Multiuser Communications Using Passive Time Reversal

A recent paper (Song , IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 170-178, 2006) demonstrated multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) communications in shallow water using active time reversal where the time reversal array (i.e., base station) sent different messages to multiple users simultaneously over a common bandwidth channel. Passive time reversal essentially is equivalent to active time reversal with the communications link being in the opposite direction. This paper describes passive time reversal communications which enables multiple users to send information simultaneously to the time reversal array. Experimental results at 3.5 kHz with a 1-kHz bandwidth demonstrate that as many as six users can transmit information over a 4-km range in a 120-m-deep water using quaternary phase-shift keying (QPSK) modulation, achieving an aggregate data rate of 6 kb/s. Moreover, the same data rate has been achieved at 20-km range by three users using 16 quadrature amplitude modulation (16-QAM).     

OFDM水声通信系统的同步技术研究

OFDM传输技术能够克服水声信道中的多径传播并获得高的频谱效率,不需要复杂的自适应均衡器,但其对同步误差非常敏感.在分析OFDM同步误差原理的基础上,设计实现了一个宽带OFDM水声通信接收机,并着重讨论了接收机中基于训练数据的定时和频率同步方法,以及多普勒频偏的估计和补偿算法.水下实验证明了方案的有效性.     

一种实时水下声图象的获取,处理和自动识别系统

本文介绍了一种实时水下声图象的获取、处理和自动识别系统，对构成系统的软，硬件系统作了概要的描述，并给出相应的框图和部分实验结果，本系统曾成功地用于松花江沉船的找捞任务，证明已达到实用阶段。     

动态测量系统中时间同步问题研究与实践

多传感器动态测量系统中时间严格同步是实现系统实时、准确获取空间目标位置、姿态等信息的关键。围绕解决传感器间数据同步问题,提出针对两台计算机的时间同步方案,制定传感器数据采集方案,提出相应的数据内插算法。综合测试结果表明,提出的方案及算法成功地解决了多传感器动态测量系统中的时间同步问题,系统综合测试精度优于0．05mm,远远高于0．465mm的设计指标。     

一种基于环境噪声的被动测深方法

研究利用环境噪声进行水深探测的一种被动测深的方法。基于阵列信号处理,应用时域格林函数恢复原理,获取被动接收阵中接收信号所隐藏的时延信息,探索利用垂直海底传播的海洋环境噪声可实现水深探测的原理,建立了基于二元垂直阵的被动测深数学模型,分析了水听器接收到的环境噪声直达波及海底反射信号的时延与水听器阵列尺寸及海底深度间的数学关系,推导了深度解算理论公式。计算机仿真及水池实验验证了方法的有效性,为被动水深探测提供了一种新的技术途径。     

可视化编程用于建立成像光谱仪海洋遥感资料处理系统

利用可视化编程语言ＶＢ开发出一套成像光谱仪资料处理系统，用于海面叶绿素浓度信息提取，具有操作方便的图形用户界面，大大简化了各种振兴中华，去了众多参数值的反复输入。图像处理模块可加入许多常用的图像处理功能。并可调入一些商业化软件，寿命完成许多图像处理功能。     

近场MVDR聚焦波束扫描声图定位方法研究

声图测量技术是一种适用于近场的高精度被动定位技术,可以用来测量舰船辐射噪声源位置的空间分布。声图测量的核心算法是聚焦波束形成。算法的分辨力与阵长、信号处理频段以及目标距离有关。当阵长一定、测量区范围给定时,算法对低频声源的分辨力较差。MVDR波束形成法可较常规波束形成获得更高的分辨力,降低旁瓣。采用MVDR与聚焦波束形成相结合的方法可提高对舰船各部位辐射噪声源的分辨力。     

A Study of Spatial Processing Gain in Underwater Acoustic Communications

Spatial processing, including beamforming and diversity combining, is widely used in communications to mitigate intersymbol interference (ISI) and signal fading caused by multipath propagation. Beamforming suppresses ISI (and noise) by eliminating multipath (and noise) arrivals outside the signal beam. Beamforming requires the signals to be highly coherent between the receivers. Diversity combining combats ISI as well as signal fading by taking advantage of the independent information in the signal. Classical (spatial) diversity requires that signals are independently fading, hence are (spatially) uncorrelated with each other. In the real world, the received signals are neither totally coherent nor totally uncorrelated. The available diversity is complex and not well understood. In this paper, we study the spatial processing gain (SPG) as a function of the number of receivers used, receiver separation, and array aperture based on experimental data, using beamforming and multichannel combining algorithms. We find that the output symbol signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for a multichannel equalizer is predominantly determined by the array aperture divided by the signal coherence length, with a negligible dependence on the number of receivers used. For a given number of receivers, an optimal output symbol SNR (OSNR) is achieved by spacing the receivers equal to or greater than the signal coherence length. We model the SPG in decibels as the sum of the noise suppression gain (NSG, equivalent to signal-to-noise enhancement) and the ISI suppression gain (ISG, equivalent to signal-to-ISI enhancement) both expressed in decibels; the latter exploits the spatial diversity and forms the basis for the diversity gain. Data are interpreted using the modeled result as a guide. We discuss a beam-domain processor for sonar arrays, which yields an improved performance at low-input SNR compared to the element-domain processor because of the SNR enhancement from beamforming many sensors.     

一种水声定位数据后置处理方法

文章给出了定位数学模型和递推最小二乘算法,并且讨论了数据后置处理的过程和最小二乘法在数据后置处理中的应用,最后详细介绍了水池试验数据的处理结果。实验结果表明,利用递推最小二乘法能够有效地对定位结果进行平滑处理。     

海洋水声环境调查数据处理系统的设计与实现

针对目前海洋环境调查现状,结合国内现有的技术条件和现有的处理方法、原理,详细论述了海洋水声环境调查处理系统软件主要功能的设计及关键技术,该系统软件满足海洋调查的需求,极大提高了海洋环境数据处理的自动化、数字化和信息化程度。     

RTK GPS在超短基线声学定位系统安装校准中的应用

超短基线（uhra short base line,USBL）声学定位系统的换能器安装是具有一定方向性的,但是,在安装过程中,不能保证换能器方向与船艏方向严格一致,必然存在不可忽视的系统误差,影响了测量精度;因此,必须通过校准消除系统误差。本文应用高精度RTKGPS实现了换能器安装方向的校准,取得了满意的结果。     

用单片机实现水声遥控指令的脉冲周期编码（PTC）信号

本文介绍用单片机实现脉冲周期编码（ＰＴＣ）的电路,给出硬件和软件的配置,其特点是灵活、简单、可靠,适合用于水下传输多个声遥控指令     

便携式天文定向系统及其精度分析

天文定向是以观测天体来确定地面目标方位角的高精度自主定向方法。但是,传统的天文定向设备繁重,无法满足机动应用。针对这一问题,利用电子经纬仪和内置GPS OEM板的掌上电脑,建立了新型便携式天文定向系统,提出了将时角法模型推广到太阳和任意恒星定向的新思路。测试结果表明该系统精度高、速度快,能满足快速机动定向的需求。     

海洋声学调查数据处理系统的实现及关键技术

针对目前我国海洋水声环境调查需求,结合国内现有的技术条件和现有的处理方法、原理,详述了海洋声学调查数据处理系统的实现途径及关键技术的解决,该系统软件满足我国目前海洋调查的需求,提高了海洋环境数据处理的自动化、数字化和信息化程度。     

MFSK水声通信接收系统中的幅度均衡设计

为了抗幅度随频率的衰减，提出了一种基于多频移频健控（MFSK）调制方式的水声通信接收系统中的幅度均衡技术，介绍了构成幅度均衡电路的基本原理以及在厦门港浅海域中的实验结果，实验结果表明，该技术能有效克服上系统中的信号民幅度随率的衰减问题。使接收到的图像清晰易读。     

A Variable-Rate Spread-Spectrum System for Underwater Acoustic Communications

A key research area in underwater acoustic (UWA) communication is the development of advanced modulation and detection schemes for improved performance and range-rate product. In this communication, we propose a variable-rate underwater data transmission system based on direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) and complementary code keying (CCK), particularly for shallow-water acoustic channels with severe multipath propagation. We provide a suboptimum receiver that consists of a bidirectional decision feedback equalizer (BiDFE) to cancel both postcursor and precursor intersymbol interference (ISI). We also develop iterative signal processing and time-reversal (TR) diversity processing to mitigate the effect of error propagation in BiDFE. We present performance analysis on bit error rate (BER) for different data rates. Our works show that this new variable-data-rate DSSS-CCK is a suitable candidate for UWA communications over varying channel conditions and distance.      

双通道实时数据采集处理系统的设计与实现

本文提出了一种基于 TMS32 0 C31串行接口的双通道实时数据采集处理系统的设计与实现方案 ,该设计以 TMS32 0 C31和 TL C32 0 AD5 0 C为核心器件 ,具有两个独立的 A/D,D/A通道 ,能够实现 32位浮点计算和 16位数据采集与回放。应用该系统进行归一化最小均方误差 (Normal-ized L east Mean Square,NLMS)算法实时自适应噪声抵消实验 ,实验结果表明 ,该系统能够实现实时的自适应噪声抵消 ,可广泛应用于实时语音信号处理等领域。     

一种逆式回声仪传播时间数据的处理方法

逆式回声仪（Inverted Echo Sounder,IES）是深海声层析领域主要的信息采集设备,它发射声信号并根据接收时间来反演海洋区域的物理性质。但是由于海洋深度的不均匀性,不同设备采集的信息难以进行统一使用。针对上述问题,基于墨西哥湾逆式回声仪采集数据开展研究,结合 IES 数据转化方法实现传播时间信息的拟合与去噪。还针对季节偏差与参考面转化进行深入研究,提出了一种考虑季节偏差的方法,将季节偏差从测量数据中剔除,并将时间数据转化到定义参考面上,有效提升了数据处理方法的鲁棒性。方法可适用于其他海域逆式回声仪数据的处理,也可为其他类似研究提供参考。     

A Study of a Short-Baseline Acoustic Positioning System for Offshore Vessels

The underwater position of the beacon determined using the conventional mode of the short-baseline acoustic positioning system (SBL system) is usually incorrect due to the inaccuracy of underwater-measured sound speed, which is affected by the environment. This article presents a corrected mode of SBL system to offer a precise solution for the underwater beacon position. The corrected mode using the formulation of Euclidean geometry converges quickly and efficiently, obtaining the precise position of the beacon. Finally, a simulation of coring missions of a vessel is presented to verify the accuracy of the corrected mode of the SBL system.     

High-Rate Communication for Underwater Acoustic Channels Using Multiple Transmitters and Space–Time Coding: Receiver Structures and Experimental Results

In this paper, we consider the use of multiple antennas and space-time coding for high data rate underwater acoustic (UWA) communications. Recent advances in information theory have shown that significant capacity gains can be achieved by using multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) systems and space-time coding techniques for rich scattering environments. This is especially significant for the UWA channel where the usable bandwidth is severely limited due to frequency-dependent attenuation. In this paper, we propose to use space-time coding and iterative decoding techniques to obtain high data rates and reliability over shallow-water, medium-range UWA channels. In particular, we propose to use space-time trellis codes (STTCs), layered space-time codes (LSTCs) and their combinations along with three low-complexity adaptive equalizer structures at the receiver. We consider multiband transmissions where the available bandwidth is divided into several subbands with guard bands in between them. We describe the theoretical basis of the proposed receivers along with a comprehensive set of experimental results obtained by processing data collected from real UWA communications experiments carried out in the Pacific Ocean. We demonstrate that by using space-time coding at the transmitter and sophisticated iterative processing at the receiver, we can obtain data rates and spectral efficiencies that are not possible with single transmitter systems at similar ranges and depths. In particular, we have demonstrated reliable transmission at a data rate of 48 kb/s in 23 kHz of bandwidth, and 12 kb/s in 3 kHz of bandwidth (a spectral efficiency of 4 bs^-1Hz^-1) at a 2-km range.