桥梁桩基主动托换中顶升荷载的简化计算

以福州地铁1号线盾构隧道下穿洗马桥的桩基主动托换工程为依托,针对桥梁上部结构-桩身-土体三者共同组成的复杂超静定结构,运用数值模拟方法和现场实测数据,分析了在不同顶升荷载作用下复杂超静定结构的内力与位移响应,重点讨论了托换过程中上、下部结构的相对刚度及其对顶升荷载的影响;根据顶升荷载作用点以下桩身轴力接近0的条件,确定了桥墩盖梁与薄壁桥台梁两种典型工况下的桩基顶升荷载分别为1 800 kN和2 600 kN。现场监测结果表明,顶升过程中上部结构的位移值和桩身轴力变化值,均与计算结果吻合较好。在此基础上,提出基于上、下部结构刚度比的顶升荷载简化计算方法,研究结果可为类似复杂超静定结构的桩基主动托换工程提供参考和借鉴。     

基于桩身应力测试的静压PHC管桩贯入机制

压桩过程中PHC管桩侧摩阻力与端阻力的分离是制约其贯入机制及承载力研究的瓶颈。通过桩身预埋准分布式FBG光纤传感器,对贯入成层土地基中5根足尺开口PHC管桩侧摩阻力及端阻力发展变化情况进行了监测。试验表明,准分布式光纤传感测试技术现场可操作性强,粗放施工环境下贯入阻力分离效果较为理想。成层土地基中压桩力曲线基本反映地层土性变化,桩端土层性状对压桩力影响较大。硬质土层界面处试桩压桩力平均增幅约为64.06%,端阻力受地层变化影响更为显著,平均增长幅度约为97.41%,侧摩阻力平均增长幅度约为17.92%;桩端位于非硬质土层试桩压桩力变化不明显。贯入过程中现场足尺试验桩身应力变化不同于室内模型试验,桩身上、下部侧摩阻力发挥的力学机制不同。受现场粗放施工条件及深度方向土层变化影响,贯入成层土地基中桩侧摩阻力临界深度现象不明显。     

昆明地区静压桩承载力的探讨

主要介绍了压桩力与单桩竖向极限承载力的关系,以及利用压桩力估算单桩竖向极限承载力的方法。在试桩阶段,位于饱和软土的摩擦桩,压桩力较低,桩的承载力主要来自土体恢复后桩侧的摩阻力。根据静载荷试验检测结果,用单桩竖向极限承载力除以压桩力,引出一个系数,称为压力比,通过分析比较,得出在昆明地区的正常压力比,静压预制管桩在1.3～2之间,静压预制方桩在2.5～5之间。用压桩力乘以压力比,可以估算单桩竖向极限承载力。还简要介绍了挤土效应和超孔隙水压力对桩的承载力的影响。在工程桩施工时,地层中的土体和孔隙水被挤压,形成孔隙水压力,会产生一个向上的浮力,导致已施工的桩上浮,单桩承载力显著降低。     

Analysis of shaft resistance of jacked piles in sands

In recent years, pile jacking has become a viable alternative installation method for displacement piles. Pile jacking produces minimal noise, vibration and air pollution during installation. In addition, it is possible, at the end of jacking, to have a good estimate of the ultimate static capacity of the pile. In this paper, the shaft resistance of piles jacked into sand is studied using one‐dimensional finite element analysis. The finite element simulations, using a two‐surface plasticity model, demonstrate the effects of relative density and confinement on the unit shaft resistance of piles jacked in sand. The impact of the number of jacking strokes on the unit shaft capacity is also assessed. Based on the numerical results, we developed equations for shaft resistance quantifying the effects of relative density, initial confinement and number of jacking strokes. Predictions using these equations are compared with data obtained from centrifuge tests and field tests. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A method for frost jacking prediction of single pile in permafrost

In this paper, a model is proposed to simulate frost jacking performances of a pile foundation within an axisymmetric pile–soil system through a coupling strategy. We consider three diversified stages for frost heave of adjacent foundation soil below freezing point, where mathematical expressions for the volumetric strain are given in terms of volumetric ice content, negative temperature and porosity. A modified strain-softening model characterizing frozen soil–pile interactions is established based on experimental results, taking into account the effects of normal pressure, negative temperature and moisture content. The proposed computational approach is then illuminated and validated via the numerical example of a simplified bridge pile foundation under natural permafrost condition. Variation of temperature regime, volumetric ice content, displacement and stress over time is analyzed. This model can be further applied to evaluating effects of different countermeasures that mitigate frost jacking hazard of single pile subjected to cold climate.

     

季节冻土区光伏支架螺旋桩基的冻胀数值分析研究

利用有限元软件COMSOL自定义模块功能,将建立的水热力三场顺序耦合模型导入,模拟二维轴对称条件下多种螺旋桩在土体冻结过程中发生的冻拔,并设置光滑桩作对比.在冻深达到桩长全长时,全螺旋小叶片桩具有良好的抗冻拔效果（仅为光滑桩的19.5%）.使用COMSOL内嵌热应力模块,模拟三维条件下螺旋桩抗冻拔过程,并与室内试验结果作对比.结果显示冻深只有桩长一半时,双螺旋小叶片桩明显减少桩体冻拔量.表明：通过数值分析可比选出抗冻拔的最优桩型,对于现场试验的光伏支架螺旋桩型设计提供参考.     

Experimental and numerical investigations on the performance of sacrificial piles in reducing local scour around pile groups

This paper presents both experimental study and numerical simulation to investigate the effects of an innovative sacrificial piles concept to reduce local scour surrounding service piles. These sacrificial piles are placed upstream of the pile groups, which serves to change the flow field and reduce the erosive force before it reaches the service piles. Four types of pile group arrangements were considered in the experimental and simulation analyses, including single pile, double pile in tandem arrangements, double pile with side-by-side arrangements, and pile array of 2 × 2 arrangements. Scaled experiments were conducted in flume for each group of design, and local scour around piles with and without sacrificial piles was monitored. It was found that the sacrificial piles effectively reduced the development of local scour surrounding the service piles, especially at their heels. The results also showed that the use of sacrificial piles reduced the time required for the scour depth to reach the equilibrium conditions than those without the sacrificial piles. To corroborate the experimental observation, numerical simulation with three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics model has also been carried out with commercial code with verified erosion model. The development of dynamic scour process and maximum scour depth were obtained by the computational simulations. Comparison of experimental and computational results both indicates that the use of sacrificial pile is effective in reducing the scour depth. The extent of reduction in the maximum scour depth varied with the arrangement of sacrificial piles.     

季节冻土区扩底单桩受力性能研究进展与展望

在深季节冻土区, 正冻土和桩相互作用时可能会导致桩基的拔断或整体冻拔破坏。在桩周土冻胀过程中, 等截面直桩主要通过桩和未冻区融土间的摩阻力达到锚固效果。而对于端部直径大于桩身直径的扩底桩来说, 当桩基有整体上拔的趋势时, 扩大头会受到上覆土层的阻力而起到锚固/抗冻拔作用。通过回顾国内外研究文献, 介绍了扩底抗拔桩现有的工程背景及应用情况, 并对季节冻土区桩基的受力性能进行了总结和分析, 主要内容包括： 土体冻胀和桩基的相互作用研究, 切向冻胀力试验研究和理论研究, 切向冻胀力作用下扩底桩基冻胀反力试验研究及理论研究, 切向冻胀力作用下未冻区桩-融土间摩阻力的研究概况等。最后, 结合现有的研究内容, 对季节冻土区扩底桩的应用及研究提出进一步的展望。     

负温对基坑悬臂桩水平冻胀力影响的模拟研究

寒冷地区基坑悬臂桩支护工程,在桩后土体水平冻胀力作用下,易出现桩体倾斜、水平裂缝、剪断等问题.负温是水平冻胀力产生的关键因素,采用数值模拟方法,分别模拟粉质黏土、黏土在一定的负温变化下,桩体水平冻胀力的大小和分布模式,结果表明：负温越低,土体冻结速率越大,水平冻胀力越大;桩身范围内,水平冻胀力大致呈上下小、中间大的抛物线型分布,最大值出现在基坑的中下部,为开挖深度的0.5～0.8倍,力值约为冻胀前土压力的2～15倍,同时拟合出最大水平冻胀力与温度、桩顶位移之间的关系公式;此外,桩体水平位移随负温增加而增加,桩顶位置处,冻胀引起的水平位移为开挖引起位移量的0.88～11.38倍.     

Soil Deformations During Casing Jacking and Extraction of Expanded-Shoe Piles,Using Model Tests

A small-scale 1-g transparent soil model was employed to investigate soil deformations caused by casing-assisted pile jacking of plastic tube cast-in-place concrete piles. The transparent soil was made of fused quartz and a refractive index matched blended oil. Models were sliced with a laser light sheet and digital images were employed to record jacking and extraction of the casing, allowing the use of digital image correlation to derive the generated displacement fields, non-intrusively. The effects of the shoe shape as well as use of a casing to jack the pile were investigated. It was found that under unconfined conditions, soil response to jacking is significantly affected by the pile shoe shape, with displacements adjacent to a conical shoe markedly smaller compared to a flat shoe. Moreover, casing extraction results in recovery of some of the soil deformation that takes place during pile jacking.     

双排抗滑桩后侧推力分布物理模型试验

双排抗滑桩后侧滑坡推力分布是其设计中要考虑的关键要素之一。针对一大型基岩-覆盖层式滑坡,进行四组不同后排桩布设方式的双排桩加固滑坡的室内物理模型试验,通过采用坡体外注水,经过特定通道渗入滑带的方法来模拟强降雨条件对滑带的软化效应,测得不同工况下两排桩后侧滑坡推力分布特征,并通过FLAC3D数值模拟方法对试验结果进一步验证。试验结果表明,后、前排桩上坡体压力均呈两端小、中间大的抛物线型分布模式且峰值点相对靠近滑面位置;桩位不变时,后桩后侧坡体压力峰值随沉埋深度增大而减小且峰值点位置上移,前桩后侧坡体压力峰值随后桩沉埋深度增大而增大,但峰值点位置无明显变化;滑带软化效应并不改变双排桩上推力分布模式,但会增大前、后排桩后侧坡体压力,且相比桩顶和底部,桩身中间部分坡体压力增加幅度较大;注水软化前后,后、前排桩上坡体压力分别增大约14.3%～21.4%与17.9%～24.8%。     

New method for non-linear analysis of laterally loaded flexible piles

The authors' previous application of non-linear analysis of the behavior of rigid piles is extended to the elastic and plastic behavior of flexible piles under lateral load. Using Broyden's approach of solving non-linear simultaneous equations and the conventional p-y concept, a new numerical method of non-linear analysis is developed. Comparisons of the results computed by present method with the results of previous similar methods are presented to show the efficiency and usefulness of the present method. For flexible piles a study of the relationship between effective depth De and relative pile stiffness Kr for both elastic and plastic ranges is carried out. Thus the analytical basis for the method using previous results of the bearing capacity and displacements of laterally loaded rigid piles to predict those of flexible piles is provided.     

Static Equilibrium of Screw Anchor Pile Under Lateral Load in Sands

The screw anchor piles are installed in ground by screwing which is done with the help of torque motors. In this paper, the lateral load capacity of screw anchor piles is examined through an experimental investigation carried on model piles embedded in dry sand. The tests were carried on screw anchor piles with different number of helices provided in continuation. Lateral loads were applied at different height above the soil surface. The embedment length of screw anchor piles was also varied to study the behaviour of screw anchor piles under lateral loads. Some tests were conducted on plain shaft pile to compare the lateral load capacity of screw anchor piles with that of plain shaft piles. An empirical equation for computation of lateral loads has been developed considering lateral resistance, bearing resistance, uplift resistance and lateral resistance offered by soil in pile on the basis of experimental results. A theoretical model for predicting lateral load capacity of screw anchor piles in dry sand, consistent with the experimental findings has been developed in this study.     

黏土中超大直径钢管桩内侧摩阻力研究

随着当前海上风电装机容量逐渐增加,超大直径钢管桩基础得到了广泛应用。桩径的增加改变了桩-土相互作用模式,现行规范中钢管桩内侧摩阻力计算方法的适用性有待商榷。通过离心模型试验,采用双壁板桩和管桩模型揭示了黏土中有限范围土压力与不同桩径的内侧摩阻力发挥规律;采用有限元数值分析方法,开展了内侧摩阻力发挥规律的影响因素分析,建立了钢管桩内侧摩阻力计算方法,并与离心机试验结果进行了对比验证。结果表明：随着桩径增大,桩内壁土压力增大,内侧摩阻力也随之增大,并沿桩深呈指数型分布,其发挥范围为距桩端5倍桩径以内;提出的钢管桩内壁侧摩阻力计算方法与离心机试验结果吻合良好。     

一种半无限土体中圆孔扩张的分析方法

在静压桩贯入问题的研究中,常用无限土体中圆孔扩张法来模拟桩端对土体的扩张。实际上,压桩问题属于半无限问题,必须考虑从无限问题转化到半无限问题后地面边界处应力的差异。针对半无限问题中地表应力的修正,在现有研究的基础上引入了应力函数解答来求解弹性条件下半无限问题,很好地修正了地表应力,得到了相应的解答。与原有的解答相比,提出的解答能够更好地反映半无限的特性,为进一步分析压桩问题奠定了基础。     

盾构隧道施工对临近桥桩影响数值及现场监测研究

随着城市内地铁盾构区间隧道临近城市道路桥桩工程的增多,急需研究盾构隧道临近桥桩施工对桥桩的变形影响问题。采用有限元数值计算方法,结合盾构隧道穿越桥桩实际工程,建立了盾构隧道施工对临近桥桩影响的数值分析模型,模拟盾构隧道施工,对盾构隧道穿越临近桥桩的桩体沉降、桩体侧移、地表沉降进行了数值分析研究,盾构隧道穿越时及穿越后桩体沉降、桩体侧移、地表沉降控制结果较为理想,桩体处于稳定状态。结合现场监测成果,对数值计算结果和监测结果进行对比分析,表明采用的数值分析计算模型、参数取值对盾构隧道施工对临近桥桩影响的模拟是可靠的,可以运用文中的数值计算方法预测后续盾构隧道施工引起临近桥桩沉降、桩体侧移和地表沉降结果。     

能源桩与周围土体之间荷载传递模型的改进及其桩身承载特性研究

桩-土相互作用问题是岩土工程桩基础问题的关键点与难点,目前针对桩身在循环温度荷载与上覆结构荷载双重作用下的能源桩承载特性研究较少。在传统理想弹塑性模型及双曲线模型的基础上,采用分段非线性的方法对桩-土荷载传递骨干曲线进行了修正,并基于Masing’s循环准则,提出了适用于能源桩的桩-土荷载传递模型。利用改进的桩-土荷载传递模型对能源桩承载特性进行数值分析,着重研究了桩-土荷载传递参数比R对能源桩受力情况的影响。此外,为了探究在上覆结构荷载及循环温度荷载双重作用下,能源桩与周围土体之间的真实荷载传递关系及其结构热力学特性,开展了针对能源桩与周围土体之间相互作用问题的室内模型试验,监测了其桩身轴向应力及侧摩阻力随温度及深度变化的趋势,并与基于改进荷载传递模型的数值计算结果进行了对比。室内模型试验监测及数值计算结果显示：能源桩在上覆结构荷载及温度循环荷载双重作用下,其受力行为受改进的桩-土荷载传递循环曲线控制;基于改进的桩-土荷载传递循环曲线而建立的数值模型计算结果与试验结果基本吻合,改进的桩-土荷载传递模型能够较好发地反映能源桩实际的承载特性。     

利用标贯击数估算静压桩的沉桩阻力

选用最易获得的标准贯入试验锤击数估算静力压入桩的沉桩阻力,提出了经验公式。对桩端阻力、桩侧阻力在土层中的变化等计算的细节问题进行了讨论,并编制了计算结果可视化的程序。2个工程实例的计算结果表明,用标贯锤击数估算静压桩沉桩阻力的方法是可行的,计算出的压桩力满足工程精度要求,可以方便的用于判断沉桩可能性、估算承载力、选择沉桩设备等。     

用载荷试验及钢筋计测试联合确定一定深度上的桩基承载力

结合北京大使公寓工程桩基的测试,采用载荷试验和钢筋计的测试联合确定一定深度以下的桩基承载力的方法,对3根试验桩进行了测试。试验平面位于自然地表以下6 5m处,要求提供基础埋深-13 4m以下的有效桩长所具有的极限承载力。测试时,在桩体内主钢筋上预装了钢筋计,并测定了-6 5～-13 4m深度范围的桩侧摩阻力。从载荷试验中测定的-6 5m处桩基所具有的极限承载力中扣除上述桩侧摩阻力,可得到工程所要求的桩基极限承载力。实践证明,这是一种有效的测试方法。