利用异常元素水平分带序列评价矿床剥蚀程度——以兰家、八台岭、官马金矿为例

本文利用异常元素组合和综合垂向分带序列一致的同类型矿床具相同的异常元素水平分带，但矿体不同垂直截面上异常元素具有不同的水平分带的特征规律，来评价矿床的剥蚀程度     

利用异常元素水平分带序列评价矿床剥蚀程度——以兰家,八台岭,官马金矿…

本文利用异常元素组合和综合垂向，带序列一致的同类型矿床具相同的异常元素水平分带，但矿体不同垂直截面上异常元素具有不同的水平分带的特征规律，来评价矿床的剥蚀程度。     

江苏新沂高流地区土壤地球化学特征及找矿预测

在总结江苏新沂高流地区地质特征的基础上,结合区内1∶10 000土壤地球化学调查工作,系统研究该区元素含量及组合特征,并进行找矿预测。异常结果显示该区Au、Ag、Cu、Mo、Pb、Zn、As、Sn等单元素地球化学异常明显,其中Au、Ag、Mo 3个元素的异常强度和分带性均好,其形态分布受NNE向构造破碎和碱长花岗岩体等因素制约。在研究区共圈定了14处综合异常,通过异常评价,位于同一断裂带附近的3处异常成矿地质条件优越;对综合异常开展地球化学剖面查证工作,结果显示其中1处Au、Cu等元素峰值均位于NNE向断裂带中心位置。结合该区成矿地质条件和土壤地球化学异常特征,初步总结了研究区金、多金属矿找矿标志,为该区进一步找矿提供间接依据。     

刘山岩铜锌矿床地球化学异常特征及找矿评价标志

在河南省桐柏县刘山岩铜锌多金属矿区开展深部及外围预查,对矿床进行了地球化学异常特征及评价标志研究.矿床的异常元素组合主要为Cu、Zn、Pb、Ag、Ba、Mo、Cd;次为Mn、Bi、As、Ga、Ge、V、W;矿床实用元素轴向分带序列由上至下依次为Cu-Zn-As-Ga-Ag-Pb-Mo.同时,根据已知矿和非矿异常特征、元素组合及分带特征、元素比值特征等建立了矿床的找矿评价地球化学标志.     

贵州泥堡金矿床原生晕特征及深部找矿预测——以Ⅲ-1号矿体为例

为预测和评价贵州普安泥堡金矿床的成矿潜力,采用原生晕地球化学方法对10460勘探线所控制的Ⅲ-1号矿体进行原生晕轴向分带特征研究。采集了该勘探线上6个钻孔矿体附近的构造蚀变岩石样品进行ICP-AES分析。通过对各元素进行相关性分析及因子分析,选取原生晕地球化学特征研究的指示元素为Au、As、Ag、Cu、Hg、Mo、Co、Cd、Sb。综合原生晕分带图及指示元素分带序列分析,判断Ⅲ-1矿体原生晕出现了明显的分带异常,其由浅部到深部总体表现为:前缘晕元素+尾晕元素—近矿晕—前缘晕元素+近矿晕元素+尾晕元素的元素异常分布序列,指示在深部存在一个或多个隐伏矿体,是造成元素异常叠加共存与轴向分带序列异常的原因。     

青海东昆仑东段铁勒木地区水系沉积物异常特征及钨矿找矿前景分析

近年来,在东昆仑地区以地质找矿为目的,开展的大比例尺1∶2.5万水系沉积物测量工作,具有快速、准确定位异常源的特征,在找矿勘查中被广泛应用,并取得了良好的找矿成果。通过开展1∶2.5万水系沉积物测量工作,在东昆仑东段铁勒木地区圈出了以W、Cu、Au等为元素组合的综合异常12处,其中以W为主元素的综合异常有6处,各元素异常套合较好、相对规模大、异常强度高,具有明显的浓度分带。经过异常查证工作,在GA11、GA25、GA31号异常内发现4条矽卡岩带,圈定4条钨矿体。综合分析认为该区具有优越的成矿地质条件,良好的地球化学特征,取得较好的找矿效果,具备大中型矽卡岩型钨矿的找矿潜力。     

西藏浪卡子县穷子地区土壤地球化学特征及找矿预测

在西藏浪卡子县穷子地区进行的1∶10 000土壤地球化学测量工作中,采用变化系数对测区10种微量元素进行地球化学统计分析,得知Au元素具有较大的成矿潜力;运用统计学软件SPSS19对10种元素含量值进行相关性分析、R型聚类分析和R型因子分析,划分出As-Au-Sb、Pb-Mo-Zn、Bi-Ag和Cu-W等4组元素组合;采用异常下限值圈定单元素异常和组合异常,结果显示As-Au-Sb组合异常和W元素异常强度较高,三级浓度分带清晰,浓集中心连续,具有较好的找矿前景;高品位Au矿化蚀变带的圈定,为下一步找矿工作提供了理论依据,显示出较好的找矿潜力。     

内蒙古准苏吉花铜钼矿区土壤地球化学 异常特征与评价

内蒙古准苏吉花铜钼矿床为典型的热液脉型矿床,矿区地表土壤中元素含量及异常特征研究表明,元素在平面上出现明显的分带性,以地表矿化露头为中心,由内向外依次为Mo-Cu-W-Bi带、In-Zn-Ag-Cd带及Pb-As-Sb带,该元素组合分带与典型中-高温热液矿床中元素分布规律基本一致。利用综合地质累积指数对土壤中主成矿元素Mo与伴生元素Cu、W、In、Bi的组合异常进行评价,共圈出4个找矿靶区,经野外异常查证与工程验证,建议在Ⅰ、Ⅱ号靶区进行深部资源预测工作,对Ⅲ、Ⅳ号靶区开展进一步查证与验证工作,以期在Ⅳ号靶区深部发现矽卡岩型矿化。本次研究对准苏吉花地区下一步勘查找矿工作的部署与开展具有重要借鉴意义。     

综合物化探方法在哈拉河铅锌矿区勘查中的应用

在内蒙古扎兰屯市哈拉河铅锌多金属矿区进行普查,对矿床进行了物化探异常特征及评价标志综合研究。根据勘查区物化探异常特征,结合异常所处的地质环境,判断勘查区主成矿元素为Pb、Zn、Ag、Cu,并存在As、Sb、Ag、Pb、Zn、Au、Cu、Mo、Bi多元素叠加异常,含矿安山岩体分布及深度与相对高的极化率、低视电阻率异常特征有关。根据已知矿和非矿异常特征、元素组合及分带特征等,建立了矿床的物化探综合找矿评价标志。     

基于盲源分离理论的地球化学矿致异常识别研究

尝试将盲源分离技术用于地球化学领域中,应用盲源分离理论中的FastICA算法对西藏洞嘎普铜矿勘查区1∶10 000土壤地球化学测量数据进行了矿致异常识别研究。首先根据盲源分离算法建立反演化探数据元素组合模型,以此确定地球化学成矿元素组合;然后,利用分形方法确定地球化学单元素及元素组合的异常下限,圈定异常浓集中心,进而确定异常分带性;最后,将元素分带特性研究与研究区地质特征相结合,对比单元素异常图及组合异常图,对研究区的地球化学元素作出异常分类和异常评价解释,划分的4个异常区域在后期的工程验证中取得了很好的效果。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.