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1.
L'ensemble des Spongiofaunes du Crétacé moyen offre des affinités évidentes avec celles du Crétacé inférieur et même avec celles du Jurassique supérieur. Mais surtout elles annoncent l'énorme développment de la spongiofaune du Crétacé supérieur, en particulier celui des Lithistides, dont la répartition était jusque là restée assez discrête.On peut considérer que, au Crétacé, la signification bathymétrique et thermométrique des Spongiaires était acquise et que leur comparaison avec les faunes actuelles apporte des renseignements valables.Cretaceous sponge associations in Europe are useful for determining the palaeobathymetrical zones of temperature and depth; this is particularly so for the Tethyan Albian-Cenomanian transgression. Important sponge associations of the Albian to Turonian are reviewed.  相似文献   

2.
A partir de données bibliographiques et des observations personnelles des différents auteurs un inventaire et une mise à jour taxonomique des ostracodes du Crétacé moyen européen sont effectués. Plusieurs tableaux présentent la répartition stratigraphique des ostracodes dans les pays les mieux étudiés. Il ressort de cette synthèse une grande hétérogénéité des connaissances selon les pays. Les faunes sont relativement homogènes pendant l'Albien et le Cénomanien inférieur et marquent un net provincialisme au cours du Cénomanien supérieur et du Turonien.From bibliographic data and the authors' observations, an inventory and taxonomic updating of European Mid-Cretaceous ostracods are given. Several charts present the stratigraphic distribution of the ostracods in the best studied countries. This synthesis shows great heterogeneity in coverage for the different countries. Faunas are relatively homogeneous during the Albian and the Lower Cenomanian but show clear provincialism during the later part of the Cenomanian and the Turonian.  相似文献   

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4.
Bien que la durée stratigraphique de la plupart des Bryozoaires crétacés ne soit pas exacterment connue, beaucoup d'espèces caractérisent assez bien les différents étages. Au Crétacé inférieur, dont la faune bryozoologique est plus pauvre que celle du Crétacé supérieur, ce sont les Cyclostomata qui dominent encore, comme au Jurassique. A l'Aptien, citons Chisma, mais aussi Ceata, Meliceritites et Laterocavea apparus au Barrémien. La faune de l'Albien, un peu appauvrie et peu connue, n'a fourni que quelques genres nouveaux encroûtants de Cheilostomata anasca (Rhammatopora, Wilbertopora).Au Cénomanien commence l'explosion des Bryozoaires. Les Cheilostomata les plus anciennes, les Cribrimorpha, les genres “Biflustra”, Cellarinidra, Quadricellaria, Onychocella, “Rhagasostoma”, Stichomicropora, Aechmella et un grand nombre de Cyclostomata (Crisisina, Heterocrisina, Fascipora, Spirentalophora, Marssoniella, Amphimarssoniella, Umbrellina, Exidmonea, Corymbopora, Desmopora, Discocytis, Supercytis, Truncatulipora, etc.) apparaissent. Le Turonien est caractérisé par les genres Cyclostomes (Reticrisina, Bicavea, Homoeosolen), les Cheilostomes (Tylopora, Euritina, Fusicellaria, Reptolunulites) et par de nombreuses Cribrimorpha.Onychocella nerei et Membranipora perincerta sont caractéristiques du Coniacien où l'on trouve aussi les Lunulites et Pavolunulites. Le Coniacien, plus riche en espéces que le Turonien, contient de très nombreux genres et espèces qui se poursuivent dans les étages plus élevés (Santonien-Maastrichtien).This paper deals with the distribution and stratigraphic value of Mid-Cretaceous Bryozoa (Aptian-Coniacian). Research on Cretaceous bryozoa has been neglected during the last decades and knowledge of the stratigraphical range of many Upper Cretaceous genera and species is based mainly on the personal experience of the present author. Accordingly, the range of most species is not exactly known, and the results of these investigations are only preliminary. Many cyclostomate genera (such as Stomatopora, Proboscina, Diastopora, Berenicea and Entalophora) lack easy identifiable specific characteristics, and all the other genera which can be recognized only by their rare ovicells (gonozoids) (such as Plagioecia, Diaperoecia, Microecia, Mecynoecia, Spiropora, Heteropora or Ceriopora, Reptomulticava, Lichenopora and many others) are not particularly suitable as guide-fossils. On the other hand, many characteristic new species have not yet been described.The bryozoa of the Lower Cretaceous are similar to those of the Jurassic. Both are characterized by the absolute predominance of the Cyclostomata and a few very rare primitive Cheilostomata belonging to the encrusting membranimorph Anasca.The Barremo-Aptian fauna, known mainly from England (Faringdon, Berkshire) and eastern and southern France, is characterized by the first Eleidae (Meliceritidae) with Meliceritites and Foricula, the first Ceidae, Clausidae and Horneridae with Siphodictyum and Laterocavea, Chisma furcillatum is known only from the Aptian. Cheilostomata are rare and are represented solely by encrusting membranimorph genera (Rhammotopora, “Membranipora”). The poor Albian bryozoan fauna, although similar to that of the Aptian, is characterized by the appearance of primitive uniserial cheilostomate genera such as (?) Pyriporopsis, Charixa and the genus Wilbertopora. Erect precenomanian Cheilostomata are not known. Albian Bryozoa are little-known and relatively rare.Within the Cenomanian (the plenus-zone included) many new cyclostomate genera Fascipora, Umbrellina, Siphoniotyphlus, Crisisina, Heterocrisina, Discofascigera, Corymbopora, Marssoniella, Amphimarssoniella, Discocytis, Discotruncatulipora, Truncatulipora, Desmepora, Exidmonea, Meliceritella and numerous cheilostomate genera besides “Membranipora” mainly Aechmella, Onychocella, Stichomicropora and several cribrimorphs appear for the first time. The Cenomanian is also characterized by the first erect cheilostomate species such as Onychocella, “Biflustra” or “Vincularia” and the oldest articulated or radicelled cheilostomes (Cellarinidra, Quadricellaria).During the Turonian (excluding the plenus-zone), which is less abundant in Bryozoa than the Cenomanian, the cheilostomes increase (common genera are Onychocella, Euritina, “Rhagasostoma”, bilamellar membranimorphs and cribrimorphs, mainly Rhabdopora) and the first primitive Lunulitidae (Reptolunulites) occur. Among the cyclostomes, represented by numerous species of Meliceritites, Semielea, Foricula, Truncatulipora, Clausa, Petalopora, Heteropora and the first representatives of Homoesolen, Reticrisina, Tervia and Bicavea appear.Within the Coniacian, rich faunas are known from France and England. Although the Cyclostomata are still dominant until the Santonian, considerable progress in the evolution of the Cheilostomata was made mainly by the development of the onychocellids, the erect membranimorphs and the radiation of the different cribrimorph families and genera. The oldest free-living Lunulitidae with Lunulites and Pavolunulites are recorded from the Coniacian. Among the Cyclostomata, the appearance of the genera Diplosolen, Clypeina, Crisina, Filicrisina, Sulcocava, Ditaxia, Pachyteichopora and Cytis is noteworthy. The Coniacian bryozoan fauna is closely related to that of the Santonian and has clearly an Upper Cretaceous character.I refer to the text for comments on single species which may be supposed to be useful as guide-fossils for the Aptian-Coniacian stages.  相似文献   

5.
Les études paléontologiques entreprises depuis le début du siècle dans le Crétacé moyen du bassin anglo-parisien ont abouti à la construction de tableux de répartition stratigraphique des ammonites relativement précis. Différentes zonations ont été proposées par les auteurs. Une discussion de ces zonations est envisagée en tenant compte des conceptions phylétiques actuelles de la zonéostratigraphie (Thomel, 1973).  相似文献   

6.
Parmi les Bivalves, les groupes dont les coquilles ont une assez forte teneur en calcite, se retrouvent très fréquemment dans les dépôts du Crétacé. En général, il s'agit de Ptériomorphes, et au Crétacé moyen particulièrement d'huîtres (Ostreacea), de peignes (Pectinidés s.l.), de Spondylidés, de limes (Limidés), de plicatules et d'Anomidés.Le rapport présenté ici reprend assez complètement les Limidés et les Pectinidés d'Europe, d'Afrique du Nord et du Texas; pour les huîtres une sélection a été faite en essayant d'y inclure des espèces utilisées en stratigraphie. Je me suis basée uniquement sur des examplaires étudiés personnellement. Certains ont été récoltés sur le terrain, mais la majeure partie a étéétudiée dans les collections de nombreux musées d'Europe et d'Amérique du Nord—les énumérer serait fastidieux et la liste n'en est pas incluse. Cependant l'objectivité scientifique m'oblige à préciser que les données pour le domaine tempéré d'Europe et pour la Téthys du Texas sont plus nombreuses que celles obtenues pour le domaine mésogéen d'Europe et d'Afrique du Nord; surtout, dans une partie des collections téthysiennes que j'ai pu étudier les indications stratigraphiques manquaient de précision; ceci pourrait expliquer certaines anomalies dans les résultats.Les subdivisions stratigraphiques utilisées sont celles présentées pour le WG9 du MCE.Au Crétacé moyen les Ptériomorphes se différencient partiellement entre les domaines téthysien et tempéré-boréal. De l'Albien au Turonien les dépôts présumés boréaux sont relativement rares; ils se retrouvent cependant à Bornholm, en U.R.S.S., et dans certains dépôts du Cénomanien supérieur du bassin anglo-parisien (Plenus marls) comme il a été démontré par Jefferies (1962).Les Ptériomorphes les mieux connus se trouvent dans le domaine tempéré. La diversité des faciès et les adaptations à ces faciès par les groupes étudiés, peuvent expliquer le grand nombre d'espèces reconnues (une liste des faunes est donnée).Among the Pelecypods, the groups with rich calcite shells are abundant in the Cretaceous deposits. In general, they belong to the Pteriomorphia and, especially in the middle Cretaceous, to oysters (Ostreacea), Pectinids s.l., Spondylacea, Limacea, Plicatula and Anomiacea.This report resumes the study of Limacea and Pectinids of Europe, North Africa and Texas. From among the oysters a selection has been made, trying to include species with a stratigraphical use. I have based my work only on specimens studied personally. Some of them were collected in the field, but most were studied in the collections of numerous European and North American Museums. I cannot enumerate all these forms, and the list is not included. Nevertheless, for scientific objectivity it must be specified that the data from the European temperate realm and from the Tethyan Texas are more abundant than those from the European and North African mesogean realms. Above all, a part of the Tethyan collections studied shows a lack of stratigraphical precision, which could explain some anomalies in the results.Stratigraphical subdivisions used are those of the WG 9 of the MCE.During the middle Cretaceous the Pteriomorphia are differentiated between the Tethyan and the temperate-boreal realms. From Albian to Turonian, the presumed boreal deposits are relatively rare; they still exist in Bornholm, the U.S.S.R. and in some upper Cenomanian deposits from the anglo-Paris Basin (Plenus marls), as was proved by Jefferies (1962).The well known Pteriomorphia are in the temperate realm. The variety of the facies and the adaptations to these facies for the groups studied can explain the great number of recognized species (a list of the fauna is given).  相似文献   

7.
Plusieurs synthèses concernant la distribution stratigraphique des kystes de Dinoflagellés dans différentes régions du monde ont été publiées. Pour le Crétacé moyen (Albien à Turonien) européen, l'obtention d'une échelle biostratigraphique précise, ainsi que sa mise en parallèle avec celle des Ammonites (ou celle des Foraminifères planctoniques par exemple), nécessitera encore de nombreuses études de sédiments bien datés, notamment en domaine mésogéen. La relative abondance de données pour le secteur occidental du domaine boréal, en particulier pour le Bassin de Paris, permet de dresser un tableau de la répartition verticale des principales formes de dinokystes (66 espèces ou sousespèces) et d'acritarches (1 espèce). Six “épisodes” biostratigraphiques sont ainsi mis en évidence et corrélés avec les zones d'Ammonites. Enfin, l'important renouvellement des espèces de Dinoflagellés au cours de l'Albien supérieur est souligné.  相似文献   

8.
Le Groupe de Travail Européen des Grands Foraminifères présente un tableau de répartition stratigraphique de 42 espèces bien définies du Crétacé moyen de la région méditerranéenne. La répartition stratigraphique proposée pour chaque espèce est fondée soit sur des propres observations soit sur des données de la littérature supprimer et est contrôlée par la présence d'Ammonites ou de Foraminifères planctoniques.A summarizing account is presented of the deliberations of the research group for Large Foraminifers of the IGCP Project “Mid-Cretaceous Events”. Large Foraminifers are of incontestable value for dating carbonate platform sequences owing to the absence of many other diagnostic groups of organísms. A table of stratigraphical distributions for 42 species is presented.  相似文献   

9.
Cette note donne une présentation des résultats obtenus par le Groupe de Travail européen des foraminifères planctoniques de 1976 à 1978.The results obtained by the European MCE working group on planktic foraminifera are summarized. A total of 49 species were revised, referable to the genera Planomalina, Rotalipora, Hedbergella, Whiteinella, Archaeoglobigerina, Praeglobotruncana, Dicarinella and Marginotruncana.  相似文献   

10.
Une analyse biostratigraphique des Dasycladales et des Algues rouges est proposéc et critiquée pour la période allant de l'Aptien au Coniacien.A biostratigraphical summary of the Algae of the Aptian to Coniacian is presented. These are species of Red algae and Dasycladal algae.  相似文献   

11.
Les gisements de Vertébrés de la partie moyenne du Crétacé en Europe sont peu nombreux, et des groupes importants (notamment les Mammifères) y sont encore inconnus. Les poissons sont mieux représentés que les tétrapodes, et plus utilisables d'un point de vue biostratigraphique. Pour un certain nombre de groupes de Vertébrés, la partie moyenne du Crétacé semble correspondre à un renouvellement faunique important.In Europe, fossil vertebrate localities in the middle part of the Cretaceous are not numerous, and some important groups (notably mammals) are still unknown there. Fishes are better represented than tetrapods, and more useful from a biostratigraphic point of view. For several groups of vertebrates, the middle part of the Cretaceous seems to correspond to an important faunal renewal.  相似文献   

12.
13.
Cette note expose un ensemble de synthèses régionales sur les thèmes suivants: les macrofossiles de l'Angleterre; les bois de l'Albien du Boulonnais; les végétaux de Normandie du Crétacé moyen; les milieux forestiers littoraux du Cénomanien inférieur de l'Anjou et des Charentes; les macroflores du Crétacé moyen continental de l'Espagne; les gisements de l'Italie et du Sahara.L'esquisse d'une évolution possible de quelques végétations de ces contrées est proposée, ainsi que les arguments paléoclimatiques que l'on peut en déduire.This paper presents a regional synthesis concerning mid-Cretaceous plant megafossils from England, Normandy, Northern and Western France, Spain, Italy, and the Sahara. A possible evolution pattern is offered for these floras during mid-Cretaceous time; some climatic arguments are presented.  相似文献   

14.
Dans un premier temps on délimite les plates-formes à rudistes de la province méditerranéenne occidentale, au sein de laquelle on distingue, en fonction des particularités paléogéographiques locales, quatre sous-provinces. On souligne ensuite l'importance et la nature des événements paléogéographiques du Crétacé moyen qui ont joué un rôle dans la distribution et le développement des formations à rudistes; on distingue fondamentalement des événements eustatiques et tectoniques. Les événements biologiques sont caractérisés par un déclin ou une disparition des rudistes éocrétacés, un développement des Caprinidae et des Radiolitidae à l'Albo-Cénomanien, l'apparition des Hippuritidae et le déclin des Caprinidae au Turonien. On analyse les causes, les circonstances et les faits majeurs de l'évolution et de la paléoécologie des rudistes au cours de cette période.The rudistid platforms of the western Mediterranean embrace four palaeogeographical sub-provinces. The palaeogeographical events that decided the distribution and development of the rudistids are discussed. Of significance are eustatic and tectonic events.There was a decline or a disappearance of Early Cretaceous rudistids, a development of the Caprinidae and Radiolitidae around the Albian-Cenomanian, the appearance of the Hippuritidae and a decline of the Caprinidae in the Turonian. Factors of evolutionary and palaeoecological significance are reviewed.  相似文献   

15.
The clay assemblages of the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous sediments of the Agadir Basin are affected by burial diagenesis. Apparent ages of these formations, from the K-Ar dating of fine grain size fractions (< 2 μm), decrease downward. This indicates an opening of the K-Ar isotopic system of detrital Hercynian minerals during burial. The extent of the isotopic rehomogenisation is more important in sandstones than in clayey marl facies. During burial diagenesis, a temperature of 165°C in clayey marl and 110°C in sandstone can be enough for isotopic rehomogenisation of fine-grained Hercynian illite. The migration of pore water seems to favour the diffusion of radiogenic 40Ar in sandstones.  相似文献   

16.
In the western part of Madagascar, the Morondava Basin shows the Malagasy Karoo series, made of Late Carboniferous-Mid-Permian (Sakoa), Late Permian-Mid-Triassic (Sakamena) and Late Triassic-Mid-Jurassic (Isalo) sequences. The sedimentary facies are mainly aerial and clastic in the series, and the marine conditions are fully established after Lower Jurassic times, when the strait between Africa and Madagascar was flooded.The Karoo basins where these series were deposited are mainly hemi-grabens. Their filling proceeded from west to east and from south to north. Distinction between the southern and northern part of the Morondava Basin suggests that development of the basin was controlled by old crustal weakness zones trending north-northwest-south-southeast and north-northeast-south-southwest.  相似文献   

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18.
L'homogénéïté floristique de l'Europe de l'Ouest (boréale et mésogéenne) est remarquable au Crétacé moyen. Les limites des unités unités floristiques majeures sont controllées par des facteurs climatiques: la variation la plus importante étant située à la limite Cénomanien-Turonien.Western Europe (Boreal and Tethyan) was marked by floristic unity during the Mid-Cretaceous. The limits of the major floristic units were controlled by climatic factors, with the most accentuated variations at the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary. Stratigraphical accuracy is higher within basins than between geographical entities.  相似文献   

19.
New petrological and geochemical data are presented on basic igneous rocks from the south of the Morondova basin located in the southwestern part of Madagascar. The structural setting is well defined and, with the aid of a schematic map, the spatial relationships between the magmatic centres and major faults can be deduced from seismic data. On the other hand, new petrographic and geochemical data enable the different types of basaltic magmatism manifested in this area to be distinguished. It appears that tholeiitic magmatism evolved towards transitional magmatism from the south to the north of the Morondava basin. This geochemical evolution of basaltic magmatism can be linked to the initiation of rifting between Madagascar and Africa along the Mozambique channel and the length of the Davie ridge associated with the opening of the Indian ocean. These observations, together with structural data and recently obtained geochronological data, contribute to a better understanding of the mechanism and evolution of Madagascan rifting.  相似文献   

20.
It is well known that although the geographic landscape and the ecosystem are both terrestrial units involving physical and biological components, including man and his activity, they are in nature extremely different. The geographic landscape is a complex of directly perceptible forms produced by the interaction (synergism) of three main components (synergizing) present in varying degrees and in unstable equilibrium (physical base, the biotic element and the results of human activity); whilst the ecosystem may not be directly perceived and is composed of a stable system of matter and energy, contained in the living and non-living parts of an environment, where exchanges between the two parts take place in a continuous flux (Odum, 1958). The geographic landscape is characterized by formal, structural aspects, whereas the ecosystem is, by nature, functional and biological and is dominated by two cycles, one of matter and the other of energy, within which man can be included in varying degrees. Ever since man began to alter the natural biological processes with his constructive, destructive and polluting activity, structures have emerged within the ecosystem which show local modifications in quality and energy imbalance. These have survived in the form of truncated anthropo-ecosystems (Delpoux, 1972), where the artificially interrupted trophic chain survives with a disturbed energy balance. Imbalances are caused by alterations which are difficult to perceive directly in ecosystems, but are observable in landscapes which have been modified in response to such changes. The ecosystem must, therefore, be considered a determinant of landscape. Hence it is possible to distinguish fairly precisely the existence of different types of landscape on the basis of the material and energy balance of their associated ecosystems where ecosystem and geographic landscape are closely linked by cause and effect. Hence the term landscape ecology (Landschaftsöcologie;Troll, 1939) where the term “ecology” is taken to mean “the functional study of the dynamics of a system of action, determining landscape” (Schmithüsen, 1973). If the energy balance and the natural and human transformations of ecosystems are jointly considered, it is possible to obtain a significant ecologically based landscape classification. The first category is that of ecologically balanced landscapes, within which transfer phenomena are cyclic as energy, or even matter, are completely utilized by their biological constituents. This applies to all natural landscapes, even those with a dominant natural factor, that are unaffected by human action; their limits can therefore be considered similar to those of natural ecosystems. Amongst these can also be included areas with a gathering economy and primitive and subsistence farming. By contrast with these is the category of ecologically unbalanced landscapes where the presence of man in the environment has transformed natural ecosystems into anthropoecosystems with different characteristics. Two types can be distinguished, one hyperenergetic with a positive energy balance and thus an exporter of energy, the other hypoenergetic characterised by a negative energy balance,and thus importing energy (Delpoux, 1972). In hyperenergetic landscapes man intervenes with advanced agriculture and animal husbandry and thus transforms in different ways and in varying degrees the natural setting. They therefore include agrobiosystems, typical of specialized agriculture, intensive polyculture and plantation monoculture, and trophobiosystems typical of rationalized animal husbandry. Both produce vegetable and animal foods for the market. In hypoenergetic landscapes, the production of organic substances with an energy value becomes increasingly deficient, so that the biological community has to become dependent on external contributions; they mainly occur in high density population landscapes with low productivity rural activities due to poor natural conditions, poor organization, or a high degree of urban and industrial development. To these categories, which are mainly dependent on the ratio of population to resources, can be added that of degraded landscapes or ecosystems, caused by natural degradation (exogenous or endogenous) or by pollution and despoliation (biological and mineral) caused by human activity. Then follow landscapes with artificial or substitution ecosystems (urban or industrial) the elements of which are characteristically formal in appearance. The last category is that of ecologically integrated and complex landscapes, the result of the combination of two or more different ecological aspects (rural and urban, and, for example, outside this group, rural and industrial, agricultural and moderately urbanized) which interdigitate and encroach upon each other. On the basis of this classification, it is possible to discern the distinguishing features typical of landscapes and thus our ability to delimit their extent on maps. They have been applied in the production of an ecologically based landscape map of Italy at an original scale of 1:1,500,000, a reduced black-and-white version of which has been reproduced in the main body of this paper. As a first attempt at such a representation it is both adequate and useful and provides a basis for further work and analysis. The exercise confirms that the consideration of landscape, especially humanized landscape, in an ecological perspective, supplies important information for the interpretation of its structure from a functional and physiological stand-point, as well as for the understanding of its dynamics. It also facilitates the consideration of the environment as a whole, presenting more effectively the problems of its evaluation and consequently adds to our appreciation of its economic and social significance.  相似文献   

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