Risk assessment of metals from groundwater in northeast Rajasthan

In Shear strength reduction (SSR) technique, the factor of safety (FOS) is defined as the ratio of the material’s actual shear strength to the minimum shear strength required to prevent failure. Failure surface is found automatically through the zones within the material, where applied shear stresses cross the shear strength of the material. In this paper, a review of the technique is discussed in reference to FLAC. A brief background of the approach together with detailed procedure is presented.An attempt is made to exhibit the shear strength dependency of the strain. As stability of the slope is a function of the shear strength, the development of failure strain reflects the potential failure zone of slope. The shear strain developed in the slope increases with reduction in the shear strength and is reflected in the analysis. The concept of failure ratio (R_f) is incorporated in shear strength reduction technique and is demonstrated. Relationships between the critical shear strength reduction ratio and the safety factor are examined.     

边坡渐进破坏的动态强度折减法研究

边破的变形破坏是量变积累到质变的渐进发生过程,由坡体内部潜在滑动面的逐渐破损并扩展至整体滑面。基于强度折减法思想,提出模拟边坡渐进破坏的动态强度折减法。该方法利用屈服接近度指标YAI确定边坡的破损区域,将YAI<0.2的区域定为破损区,通过不断动态折减局部破损坡体的强度参数,使边坡潜在滑动面渐进演化至贯通,边坡达到极限平衡状态。算例计算表明,该方法可有效解决强度折减法中折减范围的问题,克服整体强度折减法破损区过大的缺陷,获得的位移变化趋势与破损区演化过程也具有良好的一致性。动态强度折减法真实再现了边坡渐进失稳过程,为强度折减法更有效地应用于边坡稳定性定量评价提供有效途径。     

Stability design charts for homogeneous slopes under typical conditions based on the double shear strength reduction technique

Based on a brief review of the existing shear strength reduction (SSR) techniques, the objective function of the comprehensive safety factor for simple homogeneous slopes is established by combining the double SSR technique (considered the shortest pathway of the strength reduction) with the upper bound limit analysis theorem, leading to a strict upper bound on the safety factor. Combining nonlinear sequential quadratic programming (SQP) with the random walk method, the value of the comprehensive safety factor can be optimized, avoiding the trap of a local minimum. Compared with classical examples, the present method is a conservative and effective method for slope stability evaluation. A set of design charts for homogeneous slopes under simple and typical conditions, such as surcharge load, pore water pressure, and seismic loading are produced by the analysis of substantial data, which can eliminate the necessity for iterations when calculating the safety factor. These stability charts are presented in a convenient manner to determine the comprehensive safety factors and corresponding failure patterns under different typical conditions, which might be preferred by engineers for performing the preliminary evaluations of slope safety. Several examples are used to illustrate the application of these stability charts under different conditions.     

有限元强度折减系数法在北门沟坡滑坡稳定性评价中的应用

利用有限元强度折减系数法求得的滑坡安全稳定性系数进行北门沟滑坡稳定性评价。通过强度折减,当滑坡达到不稳定状态时,有限元计算不再收敛,此时的折减系数就是滑坡的安全稳定性系数。经计算,可以得到滑坡体破坏形式和破坏扩张趋势,有助于对滑体破坏机制的理解。计算表明,有限元强度折减法与传统刚体极限平衡法计算的稳定性系数很接近,这为滑坡稳定性评价提供了另一条途径。     

基于Hoek-Brown准则的非等比强度折减方法

针对节理岩质边坡稳定性分析问题,开展了基于Hoek-Brown破坏准则的强度折减法研究。边坡的失稳过程是一个渐进累积破坏过程,破坏过程中各强度参数的衰减程度不同,在强度折减法中对应的折减系数也不同,不同折减系数间关系的确定及其综合安全系数的定义值得深入探讨。首先从岩体材料软化（硬化）特性出发,根据岩体强度参数从峰值强度到残余强度的变化规律,推导了Hoek-Brown破坏准则中3个强度参数折减系数间的数学关系式,然后以折减前后滑面上抗滑力之比定义综合安全系数来评价边坡的稳定性,最后结合算例验证了该方法的合理性,可有效应用于节理岩体边坡的稳定性分析。     

边坡稳定及加固分析的有限元强度折减法

将强度折减理论应用于土质边坡稳定及加固的弹塑性有限元分析中,提出了以某一幅值的总等效塑性应变区,从坡脚到坡顶贯通时为边坡破坏的标准,不但物理意义很明确,而且可以根据边坡临界破坏时的等效塑性应变区确定滑动面位置,并认为此前的折减系数即为边坡的安全系数。对某供水改造工程中边坡的稳定性分析及加固计算表明：该破坏判别标准是适宜的,能够在工程实际中加以运用。     

物质点强度折减法及其在边坡中的应用

物质点法适用于模拟连续介质大变形,如边坡失稳全过程。在物质点法中应用强度折减法,用于边坡稳定性评价。与极限平衡法相比,二者安全系数计算值、滑动面位置结果基本一致;与有限元强度折减法相比,物质点法失稳评价标准的物理意义明确。利用物质点法大变形计算优势,评价边坡失稳后的破坏后果,通过算例说明其评价不同安全系数下的滑坡堆积形态及滑移距离的能力,尤其是评价滑坡对临近建筑物的影响程度的能力。物质点强度折减法可用于边坡稳定性评价及边坡破坏后果评价。     

基于强度折减弹塑性有限元法的抗滑桩加固边坡稳定性分析

以大型通用有限元分析软件ABAQUS作为平台,以迭代不收敛联合坡面特征点位移陡增作为抗滑桩加固边坡失稳判据,通过二次开发建立了能够自动搜索安全系数的抗滑桩加固边坡稳定性强度折减弹塑性有限元分析模型,结合典型算例的对比分析验证了这一判据的有效性。在此基础上,针对一实例边坡进行了稳定性数值分析。研究表明,对于抗滑桩加固边坡,以强度折减有限元法所确定的潜在滑动面,一般地比极限平衡法、极限分析上限方法要浅。     

On the efficient estimation of small failure probability in slopes

The random finite element method (RFEM) combines the random field theory and finite element method in the framework of Monte Carlo simulation. It has been applied to a wide range of geotechnical problems such as slope stability, bearing capacity and the consolidation of soft soils. When the RFEM was first developed, direct Monte Carlo simulation was used. If the probability of failure (p _f ) is small, the direct Monte Carlo simulation requires a large number of simulations. Subset simulation is one of most efficient variance reduction techniques for the simulation of small p _f . It has been recently proposed to use subset simulation instead of direct Monte Carlo simulation in RFEM. It is noted, however, that subset simulation requires calculation of the factor of safety (FS), while direct Monte Carlo requires only the examination of failure or non-failure. The search for the FS in RFEM could be a tedious task. For example, the search for the FS of slope stability by the strength reduction method (SRM) usually requires much more computational time than a failure or non-failure checking. In this paper, the subset simulation is combined with RFEM, but the need for the search of FS is eliminated. The value of yield function in an elastoplastic finite element analysis is used to measure the safety margin instead of the FS. Numerical experiments show that the proposed approach gives the same level of accuracy as the traditional subset simulation based on FS, but the computational time is significantly reduced. Although only examples of slope stability are given, the proposed approach will generally work for other types of geotechnical applications.     

基于极限应变判据-动态局部强度折减的边坡破坏演化数值模拟

岩土材料具有极限应变特征,其值可以通过室内试验或数值模拟方法求得。边坡岩土体主要为剪切破坏,可采用极限剪应变作为材料破坏的判据。事实上,边坡岩土体强度参数劣化并非整体性的,而是一个渐进性局部损伤至整体失稳的过程。本文基于极限应变判据,建立了边坡破坏的动态局部强度折减方法,此方法对边坡中超过极限剪应变值的单元进行强度折减。通过不断折减计算过程中产生的超过极限剪应变值单元,直到坡内超过极限剪应变值的单元贯通,认为边坡整体发生破坏。将该方法应用到实际边坡工程中,计算结果和边坡破坏模式及变形监测数据基本吻合。此方法在分析边坡渐进性破坏及稳定性评价方面具有较好应用前景。     

基于软化特性的三维边坡强度折减有限元分析

基于现有边坡强度折减有限元的基本原理,建立了一套新的强度折减算法。该算法把强度参数降低的过程看成脆塑性应力跌落的过程,并设置一折减增量 ,当 充分小时认为系统达到收敛条件而退出循环,最终的折减系数就是边坡的安全系数。该算法很容易扩展到三维边坡的稳定性分析,得到边坡滑动面滑动和破坏的发展趋势。通过2个算例,分析了进行三维模型计算的重要性,建议当地质条件复杂时宜从三维角度分析计算边坡,不能简单地将问题当作平面应变处理。     

基于强度折减法的多级边坡稳定性分析

结合工程算例,采用强度折减有限元法,对边坡治理前后的稳定性进行了分析。结果表明,有限元强度折减法能更加直观的得到坡体的实际破坏形式,求得的边坡稳定系数更接近边坡的实际稳定状态,显示出其在边坡稳定性分析中的一定优势。     

有限元强度折减法中边坡失稳位移突变判据的改进

采用有限元强度折减法分析边坡稳定性时,计算所得安全系数依赖于所采用的失稳评判标准。目前边坡失稳判据的多样性及其不确定性,使得计算所得安全系数的合理性及其唯一性受到了质疑,因此如何选择或改进一种既能满足工程需要又易于操作的失稳判定准则显得尤为重要。针对某一典型边坡算例分别按计算收敛性、特征部位位移突变性和塑性区贯通性等3 个失稳判据考查判据的合理性及其适用性,对比研究三维与二维数值所得边坡稳定安全系数的差异,然后对位移突变失稳判据进行了一种改进,通过绘制位移突变倍率(当前分析步位移与上一分析步位移之比)跟折减系数的关系曲线来确定边坡安全系数,并通过简化的实例模型证明了其适用性。     

用局部强度折减法进行边坡稳定性分析

边坡的变形与其稳定性具有内在的必然联系,因而可以通过变形场来对边坡的稳定性进行判断。传统的强度折减法基于理想弹塑性模型对所有单元进行强度折减,所求解出来的变形场并不能很好地反映出边坡失稳时的真实变形。实际上,边坡的失稳是由于局部土体的强度降低所致的,因此提出只对局部土体单元进行强度折减、其他土体单元保持原有强度不变的局部强度折减法,本构模型采用变模量弹塑性模型。工程实例计算分析表明,基于变模量弹塑性模型的局部强度折减法对边坡进行稳定性分析是可行的。     

基于强度折减法的三维边坡稳定性与破坏机制

基于强度折减技术的三维弹塑性有限元法是当前较为有效的边坡稳定性评价方法,但很少应用于复杂地质环境及负载条件下的三维边坡稳定性与破坏机制分析。拓展这一方法,利用典型算例,探讨了单元尺寸、边界条件、土体强度、局部超载和地震荷载等因素对三维边坡稳定性及潜在滑动面的影响;在此基础上,着重研究含软弱夹层及地下水的复杂三维边坡在负载条件（坡顶局部超载及地震荷载）下的破坏模式及滑动机制。结果表明：随着黏聚力的增加,潜在滑坡体的剪出位置远离坡脚,滑坡后沿远离坡肩,滑坡深度加深;坡顶超载强度较低时,边坡表现为整体破坏模式,而高超载强度下表现为局部地基破坏;考虑地下水后边坡的稳定性显著下降,且潜在滑动面加深,滑坡体体积有所增大。含软弱夹层的三维边坡,其潜在滑动面呈折线型,当受超载作用时,其破坏模式和滑动机制与地震荷载作用下不同:前者为竖向剪切和水平错动的联合作用,而后者为软弱夹层水平错动起主导作用。     

多层软弱夹层边坡岩体破坏机制与稳定性研究

以大量的实际工程为基础,基于Sarma极限平衡法和有限元强度折减法探讨层状岩质边坡在不同岩层倾角θ、边坡坡角β、结构面间距h条件下的安全系数与破坏面位置的变化规律,揭示复杂多层软弱夹层边坡岩体的破坏机制及稳定性特征。结果表明：不同θ条件下边坡岩体失稳机制和破坏面位置不同,随着θ的增大,破坏机制表现为滑移破坏→滑劈破坏→崩塌破坏→倾倒破坏→滑移破坏;当β、h一定时,直立层状边坡的稳定性略大于水平层状边坡,反倾向边坡的稳定性明显大于顺层边坡;β直接影响边坡岩体破坏特征,当β由30°增大至60°时,顺层边坡的安全系数约降低53%;反倾向层状边坡的安全系数约降低40%;h对边坡岩体破坏机制的影响较小,但对稳定性的影响较大,建议工程实践中加强密集结构面岩质边坡的监测和加固工作。     

永吉高速公路黑潭坪边坡三维稳定性研究

通过对永吉高速公路黑潭坪边坡的野外调查,详细地了解了研究区工程地质条件,探讨了边坡变形破坏机理,结合室内试验和计算反演获取岩土体强度参数,在此基础上建立三维地质模型,运用FLAC3D数值分析软件采用强度折减法对不同工况下的坡体稳定性进行详细分析并提出治理建议。研究表明:(1)边坡变形破坏是内外因素综合作用的结果,岩土体性质不良是边坡变形破坏的内在因素,坡脚便道开挖和地表水下渗是边坡变形破坏的诱导因素;(2)强度折减法应用于边坡三位稳定性分析具有较好的适用性;(3)数值模拟显示采用削坡结合锚固的综合治理措施具有明显的效果。     

Identification of failure slip surfaces for landslide risk assessment using smoothed particle hydrodynamics

ABSTRACT

Location of failure slip surfaces plays a critical role in landslide risk assessment and mitigation, particularly for unstable slopes, because it is a key input to design of stabilisation measures for unstable slopes and it determines the volume of the sliding soil mass (i.e. landslide consequence). The failure slip surfaces in the numerical analysis (e.g. finite element/different method, FEM/FDM) are often identified using shear strength reduction (SSR) method. A careful examination of FEM results showed that, although the SSR method performs well for stable slopes, it might provide misleading results for unstable slopes. To properly locate failure slip surfaces for unstable slopes, this paper presents a particle-based numerical method called smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH), which is mesh-free, immune to the mesh distortion problem in FEM/FDM, and able to directly simulate large deformation of soils that occurs during landslides. A series of slope stability analyses is performed using an in-house SPH programme. Failure slip surfaces are properly identified by SPH for both stable and unstable slopes. Furthermore, because SPH provides a spatial distribution of the post-landslide large displacement of soils, the failure slip surfaces can be identified conveniently using soil displacement. A displacement-based criterion is proposed to locate the failure slip surfaces.     

基于强度折减和重度增加的边坡破坏判据研究

通过分析鸡鸣寺滑坡等典型滑坡变形监测数据,总结了典型滑坡的变形破坏规律,作为边坡破坏的判别标准,并应用到基于强度折减和重度增加法的边坡稳定分析中。通过典型算例分析,建议以变形变化趋势为边坡破坏判别标准,并研究了强度折减法和重度增加法分析边坡稳定的可行性;较全面地分析了影响计算精度的各种因素。结果表明,采用的边坡破坏判别标准概念清晰、物理意义明确,界定清晰。相比较而言,强度折减法的可靠性和稳定性相对较好,适用范围较广。     

考虑降雨的非饱和土边坡稳定性分析方法

降雨往往是引起热带和亚热带的膨胀土、残积土边坡失稳的主要促发因素。地处热带和亚热带的膨胀土、残积土往往是非饱和的，由于吸力的存在，土体抗剪强度较高，土坡是稳定的，一旦发生降雨，雨水将渗入土体，土体饱和度增加，吸力锐减并引起抗剪强度大幅度下降，当持续降雨的历时和强度超过一定程度时，则可导致土坡失稳。采用极限平衡分析方法，建立了一套能考虑水分入渗的非饱和土边坡的稳定性分析方法，该方法考虑在降雨后土坡水分为一分布场及抗剪强度参数为饱和度的函数。给出了一个计算实例。计算结果表明，降雨引起的土坡失稳往往为浅层破坏。