岩石边坡稳定的块体单元极限分析上限法

将块体单元法与极限分析上限法相结合,提出了岩石边坡稳定的块体单元极限分析上限法。借助于块体单元法离散计算区域,通过块体系统速度场在结构面上满足Mohr-Coulomb屈服条件、关联流动法则、速度边界条件以及块体系统虚功原理,构成求解边坡强度储备安全系数上限解的非线性规划模型,模型的求解采用复合形法。最后研究了一个岩质楔形体边坡算例和小湾水电站进水口边坡实例,通过将块体单元法上限分析计算结果与刚体极限平衡法相比较,验证了该方法的正确性。     

边坡稳定分析的极限分析下限解有限元法

研制开发了极限分析下限解有限元程序.在程序的开发过程中,着重解决了下限解有限元法转化为标准线性规划问题和线性优化方法的选择问题,同时,通过典型算例的分析对比,对程序的合理性和可行性进行了验证.     

边坡稳定极限分析的单元集成法

提出的单元集成法为采用塑性力学上限定理分析边坡的稳定性提供了一种通用性较强的手段。它采用类似于有限元网格划分的方式离散边坡计算区域,并设定一个机动许可的滑动机构（包括滑裂面位置和速度场,它与网格划分方式无关）,在此滑动机构下可以很方便地计算每个单元贡献的外力功率和内能耗散率。把所有单元的能量相加就是滑坡体的总能量。然后,根据上限定理求得安全系数,并通过非线性数学规划方法找到最小值。对于直线滑裂面或对数螺旋滑裂面的单滑块机制,几个典型算例说明了该方法的有效性。     

三维块体元塑性极限分析下限法

基于块体元离散思想,将三维边坡离散为块体-结构面组成的块体系统,假定块体为刚体,以结构面上的应力为未知量;从下限定理出发,构造满足平衡条件、边界条件和屈服条件的静力许可场,平衡方程严格满足3方向力平衡及绕3个主轴方向的力矩平衡条件,为避免非线性规划,对屈服条件进行线性化处理;最后,建立了下限法数学规划模型,通过线性及非线性规划获得边坡稳定严格的下限解。用几个典型算例验证了文中方法的正确性及可行性。     

顺层岩质边坡稳定性极限分析上限法

基于极限分析上限法理论,运用体积力增量法,考虑单层滑动面极限分析模型的缺陷,建立考虑含结构面的多岩层错动的任意块体模型,利用岩块体在外荷载作用下达到极限破坏时,外荷载做的功与岩体消耗的功相等为基础建立等式方程,由此推导得到此类边坡稳定系数的计算公式。在分析典型边坡算例的基础上,对比离散元数值模拟结果,验证了该方法的可行性和适用性。对云南省普宣高速公路某顺层岩质边坡进行计算,其稳定系数接近离散元数值模拟结果,数值稍有偏大,边坡稳定。其研究结果为此类边坡稳定性评价提供了一种新的计算方法。     

Lower bound limit analysis of an anisotropic undrained strength criterion using second‐order cone programming

In this paper, the formulation of the lower bound limit analysis of an anisotropic undrained strength criterion using second‐order cone programming is described. The finite element concept was used to discretize the soil mass into 3‐noded triangular elements. The stress field was modeled using a linear interpolation within the elements while stress discontinuities were permitted to occur at the shared edges of adjacent elements. An elliptical yield criterion was adopted to model the anisotropic undrained strength of the clay. A statically admissible stress field was defined by enforcing the equilibrium equations within all triangular elements and along all shared edges of adjacent elements, stress boundary conditions, and no stress violation of the anisotropic strength envelope cast in the form of a conic quadratic constraint. The lower bound solution of the proposed formulation was solved by second‐order cone programming. The proposed formulation of the anisotropic undrained strength criterion was validated through comparison of the model's predictions with the known exact solutions of strip footings, and was applied to solve undrained stability of a shallow unlined square tunnel. Computational performance between the proposed approach of second‐order cone programming and linear programming was examined and discussed.     

三维塑性极限分析下限法原理及应用

介绍了三维塑性极限分析下限法的基本原理。将计算区域离散为有限个三维空间单元,利用极限分析中的下限定理,借助有限元思想建立数学规划模型,并引入非线性规划的数值方法寻求问题的下限解。以均匀土质边坡的极限荷载作为算例,比较了所得数值解与经典塑性力学理论解,论证了该方法的正确性。     

极限分析有限元法讲座—— Ⅰ岩土工程极限分析有限元法

经典岩土工程极限分析方法一般采用解析方法，有些还要对滑动面作假设，且不适用于非均质材料，尤其是强度不均的岩石工程，从而使极限分析法的应用受到限制。随着计算技术的发展，极限分析有限元法应运而生，它能通过强度降低或者荷载增加直接算得岩土工程的安全系数和滑动面，十分贴近工程设计。为此，探讨了极限分析有限元法及其在边坡、地基、隧道稳定性计算中的应用，算例表明了此法的可行性，拓宽了该方法的应用范围。随着计算机技术与计算力学的发展，岩土工程极限分析有限元法正在成为一门新的学问，而且有着良好的发展前景。     

基于MATLAB的边坡稳定性极限上限分析程序开发

基于系统能耗最小原理的极限分析上限定理,利用MATLAB强大的数据处理功能,对边坡稳定系数Ncr采用序列二次规划法（SQP）进行优化计算,并与枚举法相结合,从而解决SQP算法求解优化解容易陷入局部最优解的问题。同时开发了一款简单实用的边坡稳定性分析软件,实现了计算结果与临界滑裂破坏面图形的可视化输出。与经典算例对比分析,计算结果具有较好的一致性,表明了程序的可靠性。分析了内摩擦角?、边坡倾斜角?、? 3个参数对边坡稳定系数Ncr的影响。计算结果表明：边坡稳定性系数Ncr对?、? 较为敏感,而对? 的敏感次之。其次,当?、? 比较接近或在小范围内波动时,对稳定性系数Ncr的影响特别敏感;当?、?值较小时,滑动面通过坡趾下方,而当?值比较大时,滑动面通过坡趾。     

基于下限原理有限元的强度折减法

对于岩土工程中常用的强度折减系数,其规划问题是非线性的,不能直接利用线性规划进行求解。基于四边形单元的下限原理有限元法,根据强度折减系数与超载系数近似符合双曲函数的特点,通过调整强度参数使得超载系数逼近于1[1],可将边坡稳定性分析中常用的强度折减系数的非线性规划求解转化为线性规划求解问题。分析表明,采用拟合双曲线插值法求解强度折减系数的计算效率高于常规的二分法及割线法,且具有较好的收敛性;该方法能够充分利用当前高效的线性规划算法,便于工程应用。     

边坡稳定分析刚体有限元上限法的锥规划模型

极限分析方法是土边坡稳定性分析的重要方法之一。刚体有限元上限法是其中的一类,此类方法仍旧存在一些关键问题需要完善。由于单元的刚性假设,系统的塑性变形内能耗散仅发生在单元间的界面上,故此类方法的性能主要取决于界面的布局,即采用非结构化三角形单元计算往往精度较差。为此,提出了基于滑动面摄动的刚体有限元上限法及临界滑动面的搜索方法。首先,在考虑刚体转动的基础上构造刚体有限元上限法的二阶锥规划模型,用于确定在给定试滑动面条件下的运动许可速度场。其次,将试滑动面的控制参数视为决策变量,建立搜索临界滑动面的非线性非凸优化问题模型,并采用非线性单纯形方法和粒子群方法求解此优化问题找出临界滑动面。通过经典边坡稳定问题的分析求解,验证了所提出的新方法,进一步证实了网格类型（即界面的布局）是影响刚体有限元上限法计算精度的主要因素。经过计算结果的对比发现,在刚体有限元上限法中考虑刚体转动是非常必要的,不仅可以提高刚体有限元上限法的计算精度,还可以克服此方法对界面布局的依赖性。     

Upper bound limit analysis using linear finite elements and non‐linear programming

A new method for computing rigorous upper bounds on the limit loads for one‐, two‐ and three‐dimensional continua is described. The formulation is based on linear finite elements, permits kinematically admissible velocity discontinuities at all interelement boundaries, and furnishes a kinematically admissible velocity field by solving a non‐linear programming problem. In the latter, the objective function corresponds to the dissipated power (which is minimized) and the unknowns are subject to linear equality constraints as well as linear and non‐linear inequality constraints. Provided the yield surface is convex, the optimization problem generated by the upper bound method is also convex and can be solved efficiently by applying a two‐stage, quasi‐Newton scheme to the corresponding Kuhn–Tucker optimality conditions. A key advantage of this strategy is that its iteration count is largely independent of the mesh size. Since the formulation permits non‐linear constraints on the unknowns, no linearization of the yield surface is necessary and the modelling of three‐dimensional geometries presents no special difficulties. The utility of the proposed upper bound method is illustrated by applying it to a number of two‐ and three‐dimensional boundary value problems. For a variety of two‐dimensional cases, the new scheme is up to two orders of magnitude faster than an equivalent linear programming scheme which uses yield surface linearization. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Upper bound finite element analysis of slope stability using a nonlinear failure criterion

In this study, upper bound finite element (FE) limit analysis is applied to stability problems of slopes using a nonlinear criterion. After formulating the upper bound analysis as the dual form of a second-order cone programming (SOCP) problem, the stress field and corresponding shear strength parameters can be determined iteratively. Thus, the nonlinear failure criterion is represented by the shear strength parameters associated with stress so that the analysis of slope stability using a nonlinear failure criterion can be transformed into the traditional upper bound method with a linear Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion. Comparison with published solutions illustrates the accuracy and feasibility of the proposed method for a simple homogeneous slope stability problem. The proposed approach is also applied to a seismic stability problem for a rockfill dam to study the influence of different failure criterions on the upper bound solutions. The results show that the seismic stability coefficients obtained using two different nonlinear failure criteria are similar but that the convergence differs significantly.     

Rigid block based lower bound limit analysis method for stability analysis of fractured rock mass considering rock bridge effects

A rigid block based lower bound limit analysis method for analyzing stability of fractured rock mass in 2D and 3D conditions is proposed. The rock bridge effects are considered in the general formation. No assumptions are imposed on the inter-element forces, and the solution obtained is statically admissible. The proposed method is theoretically rigorous and simple. The validation and efficiency of the proposed method have been demonstrated through three typical types of slopes, indicating that apart from the fractures, rock bridge plays a key role in stabilizing rock blocks, which should be greatly concerned in stability analysis of rock mass.     

考虑张剪破坏的边坡下限原理有限元法

在工程中发生的很多边坡破坏模式不仅表现为剪切破坏,还表现为在边坡后缘产生一定深度的张拉破坏。这种既考虑剪切破坏又考虑张拉破坏的屈服准则,是经典的Mohr-Coulomb（简称M-C）屈服准则难以模拟的。从空间方位离散的角度出发,对经典的M-C屈服面线性化的方式进行改造,建立了基于方位离散的线性化屈服准则,同时在屈服准则中考虑了张拉破坏准则,并引入伪黏聚力,保证在每一个离散方位平面上既不违背屈服准则,又不违背张拉破坏准则,建立了同时考虑张拉及剪切破坏的下限原理有限元法。算例表明了该方法的有效性,同时也证明了仅考虑剪切破坏时,会过高地估计边坡的安全系数。     

地震效应下三维非均质土坡稳定性极限分析

基于极限分析上限定理,采用拟动力法研究了地震效应下非均质土坡的三维稳定性,并通过重度加大法（GIM）推导出边坡安全系数的显式表达式。此外,采用遗传算法进行优化,将所得结果进行对比验证,详细分析了地震条件下相关参数对边坡稳定性的影响。分析结果表明：边坡高度一定时,宽高比、边坡倾角的增大以及土体内摩擦角、非均质系数的减小均会造成安全系数的降低;拟静力法获得的结果相比于拟动力法较大,两种方法结果的差值会随着水平地震系数、有效内摩擦角的增大而增大,随着边坡倾角的增大而减小;土体放大系数的增大会导致安全系数减小,而地震波周期及波速的变化几乎对安全系数没有影响;滑动面轨迹受水平地震系数的影响较大,而受非均质系数的影响相对较小。     

土石坝坡抗震极限分析上限法

基于极限分析的上限定理,提出一种土石坝极限抗震分析的新方法。该方法假定土体为理想刚塑性材料且满足相关联流动准则,将土石坝坡滑动体划分为若干水平土条,计算各滑动土条的外功率与内能耗散,然后通过能量平衡条件,利用优化算法确定土石坝的极限抗震能力。运用所提方法,对一典型心墙土石坝进行极限抗震能力分析,研究了水平条分数以及抗剪强度参数对极限抗震能力影响。计算结果表明,水平条分数对滑裂面形状影响较大而对大坝极限抗震能力影响较小。当水平条分数增加到一定数目时大坝极限抗震能力最终趋于一个稳定值。同时,堆石料的抗剪强度对大坝极限抗震能力影响较大。通过与传统的极限平衡法对比,验证了所提方法的正确性与可行性。     

基于非线性规划的有限元塑性极限分析下限法研究

在分析Sloan建立的有限元塑性极限分析线性规划数学模型存在的局限性基础上,提出了基于非线性规划的有限元塑性极限分析下限法数学模型。采用非线性屈服条件构建了下限法静力容许应力场,建立了求解超载系数、强度储备系数的下限法数学模型,并提出了针对塑性极限分析非线性规划数学模型的求解策略;最后对一个经典算例进行了深入分析,验证了方法的正确性。     

边坡稳定的有限元塑性极限分析

系统地介绍了结构塑性极限分析的原理和方法。借助有限单元法和线性规划,运用塑性极限分析的下限法,可求解岩土边坡的极限承载力和安全系数。算例表明了该方法的正确性并具有较高的精度,同时,分析了该方法的困难所在。     

边坡稳定三维极限分析方法及工程应用

边坡稳定三维极限分析方法有上限解和极限平衡两种方法。上限解具有理论基础严格,计算安全系数步骤简捷的优点;极限平衡方法较以往的相关成果更为严格,它是二维的Spencer法在三维条件下的扩展。同时使用这两种方法求解安全系数,可以使两种方法各自的局限性得到弥补,并且可以将安全系数限制在一个很小的区间内,获得满足精度要求的解答。通过小湾堆积体工程实例说明了其可行性和实用性。