Transversely isotropic frost heave modeling with heat–moisture–deformation coupling

The transversely isotropic (TISO) constitutive and frost heave models for the freezing of fine-grained soils are more accurate than the isotropic model and simpler than the orthotropic models. First, in combination with the mesoscopic composition of freezing soils, a mechanical model for the interaction between the equivalent ice lens and the soil in frozen soils is established based on the series and parallel models in the theory of composite mechanics. Second, the TISO constitutive model together with the analytic expression of five elastic constants is provided for analysis of the freezing soils. Third, a preliminary elastoplastic model for TISO freezing soil is established based on the Hill plastic model. Fourth, the heat–moisture–deformation coupling TISO model and the hydrodynamic frost heave model are derived according to a thermodynamics equation, a soil water motion equation, and generalized Hooke’s law. Synchronization and uniformity of the TISO constitutive model and the TISO frost heave model are realized for analyzing the interaction between permafrost soils and buildings. Finally, an indoor standard frost heave test and the frost heave of a prototype canal are simulated based on the above models. The numerical results indicated that the models presented in this paper accurately described the frost heave and revealed the interaction between permafrost and buildings.

     

隧道水平冻结施工引起地表冻胀的历时预测模型

隧道水平冻结施工过程中,土体冻结引起体积膨胀,进而会在地表产生冻胀现象。实际工程一般采用多根冻结管形成冻结壁。冻结壁交圈前,地表冻胀由多个冻土柱的叠加膨胀变形引起;冻结壁交圈后,地表冻胀则由整个冻结壁的膨胀变形引起。鉴于此,考虑冻结壁的形成过程,基于随机介质理论,建立了隧道水平冻结施工引起地表冻胀位移的历时预测模型。同时对冻结外锋面半径和冻胀区域外半径这2个关键参数的取值方法进行了相关探讨。最后针对两个工程案例,采用该计算模型对地表冻胀位移进行分析,得到地表冻胀位移随时间的变化规律,并与现场实测结果相比较,验证了模型的可靠性。该模型应用于隧道水平冻结施工前、冻结期内任意时刻的地表冻胀位移预测,可为工程冻结实施方案的合理确定提供有效依据。     

饱和正冻土水分迁移及冻胀模型研究

正冻土在温度梯度大的情况下,冻结锋面快速移动,孔隙水变成冰,造成原位体积膨胀;而通常在天然条件下,温度梯度都不大,水从未冻区向冻结区迁移,在某一个位置引起冰的累积,形成分凝冰。由于此诱发的冻胀要比原位冻胀大很多,因此,建立一个能够模拟土体水分迁移及分凝冰形成过程的冻胀模型尤其重要。基于第2冻胀理论,建立了饱和土体冻胀模型。在模型中,假设冻结缘中单位时间内水分迁移速度为常数,以计算冻结缘内水压力,再根据克拉方程得到冰压力。根据冰压力的大小作为分凝冰形成判据,研究中假设新的分凝冰形成以后,上一层分凝冰停止生长。模型把水分迁移和冻胀速率当作基本的未知量,模拟了与可天然土体冻胀类似的底部无压补水和顶部加压的冻胀情况。通过数值模拟与试验结果进行对比,初步验证模型的可靠性,其研究结果为实际寒区工程的冻胀预测提供参考。     

Separate-ice frost heave model for one-dimensional soil freezing process

For one-dimensional soil freezing process, a separate-ice frost heave model is established, and the coupled process of heat transfer, fluid flow and stress development is considered in the model. First, a coupled heat–fluid–stress model describing the growth of a single ice lens is developed by extending the coupled heat–fluid model presented by Zhou and Zhou (Can Geotech J 49(6):686–693, 2012). Second, the mechanism for the formation of a new ice lens in the frozen fringe is studied, and we indicate that if the total vertical disjoining pressure at certain place exceeds the sum of the external pressure and the critical pressure, a new ice lens will emerge. By combining the growth model of a single ice lens and the criterion for the formation of a new ice lens, the separate-ice frost heave model is then established. The difference between the separate-ice model and the rigid-ice model is explained, and the relations for different mathematical models which describe the soil freezing process are also discussed. Numerical analysis of the separate-ice model is conducted using the finite volume method. The freezing tests for Devon silt under no external pressure and Xuzhou silty clay under a constant external pressure are applied to verify the computational results. The consistence between the calculation and the observation validates the separate-ice frost heave model.     

一种易于产生冻胀的冻结模式

选取青藏铁路沿线粉质黏土,进行了一维土样在连续、分步两种不同冻结模式下的冻胀响应试验和数值模拟研究,得到并分析其温度梯度场及土样冻胀量的演变规律。结果表明,与连续冻结模式相比,分步冻结模式更易产生较大冻胀量,其机制主要在于该冻结模式使得冻结缘内温度梯度较大。     

中国冻胀研究进展

中国的冻胀研究从５０年代末期开始，经科研单位、勘察设计院和大专院校冻土工作者近４０年的努力，通过现场观察、原位测试、室内试验和计算机模拟等多种手段，开展了冻胀量、冻胀力、冻胀机理、冻胀预报和各类工程防冻胀措施研究，取得了丰硕成果。提出了冻土工程分类、冻胀量和冻胀力的设计值和估算方法，以及各类工程防冻胀破坏的行之有效的方法。目前，研究工作正朝着从表象到机理、从宏观到微观的方向深化。进一步研究多孔介质中热质迁移的物理过程，特别是水分迁移的驱动力与温度或温度梯度间的相互关系，提出能反映过程物理本质且简便的冻胀预报模式及研制出对冻胀不敏感的新材料应成为今后工作的重点。     

季节冻土区高铁路基冻胀研究进展及展望

随着我国高速铁路建设的快速发展,穿越广阔季节冻土区的高速铁路越来越多,工程面临的冻胀问题已成为研究和工程人员关注的焦点,并取得了许多研究成果。基于前人研究,总结了我国季节冻土区高速铁路路基冻胀特点和分布规律,探讨了高铁路基粗颗粒填料的冻胀特性及其影响因素,分析了路基在冻融过程中水热变化情况,讨论了现有高铁路基防冻害措施以及其适用性。在此基础上,提出季节冻土区高铁路基冻胀研究面临的主要问题及展望,为季节冻土区高铁路基冻胀及其防治工作研究提供新思路。     

Heat and mass flow associated with a freezing front

A one-dimensional mathematical model for heat and moisture flow in saturated porous materials is given. The model is formulated using capillary theory and depends upon the inter-relationship between pore radius, freezing point depression and the cryogenic suction. The conditions at the frost line include a criterion which determines whether heave and/or penetration of the frost line occurs.

Numerical results are given which were computed using an expanding—contracting finite-difference approximation. These results compare well with temperature and heave measurements made in the laboratory using a precise freezing cell.     

基于改进西原模型的深井冻结压力数值计算分析

深厚冲积层冻结压力取值大小是冻结法凿井外层井壁设计计算的重要依据。为此,基于符合深井冻土蠕变特性的改进西原模型,利用ABAQUS软件的用户子程序接口,实现该模型的UMAT开发。考虑土体冻结过程中的热-力耦合作用获得井筒开挖前土体冻胀应力分布规律,在此基础上,计算分析了深部冻结井的掘砌过程,获得了作用于外层井壁的冻结压力发展变化规律。计算结果表明：土体埋深、冻结壁温度、土体冻胀率等因素均影响冻结压力的大小。在其他条件不变的情况下,当埋深由400 m增加到500 m时,冻结压力增加21%;当冻结壁平均温度由-16 ℃降低至-18 ℃时,冻结压力减小10%;当土体冻胀率由2%增加到3%时,冻结压力增加3.8%。冻结压力随层位深度及土体冻胀率的增加而增加,而降低冻结壁温度则有利于冻结壁的稳定。数值计算结果与实测值的误差小于15%,比理论计算更有利于实际工程中深井冻结压力的计算预测。     

Stability Analysis and Numerical Simulation of Differential Frost Heave

Differential frost heave is often implicated in the formation of patterned ground in regions subject to recurrent freezing and thawing. A linear stability analysis (LSA) indicates that a continuum model of frost heave is linearly unstable under typical natural freezing conditions of silty-clay soils. A two-dimensional non-linear numerical analysis corroborates the frozen time LSA results, and also indicates the importance of non-linear and time-dependent terms that ultimately lead to a preferred mode, which the LSA fails to predict. Instability of the one-dimensional solution occurs at shallow freezing depths and near-zero surface loads when positive perturbations in the ice content at the freezing front lead to a concomitant increase in thermomolecular pressure and upward ice velocity. Differential frost heave can then occur because of the increased heat flux from the perturbed surfaces. A three-dimensional model using random initial surface perturbations indicates that regular surface patterns will evolve with a length scale in the order of 2–4 meters, which corresponds quite closely with naturally-occurring non-sorted patterned ground.     

论季节冻土的冻胀沿冻深分布

本文根据甘肃省1979年以来的渠道冻胀试验成果,得出了4种冻胀沿深度分布的类型及其与地下水位和土质条件的关系。其分布规律可用水分迁移理论加以解释。所谓“主冻胀层”概念仅适用于封闭冻结系统。根据一个简化的水热迁移模型计算也证实了地下水热影响。     

地铁联络通道冻结施工的热流固(THM)耦合分析

随着城市地铁规模的不断发展, 冻结法在地铁联络通道施工中得到了广泛应用.为了得到合适的地层冻结工艺参数和指标, 了解开挖隧道对地层稳定性的影响, 保证工程的安全性, 基于考虑相变及冻胀的热-流-固(THM)耦合理论, 采用COMSOL有限元分析软件模拟某地铁联络通道水平人工冻结及开挖施工过程.分析了冻结过程中地层温度场、渗流场及位移场的变化规律, 研究了开挖后地层位移场的分布规律.结果表明: 由于水渗流作用, 温度场和位移场的分布不再关于y轴对称;在人工冻结过程中, 地表处冻胀位移的最大值出现在y轴以右, 冻胀量变化表现为先线性增长, 而后趋于稳定.总体上, 实施人工冻结可以很好地增加周围土体的强度及稳定性, 对止水和抑制地层变形具有良好的效果.     

Numerical simulation of frost heave with coupled water freezing,temperature and stress fields in tunnel excavation

Artificial ground freezing is an effective ground improvement technique to deal with diverse geotechnical construction problems as it serves to cut off the water and also improves the ground soil strength. However, ground freezing may produce frost heave and thaw settlement at the ground surface. Predicting and controlling the frost heave is a challenge to engineering construction in a heavily populated city. This paper proposes an analysis model that couples the water freezing, temperature and stress fields. This model is first applied to an underground excavation problem of a corridor where ground freezing is used. The numerical predictions are compared with field measurements. It is then applied for a model tunnel problem to study the effect of the overlying soil thickness, frozen soil wall thickness, excavation radius and brine temperature on the frost heave. It is found that the vertical component of the frost heave follows a normal distribution with a maximum at the tunnel axis, while the horizontal component reaches a maximum at a distance from the tunnel axis. This distance is directly proportional to the thickness of the overlying soil. A critical brine temperature is also found at which the frost heave at the ground surface reaches a maximum.     

饱和粉土冻结过程中的水分迁移试验研究

改变边界温度和土样高度,对饱和粉土进行了冻结试验,研究其水分迁移、水分重分布、冻胀和冰透镜体的发展规律。试验结果表明：当温度稳定时,水分持续迁移到冻结锋面附近,含水率急剧增大,易形成冰透镜体。饱和粉土冰透镜体几何形态较为规则,无枝状交叉结构,已冻土为整体状且无网状裂隙。冻结过程中存在起始冻胀时间,在起始冻胀时间之前,土中水分被排出,冻胀发生之后水分补给到冻土中,且补给水分产生的冻胀量和总冻胀量数值接近。土样高度影响水分迁移量和冻胀量,土样越高,冻胀量越小,冻土含水率增量越小,但水分增量分布区域越分散,且起始冻胀时间越长。     

基于格子Boltzmann方法的饱和冻土孔隙成冰介观尺度模拟

路基冻胀问题严重影响寒区高速铁路的安全服役,而成冰相变过程是解释冻胀机制的关键。基于介观尺度的格子Boltzmann方法,将修正的孔隙水冻结温度算法与焓法固液相变格子Boltzmann模型相结合,模拟了悬浮液滴冻结和冻土孔隙水成冰两个过程,分别揭示了液态水在自由状态和孔隙束缚状态下冰水相变的细观机制。计算结果表明：土体孔隙中冰晶由中心向外生长的过程与悬浮在空气中的液滴冻结过程截然不同,并且孔隙水越接近颗粒表面,其冻结温度越低。相同粒径颗粒按照不同排列方式得到的冻结特征曲线（soil freezing characteristic curves,简称SFCC）具有明显差异;不同粒径的SFCC随着颗粒增大残余水含量逐渐变少,形态更加陡峭。通过与文献试验结果对比,验证了格子Boltzmann方法的有效性,表明该方法能够为研究多孔介质水气迁移与相变过程提供介观尺度的新手段。     

人工侧向冻结条件下土的冻结试验

在人工侧向冻结、正弦和恒温2种冻结温度、开放和封闭条件下,对含水率为32 %的重塑粉质黏土进行了4组冻结试验。结果表明,补水条件相同时侧向正弦冻结试样的冻结速度比封闭正弦冻结试验的缓慢,当其冻结状态进入稳态之后,试样的整体温度场随着侧向冻结温度的正弦变化而出现相应的波动,但径向各段的温度梯度的相位滞后于正弦温度相位半个周期;正弦冻结试样与恒温冻结试样在同一条件下的冻胀量相近,封闭体系下自上而下轴向冻结试样的冻胀量高于同条件下侧向冻结试样的冻胀量;人工冻结工程中应考虑大气环境温度变化（如昼夜温差）及冷能侧向输入土体内时对冻土温度场的变化的影响。     

辽西地区风积土冻融特征的试验研究

针对辽西地区的风积土进行了单向冻结试验,研究了土样在冻结过程中的温度变化规律和温度梯度对冻胀的影响;分别针对封闭系统和开敞系统进行了有外加荷载和无外加荷载作用下的冻融试验,对在一定温度条件下荷载和水分对风积土冻融性质的影响进行了试验研究,获得了温度、外荷载和水分对冻融影响及其冻融演变规律。研究结果表明,温度和温度梯度是影响土体冻胀的主要因素,而外荷载主要对融沉的演化过程和最终冻胀量产生影响,水分的迁移则主要对冻胀的演化过程产生影响。     

细粒硫酸钠盐渍土盐冻胀特性试验研究

为探究温度与硫酸钠含量对细粒硫酸钠盐渍土盐冻胀率及盐胀占比的影响,取兰州黄土作为素土人工配盐,用平衡公式进行理论推导,并设计了室内试验对其进行验证。结果表明：当压实度为92%、含水率为最优含水率16.8%时,随着含盐量的升高,细粒硫酸钠盐渍土的冻结温度随硫酸钠含量的增大而降低,且随着温度的降低,盐胀率的变化趋势与盐冻胀率基本一致。在冻结温度以下至-5 ℃盐胀发展速度最快,在-5 ℃以下盐胀率增长很小;在压实度为92%、含水率为最优含水率16.8%条件下,在硫酸钠含量不变时,温度越低,盐胀占比越大;温度不变时,硫酸钠含量越高,盐胀占比越大,在冻结温度以上盐胀占比为100%,但当温度降至-3~-4 ℃时盐胀占比降到50%,在-10 ℃以下盐胀占比基本保持不变。     

基于不同冻结试验模式分析控制冻胀规律

对冻结技术应用中冻胀控制这一重要课题．通过试验比较了控制冻深的间歇冻结模式与传统连续冻结模式的冻胀量差异．试验结果表明：控制冻深的间歇冻结模式冻胀量为连续冻结模式的48．8％,其等效条件下的冻胀量约为连续冻结模式的71．2％,冻胀部分得到控制。针对该间歇冻结模式控制冻胀的规律,提出末透镜体层为冻胀控制的关键透镜体层。通过对试验的定性分析．指出控制冻深的间歇冻结模式在间歇段能够促使末透镜体分凝温度升高,形成速度减缓,继而出现停止形成的阶段,控制冻胀。分析指出控制冻深的间歇冻结模式是工程唯一可用的冻胀控制的冻结模式,且该模式较传统连续冻结模式更为经济。