基于多源空间数据的塔里木河下游湖泊变化研究北大核心CSCDCSSCI

利用历史图件、地形图及遥感数据监测塔里木河下游诸多湖泊水域面积并分析近一百多年的变化情况。根据湖泊水域及其变化,该区湖泊在100多年内变化过程可以分为3个时间段:1 20世纪60年代以前,该区水文条件较好,19世纪末20世纪初湖泊总面积超过2000 km~2;20世纪60-70年代至20世纪末,随着水利设施的陆续兴建,湖泊水域缩小,甚至某些湖泊彻底干涸;21世纪随着塔里木河流域综合治理与下游生态输水工程的实施,该区水文条件有所好转,干涸多年的一些湖泊重新形成水域,2013年湖泊水域总面积达760 km~2。2根据湖盆成因及水域变化把该区湖泊分为:河道西侧的风成湖,河道网之间及东侧的河成湖及河道末端的构造湖等三类。3初步总结风成湖演变过程,发现该区风成湖与河成湖在形状、深度、水质、形成时间等方面有较大差异。4近代人为因素对湖泊水域变化的影响高于自然因素。     

基于多源空间数据的塔里木河下游湖泊变化研究

利用历史图件、地形图及遥感数据监测塔里木河下游诸多湖泊水域面积并分析近一百多年的变化情况。根据湖泊水域及其变化,该区湖泊在100多年内变化过程可以分为3个时间段：① 20世纪60年代以前,该区水文条件较好,19世纪末20世纪初湖泊总面积超过2000 km²;20世纪60-70年代至20世纪末,随着水利设施的陆续兴建,湖泊水域缩小,甚至某些湖泊彻底干涸;21世纪随着塔里木河流域综合治理与下游生态输水工程的实施,该区水文条件有所好转,干涸多年的一些湖泊重新形成水域,2013年湖泊水域总面积达760 km²。② 根据湖盆成因及水域变化把该区湖泊分为：河道西侧的风成湖,河道网之间及东侧的河成湖及河道末端的构造湖等三类。③ 初步总结风成湖演变过程,发现该区风成湖与河成湖在形状、深度、水质、形成时间等方面有较大差异。④ 近代人为因素对湖泊水域变化的影响高于自然因素。     

湖沼学

湖泊学P531.62007031971河南孟津地区中全新世环境变化及其对人类活动的影响=Environmental change and its i mpact on human activities inmiddle Holocene at Mengjin,Henan province/董广辉,夏正楷…∥北京大学学报.自然科学版.—2006,42(2).—238~243论述了中全新世孟津地区环境变化及其对人类活动的影响.指出,河南龙山文化时代晚期,由于湖面水位较高,人类在古土壤上活动;二里头文化时期湖泊萎缩,人类活动向低处转移,湖泊完全干涸时人类开始在干涸的湖相沉积层上活动.图5参23(白洁)HBP534.632007031972中德联合冬给措纳湖地区寒区…     

东居延海易溶盐沉积与古气候环境变化

通过对黑河尾闾东居延海湖相沉积物易溶盐类K^ 、Na^ 、Ca^2 、Mg^2 、SO4^2 、CO3^2-、HCO3^-、Cl^-八大离子含量和其他相关指标的分析，依据它们在地层中的变化特征，结合地层^14C年代测定结果，把东居延海湖泊变化划分为：隋唐湖泊面积较大时期、宋辽湖泊缩小时期、中世纪暖期湖泊扩张时期、小冰期湖泊缩小时期及20世纪湖泊干涸期等几个阶段。考虑近1500a来该流域气候变化和人类活动对湖泊的影响，得出了以下几个结论：近1500a来，东居延海湖区气候以干旱为主，湖泊逐渐萎缩；在干旱背景下存在气候波动，并与全球变化具有一致性；湖泊的盛衰演变受到气候变化和人类活动的双重影响，前期以自然变化为主，明清以来特别是清代以后，人类活动的影响加剧，成为主控因子。     

1986—2020年库布齐沙漠湖泊数量和面积

沙漠湖泊动态变化研究对于揭示区域水循环和了解沙漠生态环境具有重要意义。本文利用1986—2020年覆盖库布齐沙漠区域10期Landsat TM/OLI遥感影像提取沙漠湖泊,统计各时期沙漠湖泊数量和面积变化信息,分析库布齐沙漠湖泊数量和面积动态变化的空间特征。结果表明：库布齐沙漠湖泊数量与面积整体表现为减小趋势,现存湖泊22个,面积7.4678 km²;库布齐沙漠湖泊在1986—2020年共干涸26个,现存湖泊中众多小型湖泊呈现增长趋势,但面积较小,对整个库布齐沙漠湖泊的影响较小,>1 km²湖泊中的大青龙湖、天鹅湖以及大道图湖表现为萎缩状态,减少幅度较大,对整个库布齐沙漠湖泊影响较大;降水量、蒸发量和气温不是影响库布齐沙漠湖泊面积变化的主要因素,湖泊面积的空间特征可能由补给来源、补给方式及人为干扰造成。     

新疆生态环境问题及保护治理

近半个世纪以来,在人类活动影响下,新疆生态环境发生的不利变化为：河流缩短,湖泊萎缩和干涸,水质盐化,天然植被衰败,野生动物减少,土地沙漠化和盐渍化不断扩大。在西部大开发中,若不加强对生态环境的保护和治理,将难以实现可持续发展。     

新疆地表水资源对亚洲中部未来气候变化的响应

在未来的亚洲中中气候变冷过程中，从咸海干涸海底和卡拉博加戈尔湾等等内陆湖泊和地区吹起的盐粒，农田排出的农药残余物，尘埃微粒等－固态大陆型气溶胶具有主要的作用。在这一过程中，环流及该区域的生物系统对气候的变化可能起着相反的影响。     

豫西渑池盆地湖泊沉积特征与古环境

对渑池盆地池底村古湖泊沉积剖面进行连续采样,在粒度组成和有机碳含量分析的基础上,结合¹⁴C年代测定(校正为日历年龄),重建了盆地区末次冰盛期以来的气候环境演化进程:19543~9240cal.aB.P.,气候比较干燥,古湖泊尚未形成;9240~8039cal.aB.P.,气候由干冷向暖湿化方向转变,古湖泊开始形成;8039~3473cal.aB.P.期间,气候温暖湿润,湖泊水位最高;3439~2931cal.aB.P.期间,气候波动剧烈,总体上气候较前一段干旱,湖泊水位下降;2931~2423cal.aB.P.期间,气候干旱,古湖泊干涸。盆地区的人类文化演进对气候环境变化的响应十分明显,二者之间存在一定的耦合关系。     

晚冰期以来河西走廊花海古湖泊演化过程及其对气候变化的响应

通过分析河西走廊花海古湖泊沉积物中的盐类矿物组成,结合年代序列,重建了花海晚冰期以来湖泊演化过程及其对气候变化的响应。结果表明：晚冰期及新仙女木时期,花海湖泊以芒硝沉积为主,属硫酸盐型湖泊,湖水的盐度较高且周期性波动频繁;全新世早期（10.47 cal ka BP以前）,湖泊以洪泛堆积和风成沉积为主,揭示了湖泊萎缩、甚至干涸;全新世早期至全新世中期（10.47～8.87 cal ka BP）盐类矿物以碳酸盐沉积为主,为碳酸盐型湖泊,湖水淡化,湖泊水位开始逐渐回升;全新世中期（8.87～5.50 cal ka BP）盐类矿物呈现一定的波动变化,其中,8.8 cal ka BP 时期盐类矿物以硫酸盐沉积为主,湖泊由碳酸盐型转化为硫酸盐型,湖水咸化,盐度升高;随后盐类矿物以碳酸盐沉积为主,湖泊由硫酸盐型转化为碳酸盐型,湖水盐度降低、湖泊扩张;全新世中晚期（5.50 cal ka BP以来）出现沉积间断,表明中晚全新世时期湖泊逐渐萎缩。在全新世期间,花海湖泊千年尺度演化过程揭示了该区域气候干湿状况受亚洲季风和西风共同控制的影响。     

楼兰古城的兴衰及其与环境变化的关系

楼兰古城是古丝绸之路上位于中亚的重要通道站，但后因历史上气候周期变化及平原湖泊河口三角洲淤各使河流自然道的地理原因，在公元前开始至３世纪进入楼兰的河水逐渐减少，最终主河道变迁而使楼兰城南北河干涸，环境迅速恶化，导致楼兰消亡。     

过去76年来射阳湖湖沼环境的动态变化

选用不同年代的地形图、以及遥感图象数据等信息源,用地理信息系统以及景观指数分析方法对射阳湖湖沼环境的动态变化进行了初步研究。结果表明,射阳湖的面积逐年减少,从1958年到1974年,射阳湖的面积减少了153.245km2,年均递减9.578km2,这两个时期的年均面积递减率是最大的。景观指数分析表明射阳湖湖沼湿地的破碎化程度和空间异质性越来越高。大量水利工程的修建导致上游来水减少是射阳湖面积减小的主要原因,滩地围垦、水产养殖业以及居民地扩展等是其变化的主要因素。     

Lake evolution and its implication for environ-mental changes in China during 1950?2000

Lakes in China have undergone considerable environmental changes during the past 50 years, e.g. lake level, water area changes, as did in the past several thousands years. The enhanced human activities, such as land reclamation, application of chemical fertilizer, land use and cover, irrigation and industrialization in the catchment etc., have played an im-portant role on the recent decades’ changes of these lakes, although constrained to a great extent by the natural impact. Comparative study on variations of lake volume (water level, depth and area) in the eastern and western lake regions of China during 1950–2000 indicated that, lake volume in the eastern region had approximately undergone a two-stage change, i.e. a dramatic decrease from the 1950s to 1970s, and a continuous increase between the 1980s and 1990s; while, in the western region, lake volume had been decreasing nearly all the time. Further studies on some typical lakes concluded that, climatic change was a primary factor for the variations of lake volume during the past 50 years, although human activities showed important effect.     

Lake evolution and its implication for environmental changes in China during 1950–2000

Lakes in China have undergone considerable environmental changes during the past 50 years, e.g. lake level, water area changes, as did in the past several thousands years. The enhanced human activities, such as land reclamation, application of chemical fertilizer, land use and cover, irrigation and industrialization in the catchment etc., have played an important role on the recent decades＇ changes of these lakes, although constrained to a great extent by the natural impact. Comparative study on variations of lake volume （water level, depth and area） in the eastern and western lake regions of China during 1950-2000 indicated that, lake volume in the eastern region had approximately undergone a two-stage change, i.e. a dramatic decrease from the 1950s to 1970s, and a continuous increase between the 1980s and 1990s; while, in the western region, lake volume had been decreasing nearly all the time. Further studies on some typical lakes concluded that, climatic change was a primary factor for the variations of lake volume during the past 50 years, although human activities showed important effect.     

青藏高原内陆湖泊过去40年变化研究（英文）

Inland lakes and alpine glaciers are important water resources on the Tibetan Plateau. Understanding their variation is crucial for accurate evaluation and prediction of changes in water supply and for retrieval and analysis of climatic information. Data from previous research on 35 alpine lakes on the Tibetan Plateau were used to investigate changes in lake water level and area. In terms of temporal changes, the area of the 35 alpine lakes could be divided into five groups: rising, falling-rising, rising-falling, fluctuating, and falling. In terms of spatial changes, the area of alpine lakes in the Himalayan Mountains, the Karakoram Mountains, and the Qaidam Basin tended to decrease; the area of lakes in the Naqu region and the Kunlun Mountains increased; and the area of lakes in the Hoh Xil region and Qilian Mountains fluctuated. Changes in lake water level and area were correlated with regional changes in climate. Reasons for changes in these lakes on the Tibetan Plateau were analyzed, including precipitation and evaporation from meteorological data, glacier meltwater from the Chinese glacier inventories. Several key problems, e.g. challenges of monitoring water balance, limitations to glacial area detection, uncertainties in detecting lake water-level variations and variable region boundaries of lake change types on the Tibetan Plateau were discussed. This research has most indicative significance to regional climate change.     

1950-2000年中国东部和西部湖区水量空间变化趋势

Lakes in China have undergone considerable environmental changes during the past 50 years, e.g. lake level, water area changes, as did in the past several thousands years.The enhanced human activities, such as land reclamation, application of chemical fertilizer,land use and cover, irrigation and industrialization in the catchment etc., have played an im-portant role on the recent decades' changes of these lakes, although constrained to a great extent by the natural impact. Comparative study on variations of lake volume (water level,depth and area) in the eastern and western lake regions of China during 1950-2000 indicated that, lake volume in the eastern region had approximately undergone a two-stage change, i.e.a dramatic decrease from the 1950s to 1970s, and a continuous increase between the 1980s and 1990s; while, in the western region, lake volume had been decreasing nearly all the time.Further studies on some typical lakes concluded that, climatic change was a primary factor for the variations of lake volume during the past 50 years, although human activities showed important effect.     

Changes in inland lakes on the Tibetan Plateau over the past 40 years

Inland lakes and alpine glaciers are important water resources on the Tibetan Plateau. Understanding their variation is crucial for accurate evaluation and prediction of changes in water supply and for retrieval and analysis of climatic information. Data from previous research on 35 alpine lakes on the Tibetan Plateau were used to investigate changes in lake water level and area. In terms of temporal changes, the area of the 35 alpine lakes could be divided into five groups: rising, falling-rising, rising-falling, fluctuating, and falling. In terms of spatial changes, the area of alpine lakes in the Himalayan Mountains, the Karakoram Mountains, and the Qaidam Basin tended to decrease; the area of lakes in the Naqu region and the Kunlun Mountains increased; and the area of lakes in the Hoh Xil region and Qilian Mountains fluctuated. Changes in lake water level and area were correlated with regional changes in climate. Reasons for changes in these lakes on the Tibetan Plateau were analyzed, including precipitation and evaporation from meteorological data, glacier meltwater from the Chinese glacier inventories. Several key problems, e.g. challenges of monitoring water balance, limitations to glacial area detection, uncertainties in detecting lake water-level variations and variable region boundaries of lake change types on the Tibetan Plateau were discussed. This research has most indicative significance to regional climate change.     

再论罗布泊"大耳朵"地区的干涸时间

在收集前人考察成果及各类遥感影像基础上,通过实地调查,对罗布泊"大耳朵"地区干涸时间获得若干新认识。经过对1958年航片重新解译,认为根据1958年航测资料估绘,于1963年出版的罗布泊1:100 000地形图在"大耳朵"地区标注地物属性不正确,1958年干涸的环状盐壳地貌已经形成,未被洪水淹没。盐沙包137Cs分析结果表明,高约1 m盐沙包自上世纪50年代以来含137Cs堆积层仅表层9 cm,证明1958年"大耳朵"未被洪水淹没。"大耳朵"地区干盐湖盐壳粉砂含量高达10%-30%,如此大量风尘堆积的存在,也说明其形成不可能在4~5年内完成。土壤下层湖积淤泥14C测定结果表明在剖面F01处全新世早、中期均为水淹没并植物茂盛,最上层位于深105 cm处淤泥距今3 000余年。罗布泊"大耳朵"地区除"耳心"在20世纪30年代还有水覆盖外,其余广大盐壳区主要是在全新世晚期,由西向东逐渐干涸,完成由淡水湖-半咸水湖-咸水湖-盐湖-干盐湖的转变。     

近35 a来新疆干旱区湖泊变化及原因分析

应用“3S”技术,以流域为单元,对新疆干旱区1975-2010年近35 a来湖泊的变化进行了研究。研究结果表明：湖泊总体呈数量多、规模小的特点,以天然湖泊为主,湖泊分布面积最大的流域为准噶尔内流区、分布数量最多的流域为塔里木内流区;35 a来湖泊的变化呈1975-2000年数量与面积增大、2000-2010年数量与面积减少的特征;天然湖泊与人工湖泊变化差异显著,天然湖泊数量与面积均呈先增加后减少的变化特征,而人工湖泊数量及面积均呈持续增加的变化特征;1975-2000年各流域湖泊面积均增大,2000-2010年除伊犁河内流区外,各流域湖泊面积均大幅度减小;影响新疆干旱区湖泊变化的主要气候因素是降水与气温,人类活动是流域间湖泊变化幅度与变化趋势差异的主要影响因素,也是影响天然湖泊与人工湖泊变化趋势差异的主要原因。     

近30年来西藏那曲地区湖泊变化对气候波动的响应

根据1975年地形图、20世纪80年代至2005年的TM、CBERS卫星遥感资料和近45年的气温、降水量、蒸发量、最大积雪深度和最大冻土深度等气候资料分析得出,西藏那曲地区东南部的巴木错、蓬错、东错、乃日平错等四个湖泊的水位面积在近30年来呈较显著的扩大趋势,2005年与1975年相比,分别增加了48.2 km²、38.2km²、19.8 km² (比2004年)、26.0 km²,增长幅度分别为25.6%、28.2%、16.2%、37.6%。其主要原因与该地区近年来气温的上升、降水量的增加和蒸发量的减少、冻土退化等暖湿化的气候变化有很大关系。