VJC-RMR法在岩体变形模量确定中的应用

在介绍VJC-RMR法 ( Volumetric joint count-rock mechanics rating method )基本原理的基础上,对贵阳市鱼简河水库坝基岩体进行了质量评价和变形模量确定,并与原位试验法、Q法 (Rock mass quality) 和岩体损伤的分形模型(Fractional model of rock mass damage)进行了比较。结果表明,VJC-RMR法能够将一维问题转化为三维问题,更好地反映岩体的实际情况,是进行岩体质量评价和参数确定较好的一种方法。     

柱状节理岩体原位变形试验力学浅析与模拟

在白鹤滩坝址区柱状节理岩体原位变形试验成果的基础上,针对节理刚度的取值进行讨论,利用柔性中心孔试验值反算得到柱状节理岩体节理面刚度值。岩体变形是由岩块和节理两部分组成,分析含单节理岩体概念模型的单轴加、卸载规律性和其变形特性,发现其滞回特性是节理力学行为造成的;推导得到了岩体变形计算公式,可用于多组相交节理岩体等效弹性模量的计算,能够反映出节理岩体的各向异性特征;建立了柱状节理随机模型,采用离散元方法和反算的刚度值进行了仿真分析,得到等效变形参数在试验结果范围内。     

多节理岩体裂纹扩展及变形破坏试验研究

为了研究不同倾角下多节理岩体力学行为,采用10 MN微机控制电液伺服大型多功能动静力三轴仪,开展包含较多预制非贯通节理类岩石试件的单轴压缩试验,研究了多节理岩体裂纹的特征、贯通模式、破坏模式、应力-应变特征等与节理倾角之间的关系。试验结果表明,（1）多节理岩体的裂纹类型主要有翼裂纹和次生共面裂纹,翼裂纹的扩展路径与单个节理情况下的扩展路径差异较大,翼裂纹起裂后沿起裂方向存在较长的扩展长度,直接与相邻节理或翼裂纹形成贯通,并且裂纹的贯通表现出四种不同的模式;（2）多节理岩体的破坏模式归纳为3种类型：平面破坏、块体转动式破坏和台阶式破坏;（3）根据多节理岩体的应力-应变曲线在应变软化阶段所表现出的不同非线性变形行为特征,可以将曲线归纳为4种类型;（4）多节理岩体的强度和变形各向异性特征非常显著,强度和弹性模量均在节理倾角30°时最小,90°时最大。     

A three-dimensional equivalent continuum constitutive model for jointed rock masses containing up to three random joint sets

A three dimensional constitutive model is formulated for deformation analysis of jointed rock masses containing up to three joint sets with arbitrary spatial configurations. A representative elementary volume (REV) that represents the deformational response of the rock mass is defined and the constitutive relationships are developed based on superposition of deformations of the REV components. By representing the constitutive relationships in a tensorial form, the model is able to implement deformation anisotropy of jointed rock masses. The Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion with tension cut-off is used for the intact rock and the joint sets. The model is implemented in FLAC^3D and the deformations and strength values calculated by the model are compared with the results from a 3DEC model and analytical solutions. The model results are in good agreement with those obtained from 3DEC.     

基于节理网络有限元的柱状节理岩体等效变形模量结构效应研究

因其特殊的地质成因,柱状节理成为一种具有强烈非连续性及各向异性的特殊岩体结构。以白鹤滩水电工程设计、建设中所遇到的柱状节理玄武岩体为背景,针对柱状节理岩体的等效变形模量问题,在探讨了其结构效应表征参数的基础上,利用节理网络有限元为工具,研究各结构效应表征参数对柱状节理岩体等效变形模量的影响。研究结果表明：在柱轴线横向平面上,对于柱体不规则程度,当柱体完全不规则相对于完全规则情况,等效模量提高大约10%左右;在其他条件不变情况下,当柱体平均边长从0.1 m增加至0.5 m时,等效模量从5.36 GPa增加至23.4 GPa;对不同加载方向的研究结果表明,柱状节理在柱轴横向平面上可以视作各向同性;当节理刚度线性递增时,相应的岩体等效模量也基本符合线性递增的规律。在平行柱体轴线平面,节理组2间距越大,柱状节理岩体的等效变形模量越大;随着错距比的增加,柱状节理岩体的等效变形模量呈现先增加后减少的趋势,当错距比为50%时,节理岩体的等效变形模量取最大值;对于节理刚度的影响,与柱轴横向平面类似的,随柱体轴线平面上节理刚度的线性增加,相应的岩体模量也基本符合线性递增的规律。该研究成果与已有的现场研究成果及三维数值模型成果相比,吻合良好。说明了文中提供的研究结论具有较好的可信度及参考价值。     

分形节理岩体强度与变形尺度效应的试验研究

根据强度与变形尺度效应的研究需要,试验研究了脆性岩石相似模拟材料的配比,提出了预置材料产生模拟节理的方法,解决了随机分布节理试件的制作问题。采用分形分布节理模拟材料试件,研究了脆性岩体轴向抗压强度与变形的尺度效应,获得的规律与实际岩体尺度效应规律一致,并发现岩体变形的尺度效应并非完全由节理闭合和剪切破坏引起,在节理剪切破坏之前,主要是由节理的剪切变形增大引起的。     

基于剪切试验的预应力锚杆变形性能分析

为了研究锚杆对节理剪切性能的作用机制和模式,开展了锚固节理岩体的实验室剪切试验,模拟了不同强度的岩体在剪力作用下的变形和受力特征,对比了锚杆加固前、后岩体的剪切变形规律,分析了节理岩体强度、预应力及锚固方式对节理的抗剪能力的影响,试验过程中通过应变片测点监测锚杆轴力的变化规律,研究了节理剪切过程中锚杆的轴向受力机制和变形特性。剪切试验完成后,取出剪切变形后的锚杆,统计了变形段长度与各参数之间的关系。通过试验结果分析,剪力-位移曲线存在明显的3个阶段：弹性阶段、屈服阶段和塑性强化阶段,曲线近似呈现双直线特征,弹性段锚杆主要发挥销钉作用;屈服段锚杆的轴向作用开始调动,锚杆同时存在销钉和约束作用;塑性段锚杆不再发挥销钉作用,只是依靠其轴向约束作用限制岩体的变形;曲线表现出韧性增强的剪切性能,这就使得锚杆锚固节理岩体的破坏特性由脆性转变为塑性,从而提高了岩体的稳定性和安全度。节理面的滑动对锚杆产生剪切作用,由于切向变形而产生了附加的锚杆轴向变形,锚杆的轴向应力随着剪切位移的增大呈增长的趋势,变形剧烈区域集中于节理面附近,且距离节理面越近其轴向应力增大越多。     

应用RMi法估算岩体变形模量

RMR法与Q法是国内外八、九十年代岩体质量和参数估算的常用方法,然而RMR法和Q法对质量较差的岩体不太实用,而RMi法是一种既适用于软岩又适用于硬岩的岩体质量评价和参数估算方法。本文在介绍RMi法基本原理的基础上,对贵州省鱼简河水库坝基岩体变形模量进行确定。     

大埋深高地应力关山隧道围岩变形破坏分析

甘肃省关山隧道是一条受高地应力影响的大埋深硬脆性闪长岩铁路隧道,位于青藏高原东北缘,构造活跃,运动速率较大,且方向变化显著的六盘山挤压隆升构造区。在隧道开挖过程中围岩变形破坏现象明显,围岩等级低于前期岩体质量分级,表现出强烈的岩体质量劣化和各向异性。针对该问题,除了采用矿物成分和微结构分析寻找原因,还通过现场结构面统计分析对围岩质量劣化和各向异性进行描述,同时运用自行研发的钻孔电视进一步分析开挖前后一定时间间隔内围岩的渐进式变形和破坏。钻孔电视试验结果表明,尽管闪长岩作为一种硬脆性岩体,单轴抗压强度（UCS）高于现场地应力值,但其变形和破坏却普遍发生,开挖过程中新生裂隙迅速发育,原先在高地应力下闭合的裂隙也会重新张开和发展,围岩劣化,稳定性降低。为了进一步分析围岩的变形破坏过程,设计了变压力大小和方向的单轴抗压试验,试验中闪长岩的单轴压力值低于单轴抗压强度,试验结果与钻孔电视试验观测结果吻合,证明了在开挖引起的地应力剧烈变化条件下硬脆性闪长岩结构劣化,存在变形破坏的可能性。在大埋深高地应力条件下,除了岩体的各向异性,地应力的变化也是硬脆性围岩稳定性的重要考量因素。     

Study on elastic P-wave propagation law in unfavorable geologic structures with discontinuous deformation analysis method

The propagation of elastic P-wave in unfavorable geologic structures is a complex process which contains reflex, transmission, and refraction. In this paper, the discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA) method is introduced, and the viscous boundary condition and stress wave input way are applied to enable the DDA method to simulate the seismic dynamic response of underground rock mass. The improved DDA program is used to analyze the propagation laws of elastic P-wave in joints and weak interlayer. The results show that (1) for a range of joint stiffness, the difference of transmission coefficient of joint surface between DDA calculation and theoretical solution is small; (2) the lower the joint stiffness, the more obvious the attenuation of the elastic P-wave is; (3) varied joint spacing and joint number play different roles on the attenuation of elastic P-wave; (4) the DDA calculation result is consistent with the theoretical solution for the transmission coefficient of interface; (5) the thickness and elastic modulus of weak interlayer will affect the interference effect of multiple transmission waves; (6) with the increasing weak interlayer thickness H (or a), the attenuation of the elastic P-wave is more obvious; and (7) the lower the wave impedance ratio of weak interlayer, the more obvious the attenuation of the elastic P-wave is.     

On the role of joint roughness on the micromechanics of rock fracturing process: a numerical study

The deformation process and failure mechanism of rock mass with increased joint roughness subjected to unconfined compression are investigated in this study using discrete element method. A numerical model is developed using soft-bonded particle and validated to realistically replicate the mechanical response of the rock mass. The micro-parameters of the rock material are first determined, and the effects of the joint roughness on the macromechanical response and fracture growth mechanism are then investigated. Analyses are also performed to examine the tensile and shear crack distributions, acoustic emission (AE) characteristics, coordination number, and crack anisotropy to advance the current understanding of the role of joint roughness on the mechanical behavior and deformability of rock mass. The results show that strength and deformability of the jointed rocks are highly dependent on the joint orientation and roughness. Joint roughness is found to restrain the propagation and coalescence of microcracks and AE events from the interlocking of asperities. In addition, the spatial distribution of the contact forces allows for better understanding of the effect of joint inclination angle on the response of the investigated rock samples.

     

A 3D model of a jointed rock mass and its deformation properties

Conclusion A geometric model of a jointed rock mass and some formulae of strain and deformation parametersE, G and were given. They may be useful for evaluating the deformation parameters of rock masses and classifying the rock mass quatitatively.     

Distinct element simulation of ultimate bearing capacity in jointed rock foundations

In this paper, distinct element method numerical modeling is applied to evaluate bearing capacity of strip footing rested on anisotropic discontinuous rock mass. As yet, a little work has been carried out to investigate the effect of joint set orientation on the bearing capacity of rock mass. Generally, the overall behavior of rock mass under loading is very complicated and such analysis should include deformation determination, sliding along discontinuities and failure of rock material. Failure mechanism of rock mass depended on both geometrical parameters of joint sets and strength parameters of rock mass. In this research, it is assumed that rock mass contains one joint set, and therefore the anisotropy in bearing capacity and rock behavior is only due to the existence and orientation of the joint set. In this study, by assuming constant strength parameters and using Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion for the single joint set and nonlinear Hoek–Brown failure criterion for rock material, variation of the bearing capacity values and the type of failure mechanism of rock mass with different joint set dips is investigated. The obtained results indicate that the ultimate bearing capacity of rock mass containing one joint set varies between 27 and 86 % of intact rock.     

Implementation of displacement-dependent Barton-Bandis rock joint model into discontinuous deformation analysis

Discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA) has been widely applied in analyzing various rock engineering problems. As the joint strength play a vital role in the stability of jointed rock mass, this paper makes an attempt to implement the Barton-Bandis rock joint model into the DDA code to replace the original Mohr-Coulomb joint model. The developed Barton-Bandis joint model which is characterized by displacement-dependent shear strength is verified by experimental direct shear tests. An example of a block sliding on an inclined plane is used to demonstrate the capacity of the DDA-BB model in predicting the dynamic motion behavior of sliding blocks.     

节理岩体锚杆的综合变形分析

在总结国内外对节理岩体中锚杆加固机制的试验研究和理论探讨基础上,综合考虑锚杆的切向和轴向变形能力,建立节理锚固锚杆在剪切荷载作用下的变形模型,将节理锚固锚杆的变形区划分为弹性变形段和挤压破坏段,引入表征挤压破坏段长度的变量,对锚杆与岩体的相互作用机制进行理论分析,推导了剪切荷载与剪切位移和轴向荷载与轴向位移的关系。通过分析锚杆的屈服破坏形式,得到了确定挤压破坏段长度的方法。最后,通过算例分析了挤压破坏段长度与锚杆直径、岩体强度、锚固角度等参数的关系,得到了以下结论：（1）节理锚固锚杆抗剪作用的实质是锚杆调动岩体的抗压强度抵抗节理切向荷载。在抗压强度较高的硬岩中,挤压破坏段局限于节理面附近,锚杆影响范围小;而在抗压强度较低的软岩中,挤压破坏段较大,而且会产生较大的剪切变形,锚杆影响范围较大。（2）锚杆屈服破坏形式与岩质和锚杆直径有关。硬质岩体发生剪切屈服,而较软岩体中容易发生弯曲屈服;小直径锚杆一般直接剪切屈服,而大直径锚杆可能发生弯曲屈服。锚杆屈服破坏后出现塑性铰,挤压破坏段范围在节理一侧约为直径的1～2倍,继续增加剪切荷载,挤压破坏段长度不再增大。（3）随岩质的不同,锚杆锚固节理的最优锚固角变化较大。岩质较硬时,最优锚固角度较小,反之则较大。     

Testing and evaluation of strength and deformation behaviour of jointed rocks

The objective of the paper is to derive the strength and modulus properties of rockmass as a function of intact rock strength and joint factor. The joint factor reflects the combined effect of joint frequency, joint inclination and joint strength. A study for the strength and deformation characteristics of jointed rock is done by conducting standard laboratory tests on cylindrical specimens of plaster of Paris after introducing artificial joints. The specimens having one to four joints at different inclinations which vary from 0° to 90° were tested at different confining conditions. The test results were examined to understand the effect of joint frequency and joint inclination on the strength and deformation behaviour of rock mass. Empirical correlations were developed for prediction of the uniaxial compressive strength and elastic modulus of jointed rocks. Results are compared with the earlier work on jointed specimens covering a wide variety of rocks. So, knowing the intact rock properties and the joint factor, the jointed rock properties can be estimated. These relations can be used for developing an equivalent continuum model for rock mass for handling boundary value problems. A failure criterion as proposed by Ramamurthy (1993 Ramamurthy, T. 1993. “Strength and modulus response of anisotropic rocks”. In Comprehensive rock engineering, Edited by: Hudson, J.A. Vol. 1, 313–329. Oxford: Pergamon Press.  [Google Scholar]) has been validated from these experimental results.     

基于三维结构面网络模拟的岩体变形模量确定方法

变形模量作为表征岩体变形特征的重要参数,是岩体工程设计的基础力学参数之一。在综合前人研究的基础上提出了基于三维结构面网络模拟确定岩体变形模量的方法,编制了三维结构面网络模拟及计算RQD值的程序。以西南山区某水电站坝址区岩体为实例,在概率统计各组优势结构面几何要素分布形式的基础上,采用Monte Carlo法生成三维结构面网络模型,据此获得岩体三维RQD值,利用RMR法进行质量评价和变形模量的确定,并与钻孔资料统计法和原位试验结果进行对比分析。结果表明:基于钻孔资料统计的估算结果与原位试验相对误差达31.62%,且其估算值偏低;基于三维结构面网络模拟的估算结果与原位试验相对误差仅为2.56%,估算结果精度较高。该方法考虑了岩体质量的空间各向异性,对岩体的质量评价和参数确定更为合理,研究成果为该工程的优化设计提供了合理的计算参数。      

隧道围岩变形的尺寸效应研究

通过分析不同结构围岩的变形机制研究隧道变形的尺寸效应,研究结果表明隧道围岩变形的尺寸效应与围岩的变形机制存在密切的关系。围岩中由于结构面的存在使围岩的变形机制复杂多样,主要包括材料变形和结构变形两大类,围岩变形的尺寸效应也主要体现在材料变形和结构变形两方面。围岩材料变形包括弹性变形和塑性变形,均与围岩断面尺寸呈线性比例关系;围岩结构变形的尺寸效应表现为：（1）围岩结构类型随隧道断面尺寸的增大而发生改变,不同类型的围岩其变形机制不同,不同变形机制产生的围岩变形量相差较大;（2）在同一种围岩结构下,相同变形机制产生的围岩变形量也会随着隧道尺寸增大而呈现不同的变化规律,如在块状围岩中,隧道周边不可动块体会随着隧道断面尺寸的增大而转化成可动块体,从而发生滑动或者滚动变形,甚至坍塌;在层状围岩中,岩层的弯曲变形与隧道断面尺寸的平方成正比。     

多层软弱夹层边坡岩体破坏机制与稳定性研究

以大量的实际工程为基础,基于Sarma极限平衡法和有限元强度折减法探讨层状岩质边坡在不同岩层倾角θ、边坡坡角β、结构面间距h条件下的安全系数与破坏面位置的变化规律,揭示复杂多层软弱夹层边坡岩体的破坏机制及稳定性特征。结果表明：不同θ条件下边坡岩体失稳机制和破坏面位置不同,随着θ的增大,破坏机制表现为滑移破坏→滑劈破坏→崩塌破坏→倾倒破坏→滑移破坏;当β、h一定时,直立层状边坡的稳定性略大于水平层状边坡,反倾向边坡的稳定性明显大于顺层边坡;β直接影响边坡岩体破坏特征,当β由30°增大至60°时,顺层边坡的安全系数约降低53%;反倾向层状边坡的安全系数约降低40%;h对边坡岩体破坏机制的影响较小,但对稳定性的影响较大,建议工程实践中加强密集结构面岩质边坡的监测和加固工作。