基于GPS的MODIS近红外可降水量季节性模型建立

在考虑可降水量季节性变化的基础上,提出利用GPS数据建立MODIS近红外可降水量季节性模型。首先对比分析2014年北京房山(BJFS)站的GPS可降水量和相应时间的MODIS近红外可降水量数据,发现两者之间的变化趋势基本一致,存在显著线性相关性;然后以GPS可降水量为标准值,利用回归分析建立GPS和MODIS可降水量之间的季节和全年校正模型。经检验,GPS可降水量与四个季节模型校正的MODIS近红外可降水量的均方根误差均小于3mm,最大误差不超过6mm,季节校正模型的精度都要高于全年校正模型。     

Spatial–temporal variations of water vapor content over Ethiopia: a study using GPS observations and the ECMWF model

GPS Solutions - We characterize the spatial–temporal variability of integrated water vapor (IWV) in Ethiopia from a network of global positioning system (GPS) stations and the European Center...     

在高海拔地区Saastamoinen与Hopfield模型推算水汽含量差异的研究

详细分析了在高海拔地区利用Saastamoinen和Hopfield两种模型推算水汽含量时产生差异的原因，并通过对高程不同的测站上实测数据的分析和研究，给出了Hopfield模型的修正项。     

利用天顶对流层延迟数据直接推算水汽含量的研究

比较和分析了北京、拉萨和武汉等跟踪站2002年7月的天顶对流层延迟和大气综合水汽的变化趋势,提出了无需进行其他转换利用天顶对流层延迟直接推算水汽含量的新方法,并对实测数据的计算结果进行了验证,证明了该方法的可行性。     

从GPS推算大气水汽的误差分析

讨论了从GPS观测数据推算大气水汽值的各种误差，分析了这些误差对大气水汽值的影响。     

MODIS水汽反演用于InSAR大气校正的理论研究

大气效应尤其是大气水汽的影响是InSAR干涉测量中主要的误差源和限制因素之一,因此高精度的InSAR应用迫切需要及时掌握大气水汽含量及其时空变化。本文深入分析了利用MODIS的水汽反演结果进行InSAR干涉测量大气校正的可行性,对MODIS近红外水汽反演结果与地基GPS水汽探测结果进行了比较和分析。同时根据GPS解算结果,利用实例讨论了基于地面气象参数的水汽延迟模拟的效果。     

4D GPS water vapor tomography: new parameterized approaches

Water vapor is a key variable in numerical weather prediction, as it plays an important role in atmospheric processes. Nonetheless, the distribution of water vapor in the atmosphere is observed with a coarse resolution in time and space compared to the resolution of numerical weather models. GPS water vapor tomography is one of the promising methods to improve the resolution of water vapor measurements. This paper presents new parameterized approaches for the determination of water vapor distribution in the troposphere by GPS. We present the methods and give first results validating the approaches. The parameterization of voxels (volumetric pixels) by trilinear and spline functions in ellipsoidal coordinates are introduced in this study. The evolution in time of the refractivity field is modeled by a Kalman filter with a temporal resolution of 30 s, which corresponds to the available GPS-data rate. The algorithms are tested with simulated and with real data from more than 40 permanent GPS receiver stations in Switzerland and adjoining regions covering alpine areas. The investigations show the potential of the new parameterized approaches to yield superior results compared to the non parametric classical one. The accuracy of the tomographic result is quantified by the inter-quartile range (IQR), which is decreased by 10–20% with the new approaches. Further, parameterized voxel solutions have a substantially smaller maximal error than the non parameterized ones. Simulations show a limited ability to resolve vertical structures above the top station of the network with GPS tomography.     

成都地区地基GPS观测网遥感大气可降水量的初步试验

利用首个成都地区地基GPS观测网2004年7～9月30s间隔的测量数据，通过Bernese GPS SoftwareV4．2解算出30min间隔的天顶总延迟量，结合自动气象站获得的气象资料计算出30min间隔的GPS遥感的大气可降水量。与根据气象探空站探测资料算出的可降水量进行统计对比，确定出本次GPS遥感可降水量试验的精度为3．09mm，两种可降水量时间序列呈现高度的一致性。同时验证了计算对流层加权平均温度的Bevis经验公式在成都地区的适用性。     

Spectral anisotropy of subtropical deciduous forest using MISR and MODIS data acquired under large seasonal variation in solar zenith angle

Recent studies in Amazonian tropical evergreen forests using the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) have highlighted the importance of considering the view-illumination geometry in satellite data analysis. However, contrary to the observed for evergreen forests, bidirectional effects have not been evaluated in Brazilian subtropical deciduous forests. In this study, we used MISR data to characterize the reflectance and vegetation index anisotropies in subtropical deciduous forest from south Brazil under large seasonal solar zenith angle (SZA) variation and decreasing leaf area index (LAI) from the summer to winter. MODIS data were used to observe seasonal changes in the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and enhanced vegetation index (EVI). Topographic effects on their determination were inspected by dividing data from the summer to winter and projecting results over a digital elevation model (DEM). By using the PROSAIL, we investigated the relative contribution of LAI and SZA to vegetation indices (VI) of deciduous forest. We also simulated and compared the MISR NDVI and EVI response of subtropical deciduous and tropical evergreen forests as a function of the large seasonal SZA amplitude of 33°. Results showed that the MODIS-MISR NDVI and EVI presented higher values in the summer and lower ones in the winter with decreasing LAI and increasing SZA or greater amounts of canopy shadows viewed by the sensors. In the winter, NDVI reduced local topographic effects due to the red-near infrared (NIR) band normalization. However, the contrary was observed for the three-band EVI that enhanced local variations in shaded and sunlit surfaces due to its strong dependence on the NIR band response. The reflectance anisotropy of the MISR bands increased from the summer to winter and was stronger in the backscattering direction at large view zenith angles (VZA). EVI was much more anisotropic than NDVI and the anisotropy increased from the summer to winter. It also increased from the forward scatter to the backscattering direction with the predominance of sunlit canopy components viewed by MISR, especially at large VZA. Modeling PROSAIL results confirmed the stronger anisotropy of EVI than NDVI for the subtropical deciduous and tropical evergreen forests. PROSAIL showed that LAI and SZA are coupled factors to decrease seasonally the VIs of deciduous forest with the first one having greater importance than the latter. However, PROSAIL seasonal variations in VIs were much smaller than those observed with MODIS data probably because the effects of shadows in heterogeneous canopy structures or/and cast by emergent trees and from local topography were not modeled.     

Voxel-optimized regional water vapor tomography and comparison with radiosonde and numerical weather model

Water vapor tomography has been developed as a powerful tool to model spatial and temporal distribution of atmospheric water vapor. Global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) water vapor tomography refers to the 3D structural construction of tropospheric water vapor using a large number of GNSS signals that penetrate the tomographic modeling area from different positions. The modeling area is usually discretized into a number of voxels. A major issue involved is that some voxels are not crossed by any GNSS signal rays, resulting in an undetermined solution to the tomographic system. To alleviate this problem, the number of voxels crossed by GNSS signal rays should be as large as possible. An important way to achieve this is to optimize the geographic distribution of tomographic voxels. We propose an approach to optimize voxel distribution in both vertical and horizontal domains. In the vertical domain, water vapor profiles derived from radiosonde data are exploited to identify the maximum height of tomography and the optimal vertical resolution. In the horizontal domain, the optimal horizontal distribution of voxels is obtained by searching the maximum number of ray-crossing voxels in both latitude and longitude directions. The water vapor tomography optimization procedures are implemented using GPS water vapor data from the Hong Kong Satellite Positioning Reference Station Network. The tomographic water vapor fields solved from the optimized tomographic voxels are evaluated using radiosonde data and a numerical weather prediction non-hydrostatic model (NHM) obtained for the Hong Kong station. The comparisons of tomographic integrated water vapor (IWV) with the radiosonde and NHM IWV show that RMS errors of their differences are 1.41 and 3.09 mm, respectively. Moreover, the tomographic water vapor density results are compared with those of radiosonde and NHM. The RMS error of the density differences between tomography and radiosonde data is 1.05  \(\mathrm{g/m}^{3}\) . For the comparison between tomography and NHM, an overall RMS error of \(1.43\,\mathrm{g/m^{3}}\) is achieved.     

Experiment on Driving Precipitable Water Vapor from Ground-Based GPS Network in Chengdu Plain

The estimates of total zenith delay are derived using Bernese GPS Software V4. 2 based on GPS data every 30 s from the first measurement experiment of a ground-based GPS network in Chengdu Plain of Southwest China during the period from July to September 2004. Then the estimates of 0.5 hourly precipitable water vapor (PWV) derived from global positioning system (GPS) are obtained using meteorological data from automatic weather stations (AWS). The comparison of PWV derived from GPS and those from radiosonde observations is given for the Chengdu station, with RMS (root mean square) differences of 3.09m. The consis- tency of precipitable water vapor derived from GPS to those from radiosonde is good. It is concluded that Bevis’ empirical formula for estimating the weighted atmospheric mean temperature can be applicable in Chengdu area because the relationship of GPS PWV with Bevis’ formula and GPS PWV with radiosonde method shows a high correlation. The result of this GPS measurement experiment is helpful both for accumu- lating the study of precipitable water vapor derived from GPS in Chengdu areas located at the eastern side of the Tibetan Plateau and for studying spatial-temporal variations of regional atmospheric water vapor through many disciplines cooperatively.     

Experiment on driving precipitable water vapor from ground-based GPS network in Chengdu Plain

The estimates of total zenith delay are derived using Bernese GPS Software V4. 2 based on GPS data every 30 s from the first measurement experiment of a ground-based GPS network in Chengdu Plain of Southwest China during the period from July to September 2004. Then the estimates of 0.5 hourly precipitable water vapor (PWV) derived from global positioning system (GPS) are obtained using meteorological data from automatic weather stations (AWS). The comparison of PWV derived from GPS and those from radiosonde observations is given for the Chengdu station, with RMS (root mean square) differences of 3.09m. The consistency of precipitable water vapor derived from GPS to those from radiosonde is good. It is concluded that Bevis’ empirical formula for estimating the weighted atmospheric mean temperature can be applicable in Chengdu area because the relationship of GPS PWV with Bevis’ formula and GPS PWV with radiosonde method shows a high correlation. The result of this GPS measurement experiment is helpful both for accumulating the study of precipitable water vapor derived from GPS in Chengdu areas located at the eastern side of the Tibetan Plateau and for studying spatial-temporal variations of regional atmospheric water vapor through many disciplines cooperatively.     

GPS/MET中水汽转换参数本地化研究与时空特性分析

随着全球定位系统(GPS)的高速发展,它在测绘科研领域的应用范围不断扩大,在GPS气象方向,可以通过地基GPS技术计算得到水汽转换参数,从而计算大气可降水量.使用本地化的水汽转换参数能有效提高GPS水汽反演的精度.本文利用中国西南地区2015-2018年12个探空站点数据,计算得到中国西南地区的年、季度、月和每日水汽转换参数,实现了水汽转换参数本地化研究.分析发现,在一定范围内,水汽转换参数Π随着站点高度的增加而逐渐增加,且我国西南地区的水汽转换参数Π的时空分布具有明显的气候分布特点和纬度地带性.     

南极长城站与IGS站组网解算的最佳站数探讨

GPS气象学在南极的应用中,南极长城站上空对流层天顶总延迟的解算精度直接影响该站上空的大气水汽含量的估算精度。本文运用麻省理工学院研制的高精度解算软件GAM IT/GLOBK,对引入不同数目的IGS跟踪站与南极长城站的GPS数据分别进行了组网解算,得出了该站上空的天顶总延迟,并解算了该站上空的可降水分,将其与实际降水进行了对比分析,得出了与南极长城站组网解算的最佳IGS跟踪站站数为3个。     

TERRA/MODIS热红外通道陆地晴空大气可降水分裂窗反演

大气水汽在遥感反演地表温度中起到关键作用,精确的大气水含量对于提升反演精度有着重要意义,而热红外方法是夜晚获得区域大气水汽含量的唯一方法。本研究采用热红外方法中的改良分裂窗算法,首先,使用TIGR大气廓线与MODIS波谱响应函数通过MODTRAN辐射传输模式进行模拟,将大气廓线的水汽含量与大气透过率进行回归;然后,根据MODIS数据产品特点,使用2015年夏季MODIS数据观测角小于20°的范围进行反演;最后,将白天反演水汽分别与全球GPS地基大气水汽观测网络和MODIS近红外水汽产品进行比较,均方根误差分别为5.5 g/cm2和6.4 g/cm2,显示了高度的区域一致性。由于MODIS观测角度较大,本研究未对其他角度进行反演,若对其余角度的MODIS数据进行反演,可根据余弦角度变化,针对不同角度范围进行模拟与回归。     

Improvement in PWV estimation from GPS due to the absolute calibration of antenna phase center variations

Climatology of column-integrated atmospheric water vapor over Spain has been carried out by means of three techniques: soundings, sun photometers and GPS receivers. Comparing data from stations equipped with more than one of these instruments, we found that a large discontinuity occurred on November 6, 2006, in the differences between the data series from GPS receivers and those from the other two techniques. Prior to that date, the GPS data indicate a wet bias of 2–3 mm for all stations when compared with sounding or photometer data, whereas after that date this bias practically reduces to zero. The root mean square error also decreases about half of its value. On November 6, 2006, the International GNSS Service adopted an absolute calibration model for the antennas of the GPS satellites and receivers instead of the relative one. This change is expected to be an improvement, increasing the accuracy of station position determination and consequently benefiting post-processing products such as zenith total delay from which the atmospheric water vapor content is calculated.     

基于气象要素内插的地基GPS/PWV 方法研究与精度分析

测站气压和温度的准确获取对GPS水汽反演的精度至关重要,但是我国各地在建立GPS连续运行观测站时的发展状态差别较大,有相当部分的GPS气象站网并未配备气压和温度传感器,无法有效准确采集测站气压及温度相关数据,对实时获取测站上方水汽有较大影响.本文基于一种增加高度改正的反距离加权法,和分布在全国的全球卫星导航系统(GNSS)气象站网数据,对该方法进行了实验验证．实验结果表明,通过此方法得到的气压和温度参数精度满足水汽解算需要．同时将本文方法与全球气温和气压经验模型(GPT2)进行对比,证明了本文得到的温压参数精度要优于GPT2模型.      

GPS数据解算对流层天顶总延迟探讨

运用GAMIT／GLOBK软件,对南极长城站与周边的各IGS跟踪站的GPS观测数据进行组网解算。在解算各站上空总天顶延迟的过程中,利用不同的星历进行解算,并对其解算结果进行了分析和探讨得出：实时预报。星历与精密星历在解算结果上差别不大,最小差值是0mm,最大差值仅为0．5mm。所以在计算各GPS站上空大气水汽含量时,可直接采用实时预报星历,对今后实时探测水汽及实时天气预报具有一定的实用意义。     

地基GPS反演水汽影响因素分析

地基GPS(Global Position System)技术日益成熟,气象观测应用此技术逐渐增多,但对此影响因素的分析不是太多。本文首先阐述了地基GPS遥感水汽原理,然后结合雾灵山GPS气象观测试验数据,利用GAMIT软件解算此期间数据的对流层延迟量,主要分析了影响地基GPS遥感水汽的几项因素,得出测站精度与ZTD精度变化趋势图、星历精度与ZTD(Troposphere Zenith Delay)精度变化趋势图和不同参考站对ZTD的影响。其结果对GPS遥感大气水汽有一定的参考价值。     

Estimation and evaluation of real-time precipitable water vapor from GLONASS and GPS

The revitalized Russian GLONASS system provides new potential for real-time retrieval of zenith tropospheric delays (ZTD) and precipitable water vapor (PWV) in order to support time-critical meteorological applications such as nowcasting or severe weather event monitoring. In this study, we develop a method of real-time ZTD/PWV retrieval based on GLONASS and/or GPS observations. The performance of ZTD and PWV derived from GLONASS data using real-time precise point positioning (PPP) technique is carefully investigated and evaluated. The potential of combining GLONASS and GPS data for ZTD/PWV retrieving is assessed as well. The GLONASS and GPS observations of about half a year for 80 globally distributed stations from the IGS (International GNSS Service) network are processed. The results show that the real-time GLONASS ZTD series agree quite well with the GPS ZTD series in general: the RMS of ZTD differences is about 8 mm (about 1.2 mm in PWV). Furthermore, for an inter-technique validation, the real-time ZTD estimated from GLONASS-only, GPS-only, and the GPS/GLONASS combined solutions are compared with those derived from very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) at colocated GNSS/VLBI stations. The comparison shows that GLONASS can contribute to real-time meteorological applications, with almost the same accuracy as GPS. More accurate and reliable water vapor values, about 1.5–2.3 mm in PWV, can be achieved when GLONASS observations are combined with the GPS ones in the real-time PPP data processing. The comparison with radiosonde data further confirms the performance of GLONASS-derived real-time PWV and the benefit of adding GLONASS to stand-alone GPS processing.