Interpersonal communication sources and natural hazard risk perception: a case study of a rural Chinese village

This exploratory study contributes to our knowledge about the relationships between interpersonal communication sources and risk perception regarding natural hazards. Survey data (N?=?186) from a small village in northwest China was used, and the correlations between eight types of interpersonal communication sources related to disaster risk reduction and the perceived severity and perceived likelihood of occurrence of eight types of natural hazards were explored. Past studies have suggested that interpersonal communication sources are more likely to influence individuals in their perceived severity of natural hazards than in their perceived likelihood of occurrence. The results of this study moderately corroborate this finding. The results indicated that different sources have different relationships to risk perception, as positive correlations were found between obtaining information via certain trained science professionals (science teachers, emergency responders, scientific experts) and certain natural hazard risk perceptions, while negative relationships were found between obtaining information via certain personal contacts (other villagers and relatives and friends) and certain natural hazard risk perceptions. However, the strength of these relationships was weak (??0.197?≥?r?≤? 0.245). Age showed statically significant correlations with the perceived severity of most of the natural hazards. Studies with more representative samples and controls for theoretical factors are needed to better understand how interpersonal communication sources affect individuals' natural hazard risk perceptions.     

Risk perception and hazard mitigation in the Yangtze River Delta region,China

The Yangtze River Delta region is an area highly vulnerable to flooding. As the population density is rising concomitantly with high economic growth, this region is becoming more vulnerable to natural hazards. We conducted a survey to investigate the individual risk perception of both the local authorities and the general community, analyze the current situation regarding risk management and identify problems in the current risk management scheme. Data were collected through questionnaires distributed to some members of the community and interviews with representatives of the local authorities. The primary findings are as follows: (1) risk and disaster multipliers perceived by lay people show the stigma effect of the Wenchuan earthquake; (2) the responses of college students illustrate that the stigma effect has less influence on people who have more knowledge about hazards; (3) differences exist in comparative groups (China and USA), which shows that the society and culture influence people’s perception of risk; and (4) economic activities have complicated flood risk management such as land shortage, ground subsidence and flood diversion. Accordingly, the following measures should be taken: (1) the government should improve the risk communication and education of lay people; (2) the government must also control unsuitable land use and balance economic development and risk management; (3) flood diversion areas should be compensated through special funds collected from other cities; and (4) local governments should provide more support for hazard mitigation.     

香丽高速公路边坡地质灾害发育特征与易发性区划

针对香丽高速公路边坡地质灾害,在详细的道路工程勘察设计文件的基础上,结合现场踏勘调查,系统地研究了其边坡地质灾害的主要类型、发育特征和分布规律;提出高速公路等线性工程边坡灾害的基本地质条件、自然诱发因素、人类工程活动和灾害历史记录等完整信息评价指标。采用层次分析法、专家评分法与因素累积法相结合的研究方法,建立了线性工程边坡地质灾害易发性评价模型,并基于GIS平台完成了香丽高速公路边坡地质灾害的易发性区划。为指导香丽高速公路地质灾害的危险性评价及科学防治提供了重要依据,对类似山区道路等线性工程边坡地质灾害危险性评价研究与实践具有一定的示范作用和参考价值。     

The ecology of hazardousness,the experience of South America

In many parts of South America, the socio-economic condition of the population is such that in many respects the people, because of their vulnerable state, are a disaster waiting to occur. The triggering action of the disaster will be an extreme physical or biophysical event. If any advance is to be made in natural hazard management, then the focus must be upon people first. Halt the process of underdevelopment in South American societies and you have taken a major step forward in natural hazard management. The major concern of this paper is not so much with the competition for first place in hazard proneness in South America, but rather the elaboration of the total ecology of what we commonly designate as disasters, which ordinarily occur at the interface of extreme natural phenomena and vulnerable settlement patterns, and which should be seen, as the extreme situation which is implicit in the everyday condition of the population. Vulnerability is the key concept in this relationship. South American nations vary greatly in their hazard proneness, in the vulnerability of sectors in their societies, in the losses and general repercussions of hazardous events, and in their ability to cope effectively with the post-disaster situation, either alone or with international aid.     

基于证据权法的昆明五华区地质灾害易发性评价

地质灾害易发性评价是国土空间规划和区域地质灾害防灾减灾的重要依据。为探索适合云南高原低山丘陵区地质灾害易发性评价方法,论文选择云南省昆明市五华区为典型研究区,选择工程地质岩组、距断裂构造线距离、高程、坡度、坡向、坡面曲率、距公路线距离和土地利用类型等8个因素,应用基于贝叶斯理论的证据权法进行地质灾害易发性评价,通过对各因素各分级（分类）综合证据权重的近似学生化检验（Student-T）优化了各因素的分级（分类）方案。采用文中所构建模型评价得出的易发性分区结果表明,89.9%和9.1%的地灾点落入高和中易发区,对比分析显示建模结果与地质灾害发育情况吻合度高,较好地揭示了研究区地质灾害易发性特征,可为昆明市五华区及云南高原其它低山丘陵区地质灾害防治规划提供参考。     

吕梁山区黄土物理性质力学参数区域分布特征

黄土因其特殊的物理力学性质及工程特性,在外界环境影响下易引发诸如黄土崩塌、滑坡、泥流等地质灾害。因此,研究黄土土性参数区域性分布特征对地质灾害防灾减灾具有重要意义。以吕梁山区L₁黄土地层为研究对象,在野外调查、代表性点位取样的基础上,对研究区内133个取样点340组黄土试样进行黄土土性参数室内试验,获得其土性参数;基于所得数据,通过统计分析及ArcGIS软件平台,分析研究区内L₁黄土地层土性参数分布特征。结果表明:黏粒含量、天然含水率、孔隙比、黏聚力、内摩擦角的分布在南北方向上具有较好的规律性,山脉东西两侧规律略有不同。另外,黏粒含量、天然含水率、黏聚力、湿陷系数的区域分布规律较为明显,内摩擦角区域分布上较为离散。研究结果为从土性特征方面对地质灾害易发性评价提供基础数据支撑。     

The application of GIS-based bivariate statistical methods for landslide hazards assessment in the upper Tons river valley,Western Himalaya,India

Landslides are one of the most frequent and common natural hazards in many parts of Himalaya. To reduce the potential risk, the landslide susceptibility maps are one of the first and most important steps in the landslide hazard mitigation. Earth observation satellite and geographical information system-based techniques have been used to derive and analyse various geo-environmental parameters significant to landslide hazards. In this study, a bivariate statistics method was used for spatial modelling of landslide susceptibility zones. For this purpose, thematic layers including landslide inventory, geology, slope angle, slope aspect, geomorphology, slope morphology, drainage density, lineament and land use/land cover were used. A large number of landslide occurrences have been observed in the upper Tons river valley area of Western Himalaya. The result has been used to spatially classify the study area into zones of very high, high, moderate, low and very low landslide susceptibility zones. About 72% of active landslides have been observed to occur in very high and high hazard zones. The result of the analysis was verified using the landslide location data. The validation result shows significant agreement between the susceptibility map and landslide location. The result can be used to reduce landslide hazards by proper planning.     

Natural hazards in British Columbia: an interdisciplinary and inter-institutional challenge

 Although British Columbia experiences many natural hazards, there is as yet no unified policy to promote natural hazard management in the province. The problem is not in the quantity and quality of geoscience assessment of natural hazards, but instead, it is suggested, in the isolation of that work from broader risk perspectives and in the lack of clarity of division of responsibilities between various levels of government. The example of recent changes in perception of the terrain stability problem illustrates how natural hazard problems are driven by social and political priorities rather than by geoscience priorities. Received: 22 November 1998 / Accepted: 22 November 1998     

Poverty and Disasters in the United States: A Review of Recent Sociological Findings

This article synthesizes the literature on poverty and disasters in the United States and presents the results from a wide range of studies conducted over the past twenty years. The findings are organized into eight categories based on the stages of a disaster event. The review illustrates how people of different socioeconomic statuses perceive, prepare for, and respond to natural hazard risks, how low-income populations may be differentially impacted, both physically and psychologically, and how disaster effects vary by social class during the periods of emergency response, recovery, and reconstruction. The literature illustrates that the poor in the United States are more vulnerable to natural disasters due to such factors as place and type of residence, building construction, and social exclusion. The results have important implications for social equity and recommendations for future research and policy implementation are offered.     

湖南省长沙市地质灾害易发区划与防治重点研究

长沙市是湖南省地质灾害的多发区之一。地质灾害不仅造成生命财产的巨大损失,而且对当地的投资环境乃至社会的持续发展都构成威胁。在介绍了长沙市的区域自然地理与地质环境,阐述了长沙市地质灾害发育特征的基础上,通过对各类地质灾害形成条件及影响因素分析,选取了评价指标,运用综合危险性指数法进行易发程度综合评判。根据评判结果,将长沙市划分为地质灾害高易发区、中易发区、低易发区和不发育区。并在此易发程度综合评判基础上划分防治重点区。划分结果比较符合长沙市地质灾害发育实际情况,为长沙市进行防灾减灾工作,合理制定发展规划提供科学依据。     

全球主要火山灾害及其分布特征

本文研究了火山灾害各种致灾因子的物理过程和灾害特点,根据文献中记载的全球火山灾害,在进行火山灾害分区研究的基础上,研究了全球火山灾害分布特征.全球主要的火山灾害分布在8个主要区域.有记载的火山灾害在热带占73%,远高于火山喷发分布于热带区的比例.全球两个最强烈的火山灾害分布区都是围绕着位于板块结合部表现为复杂构造结的班达海和加勒比海,而且每一个灾害区都有3条分支.热带区第3个灾害区为中非区,地幔上隆是这里主要的动力学背景.本文还研究了1700年以来火山灾害时间分布特征,以及1993年以来各种火山灾害发生频次.     

Assessing the resilience of Delhi to climate-related disasters: a comprehensive approach

The study addresses disaster risks in Delhi through a resilience approach. It utilizes the Climate Disaster Resilience Index (CDRI) tool, which assesses disaster resilience from five dimensions: physical, social, economic, institutional, and natural. Each dimension comprises 5 parameters, and each parameter consists of 5 variables. The study is carried out in the nine revenue districts of Delhi and reveals that East Delhi is least resilient and New Delhi is most resilient. The CDRI analysis in East Delhi points out the urgent need to focus on key parameters such as housing and land use, population, intensity and frequency of natural hazards, ecosystem services, and land use in natural terms. On the other hand, New Delhi is the most resilient due to all five dimensions, where most significant parameters responsible for its high resilience are housing and land use, population, income, employment, intensity and frequency of natural hazards, ecosystem services, and land use in natural terms. In addition, the overall results of all nine districts show an inverse relationship between resilience score and population density. For example, districts with higher population density show low resilience and vice versa. Moreover, districts located on hazard-prone areas show low resilience. For example, East Delhi and North East Delhi scored low resilience because they both are situated on the Yamuna flood catchment areas. The study further develops key suggestions that are required to address disaster risk in all nine districts of Delhi and discusses future implications of CDRI to address city??s vulnerability. The approach??s distinctness is reflected through its consideration of micro-level diversities and presents some implications to resilience.     

Stakeholders’ perception in identification of river bank erosion hazard: a case study

Hazards due to riverbank erosion, despite being considered usually as a natural phenomenon, have become a critical problem in recent times as introduction of new technology and one-sided engineering-based solution approach to combat natural hazards without taking into account of opinions of all categories of stakeholders, particularly of the hazard victims and policy makers, has aggravated the problem in many cases. The riverbank erosion hazard aggravated as a direct consequence of construction of Farakka Barrage on its upstream and downstream on the river Ganga has seriously affected the lifestyles of the people in the districts of Malda and Murshidabad in the state of West Bengal in India. In this paper, an attempt has been made to study the perceptions of different groups of stakeholders, particularly hazard victims and authority responsible for monetary investment, about causes of riverbank erosion and possible preventive and remedial measures required to solve such a complex and multi-dimensional problem. A questionnaire-based household survey has been conducted on a number of important issues of the problem among the directly affected hazard victims at a highly erosion-prone area in the Malda district. Different perceptions and their impacts on selection and implementation of anti-erosion measures are critically studied. Analysis of data as obtained from the representative sample of erosion victims as well as the secondary sources of data clearly indicates that the hazard victims are to face bad effects because of existence of perception gap and that a holistic approach considering the perception of erosion victims needs to be undertaken for a permanent solution of the problem.     

盐池县地质灾害遥感调查及空间分布特征分析

宁夏盐池县地处黄土高原区,地质灾害较为频繁。以SPOT6、RapidEye、无人机以及LandSat8 OLI等多源遥感数据为基础,通过研究遥感影像特征,建立地质灾害解译标志,共解译出滑坡125处、崩塌84处、泥石流19处、地面塌陷区3处。结合区域地理地质环境特征,总结了研究区地质灾害点的基本特征,并利用GIS技术对灾害点进行点密度分析,在此基础上划分了7个集中分布区,归纳了盐池县地质灾害点的空间分布特征及规律;同时,对研究区地层构造、植被、地形等因素与地质灾害点空间分布特征的相关性进行了讨论。研究结果表明:盐池县地质灾害点具有规模小,灾害轻;点密度整体南高北低,且南部聚集、北部分散;地层、植被、坡度、坡向等因素与地质灾害有着密切的联系。     

2015年嘉陵江上游燕子河流域地质灾害调查数据集

本数据集是依托2015年嘉陵江上游燕子河流域内崩塌、滑坡、泥石流和工程地质调查资料,根据中国地质调查局统一的标准和要求编制的。数据采集通过遥感解译、地面调查结合三维激光扫描、低空无人机航拍、综合地球物理勘探等工作手段获取。数据集包括滑坡数据223组、崩塌数据170组、泥石流数据44组,以及专门工程地质调查数据129组。数据集信息包括燕子河流域内崩塌、滑坡、泥石流等地质灾害的基本属性、产出的地质环境背景条件、发育特征与分布规律、孕灾的工程地质条件。通过野外数据现场采集、数据整理及校验、数据入库及审查等流程,以及完善的质量控制体系,确保了数据集的真实性、可靠性、准确性。该数据集全面提升了燕子河流域的地质灾害和工程地质调查精度,为该流域内崩塌、滑坡、泥石流的形成机理研究及易发性、危险性、风险性区划研究,提供了有效支撑,同时也为该流域地质灾害防治提供了可靠的基础数据。     

The investigation of flood risk perception as a quantitative analysis from socio-demographic perspective

The priority of flood management planning is physical victimization and focuses on taking structural measures. Although this approach is an accurate approach, more information is needed in implementing efficient precautionary and planning decisions. It is an indisputable fact that the existence of nothing that is not sustainable in nature cannot continue. Hence, it is necessary to implement a planning decision suitable for the structure of the population living in the region so that the continuity of the policies to be carried out against natural hazards of hydrometeorological origin such as a flood is ensured. How the socio-demographic structures affect the flood risk perception of 245 people living in the city center of Bayburt is examined in this study. It is the first research conducted for the province of Bayburt for this perspective. The participants were asked to fill a questionnaire containing 24 items and consisting of 2 sections. T test and one-way ANOVA (one-way analysis of variance) statistical methods were used to ascertain the difference between the responses of the participants to the questionnaire, based on their demographic structure. As the result of the study, significant differences were observed between the expressions depicting flood risk perception and the participant's age, income levels and educational background. In addition, it has been noted that there is a positive relationship between education and income levels and flood risk perception.

     

Natural hazards in Central Java Province,Indonesia: an overview

Central Java Province, Indonesia, suffers from natural hazard processes such as land subsidence, coastal inundation, flood, volcanic eruption, earthquake, tsunami, and landslide. The occurrence of each kind of natural hazard is varied according to the intensity of geo-processes. It is necessary to learn from the historical record of coastal inundation, flood, volcanic eruption, earthquake, tsunami, and landslide hazards in Central Java Province to address issues of comprehensive hazard mitigation and management action. Through the understanding about the nature and spatial distribution of natural hazards, treatments can be done to reduce the risks. This paper presents the natural hazard phenomena in Central Java Province and provides critical information for hazard mitigation and reduction.     

Integrated risk assessment of multi-hazards in China

Maps of population exposure, vulnerability and risk to natural hazards are useful tools for designing and implementing disaster risk mitigation programs in China. The ranking of provinces by relative risk to natural hazards would provide a metric for prioritizing risk management strategies. Using provinces as our study unit, from the perspectives of hazard exposure, susceptibility, coping capacity and adaptive capacity, this study first constructed China’s disaster risk index for five types of major natural hazards: earthquakes, floods, droughts, low temperatures/snow and gale/hail. Then, the relative risk level at the provincial scale in China was assessed. Finally, the hotspots with the highest hazard exposure, vulnerability and risk were identified. The results showed that high exposure was a significant risk driver in China, whereas high vulnerability, especially social vulnerability, amplified the risk levels. Similar to the population exposure to disasters, the relative risk levels in the southwestern, central and northeastern regions of China were significantly higher than those in the eastern, northern and western regions. The high-risk regions or hotspots of multi-hazards were concentrated in southern China (less-developed regions), while the low-risk regions were mainly distributed in the eastern coastal areas (well-developed regions). Furthermore, a nonlinear relationship existed between the disaster risk level and poverty incidence as well as per capita GDP, demonstrating that disaster losses in middle-income areas are likely to increase if economic policies are not modified to account for the rising disaster risk. These findings further indicated that research on disaster risk should focus not only on hazards and exposure but also on the vulnerability to natural disasters. Thus, reducing vulnerability and population exposure to natural hazards would be an effective measure in mitigating the disaster risk at hotspots in China.     

Earthquake-and-landslide events are associated with more fatalities than earthquakes alone

Natural hazards are natural processes of the complex Earth system and may interact and affect each other. Often a single hazard can trigger a subsequent, different hazard, such as earthquakes triggering landslides. The effect of such cascading hazards has received relatively little attention in the literature. The majority of previous research has focused on single hazards in isolation, and even multi-hazard risk assessment currently does not account for the interaction between hazards, therefore ignoring potential amplification effects. Global earthquake-and-landslide fatality data were used to model cascading events to explore relationships between the number of fatalities during single and cascading events and covariates. A multivariate statistical approach was used to model the relationship between earthquake fatalities and several covariates. The covariates included earthquake magnitude, gross domestic product, slope, poverty, health, access to cities, exposed population to earthquake shaking, building strength and whether a landslide was triggered or not. Multivariate regression analysis showed the numbers of earthquake fatalities are significantly affected by whether a subsequent landslide is triggered or not.     

基于地震动信号分析的地质灾害过程重构方法研究与应用

地质灾害启动及演进过程中对途经的村庄、植被、基础设施等均会造成不同程度的破坏,而深入研究灾害的演进过程有助于灾害预警和防治工作,能减少灾区人员伤亡、降低经济损失。然而由于地质灾害的强破坏性和突发性,使得现场的监测仪器和设备易受灾害的影响,甚至被破坏,导致难以完整且准确地监测到灾害过程,这限制了对地质灾害过程的深入研究,因此亟需一种新的方法来进行灾害过程的重构。随着科技的发展,现有高精度地震仪能够记录伴随地质灾害而产生的地震动信号,并且已有不少研究者进行了基于地震动信号的灾害分析研究。基于现有研究的基础,本文提出一套基于地震动信号的地质灾害重构研究思路和方法体系:通过运用带通滤波器(BP-filter)、经验模态分解(EMD)、快速傅里叶变换(FFT)、短时傅里叶变换(STFT)、功率谱密度计算(PSD)等方法对灾害过程产生的地震动信号进行处理和分析,然后结合灾害现场调查结果进行对比分析以反演灾害的基本特征,进而与数值模拟结果进行耦合,最终实现灾害过程的重构。本文基于地震动信号对堰塞湖、滑坡、泥石流等不同灾种进行案例研究与分析,旨在为地质灾害演进过程的研究提供一种新的研究思路和方法体系。