 降雪高值区主要位于大兴安岭北部、 小兴安岭和长白山区, 降雪强度中心位于长白山区和辽宁中部平原地区。年、 秋季、 冬季、 春季降雪量占同期降水量比例分别为4.7%、 7.0%、 84.4%和7.6%; 辽宁省西部山区和南部大连地区日最大降雪量占年总降雪量比例最高, 最长连续降雪日数在2 d以下, 降雪较高纬度地区更为集中。近57年降雪量和降雪强度分别以1.93 mm?（10a）^-1和0.11 mm?d^-1?（10a）^-1的速率显著增加, 降雪日数以2.08 d?（10a）^-1速率显著减少; 降雪量增加主要表现为各等级降雪量的增加, 降雪日数减少主要是微量和小雪日数的减少, 降雪强度增加主要为大雪和暴雪降雪强度的增加。年、 秋季和冬季降雪量占同期降水量比例平均每10年增加0.36%、 0.48%和0.45%, 春季以0.11%?（10a）^-1的速率减少。中雪、 大雪和暴雪对降雪贡献率均呈增加趋势, 小雪降雪量和微量降雪日数贡献率减少; 1987年降雪量和降雪日数突变后, 微量降雪日数和暴雪日数、 小雪降雪量贡献率改变显著。就区域平均而言, 2001 - 2017年的降雪量较1961 - 1980年增加了27.8%, 降雪日数减少了22.4%。