Coal and coal macerals as source rocks for oil and gas

The role of coals in the generation and migration of hydrocarbons is discussed from the viewpoints of chemistry and petrology. Extract data and considerations of volatile matter and maturity suggests that under geochemical conditions most coals can give rise to oil, as well as gas. A distinction is drawn between release of absorbed oil and formation of hydrocarbons by thermal breakdown of the coal matrix itself. The generation and preservation of oil require not only that suitable lipidic structures be present but that the product oil can escape before being cracked to gas.Exinite, preferably in large discrete particles, is the most oil-prone maceral. Vitrinite can form oil but subsequent migration depends on the availability of cracks and fissures in the coal matrix. The most highly reflecting forms of inertinite (e.g. fusinite) have no inherent capacity to generate oil. Low reflectance inertinite, such as is common in many Australian coals, may have minor source potential.A speculative attempt is made to quantify the oil-generating capacity of coal macerals and mixtures. As a general broad rule, on a weight basis, exinite can produce ten times more oil than vitrinite and a hundred times more than inertinite. Approximate calculations suggest that thermal maturation of coals can account for all the known oil and gas reserves in the Gippsland and Cooper Basins of Australia, even if only 1% of generated hydrocarbons is trapped.     

The use of the fracture reopening pressure in hydraulic fracturing stress measurements

Summary Practitioners of the hydraulic fracture stress measurement technique commonly estimate the hydraulic fracture tensile strength as the difference between the initial formation breakdown pressure and the fracture reopening pressure. This method, first suggested by Bredehoeft et al. (1976), was developed with the assumption that the stress state in the cracked formation is identical to the stress state in the uncracked formation. In this paper, a relationship for the fracture reopening pressure based on Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics is developed that takes the hydraulically induced fracture into account. Situations in which the Bredehoeft technique can be appropriately applied are presented.     

相山火山碎屑岩中粒间应力效应迹象

利用显微粒间应力效应迹象分析方法,发现相山火山岩中广泛而强烈地发生过机械压实作用。所谓“碰撞斑晶破碎”是粒间压应力汇集的结果。因而岩石的成岩作用是在压应力场中进行,属于火山碎屑堆积的产物,应将其归属于火山凝灰岩类。该凝灰岩在成岩后又遭受热变质作用,发生明显的重结晶,使岩石目前产生了一些非标型特征。     

Improved accuracy of U-Pb zircon ages by the creation of more concordant systems using an air abrasion technique

Abrasion combined with an improved paramagnetic separation technique eliminates 90 to 100 percent of discordance so that ages of unprecedented accuracy (±1 to 3 m.y.) can be achieved for virtually all 2700 m.y. old zircon populations from plutonic or volcanic rocks. The procedures work even better for younger zircons. Besides removing outer layers that may have been leached, high-U parts are preferentially removed by abrasion because they are softened by radiation damage. Altered and cracked zircons also tend to be eliminated.In most cases, the new concordant data move up the line established by previously analysed paramagnetic fractions but a number of anomalies have been found where old data give upper intersections that are in error by as much as 25 m.y. Reducing or eliminating paramagnetically correlated Pb loss greatly enhances our ability to define mixing lines for igneous or metamorphic rocks when two ages of zircon are present.The abrasion technique allows detection of an inherited component if it exists by enhancing the sample in core material. Abrasion in many cases removes about 80 percent of the common lead, thus allowing a direct evaluation of this component.When the outer parts of grains are removed, the correlation between magnetic susceptibility and uranium content is maintained but the usual correlation of uranium level with lead loss is reduced or eliminated. Therefore, only near surface uranium is involved in the classic discordance versus uranium level correlation of Silver (1963).     

Landslides and residual strength in marl profiles in Israel

Many areas in northern Israel show evidence of old landslides in marly profiles, and new slides are often activated in these regions. Such a slide occurred in the town of Rechasim, near Haifa, during an exceptionally wet winter in 1992. The present paper analyzes the causes for this slide, and suggests that it was due to a combination of downslope flow in the overlying, severely cracked chalk–limestone layer, and mobilization of residual strength at the marl–chalk interface. The residual strength of Israeli marly soils has been studied, and it is shown that while many of these consist predominantly of clay-sized (< 2 μm) particles, and may, therefore, expect to have a very low residual friction angle, the amount of clay sized carbonate in the soil is of major influence on the residual friction angle. When the clay-sized material includes less than about 11% carbonate, the clay particles dominate the shearing mechanism and result in a residual friction angle of the order of 12°; this was the case at Rechasim. However, when more than about 30% of the clay-sized material is carbonate, the carbonates control the shearing mechanism, and residual friction angles can be as high as 30°. Results of a preliminary study of the change in residual strength with time are also presented.     

冻结裂隙煤岩单轴压缩破坏机制及细观参数反演

煤岩的变形破坏是一个复杂的渐进演化过程, 为了研究冻结条件下裂隙煤岩的破坏机理, 基于CT扫描图像, 应用三维离散元模拟方法, 建立了冻结裂隙煤岩的单轴压缩模型。对比分析数值试验与室内压缩试验得到的应力-应变曲线, 发现二者吻合较好。通过对数值模拟结果的系统分析, 得到了冻结裂隙煤岩的细观结构损伤过程和宏观变形破坏规律, 也发现了煤岩的弹性模量和强度随温度变化的发展规律, 同时给出了煤岩强度和弹性模量与温度的数学关系式。以上研究表明, 离散元模拟方法能够为研究冻结裂隙煤岩的细观损伤演化和宏观破坏变形提供新思路, 可为岩体工程的安全稳定分析提供理论依据和参数基础。     

Maceration of calcareous skeletons

In the December issue of Sedimentology (1979, 26 ) two papers on the disintegration of calcareous skeletons appeared. In both articles the authors (Alexandersson, 1979; Fitzgerald, Parmenter & Milliman, 1979) describe skeletal degradation, producing fragments and even single calcium carbonate crystallites in the present marine environment. At least part of this maceration (Alexandersson, 1978) is attributed to the breakdown of the skeletal organic matrix on the sea bottom. Both studies were carried out on samples from the sediment surface of marine cold-water regions. There, another destructive process is active: etching and dissolution of the calcareous particles by the ambient carbonate-under-saturated water (e.g. Alexandersson, 1975, 1978). The possible coexistence of these biological and physicochemical destructive processes and the lack of information from cores have left open questions in the above-mentioned two studies. Some of these questions were discussed by me (Lewy, 1975). My observations and conclusions may now have a wider significance.     

Accessory phase petrogenesis in relation to major phase assemblages in pelites from the Nelson contact aureole, southern British Columbia

Monazite petrogenesis in the Nelson contact aureole is the result of allanite breakdown close to, but downgrade and therefore independent of, major phase isograds involving cordierite, andalusite and staurolite. The development of garnet downgrade of the staurolite and andalusite isograds does not appear to affect the onset of the allanite-to-monazite reaction but does affect the textural development of monazite. In lower pressure, garnet-absent rocks, allanite breakdown results in localized monazite growth as pseudomorphous clusters. In higher pressure, garnet-bearing rocks, allanite breakdown produces randomly distributed, lone grains of monazite with no textural relationship to the original reaction site. Fluids liberated from hydrous phases (chlorite, muscovite) during garnet formation may have acted as a flux to distribute light rare earth elements more widely within the rock upon allanite breakdown, preventing the localized formation of monazite pseudomorphs. Despite these textural differences, both types of monazite have very similar chemistry and an indistinguishable age by electron microprobe chemical dating (157 ± 6.4 Ma). This age range is within error of isotopic ages determined by others for the Nelson Batholith. Garnet from the garnet, staurolite and andalusite zones shows euhedral Y zoning typified by a high-Y core, low-Y collar and moderate-Y annulus, the latter ascribed to allanite breakdown during garnet growth in the garnet zone. The cause of the transition from high-Y core to low-Y collar, traditionally interpreted to be due to xenotime consumption, is unclear because of the ubiquitous presence of xenotime. Accessory phase geothermometry involving monazite, xenotime and garnet returns inconsistent results, suggesting calibration problems or a lack of equilibration between phases.     

OH-bearing planar defects in olivine produced by the breakdown of Ti-rich humite minerals from Dabie Shan (China)

The partial breakdown of Ti-chondrodite and Ti-clinohumite during exhumation from ultra-high pressure to amphibolite facies conditions in garnet-pyroxenites from Dabie Shan (China) produces coronas of olivine coexisting with ilmenite blebs. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of this newly formed olivine exhibit absorption bands in the hydroxyl-stretching region. Two intense peaks were observed at 3,564 and 3,394 cm⁻¹, identical in energy to peaks in Ti-clinohumite. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of the same olivine domains revealed the presence of a complex (001) planar intergrowth. These interlayers have a 1.35 nm repeat distance, which is characteristic of clinohumite. Such interlayers are also enriched in Ti with respect to the adjacent olivine as shown by energy dispersive spectrometry. The combined evidence from FTIR spectroscopy and TEM indicates that OH is incorporated along Ti-clinohumite planar defects. This study provides evidence that the nominally anhydrous phase olivine may contain OH as a humite-type defect beyond the breakdown of the hydrous humite minerals and confirms earlier suggestions that Ti plays a key role in OH incorporation in mantle olivine. We suggest that olivine containing Ti-clinohumite defects is an important phase for water transport in subduction zones and for the storage of water in cold subcontinental mantle. However, these defects are unlikely to be stable in hotter parts of the oceanic mantle such as where basaltic magmas are generated.     

四川盆地深层海相碳酸盐岩气藏成藏模式

四川盆地深层碳酸盐岩气藏主要指中三叠统雷口坡组及更老层位海相碳酸盐岩为储层形成的气藏,一般(曾)埋深在4500m之下,按类型可分为原生气藏(生气中心、储气中心和保气中心位于同一层位内)和次生气藏(生气中心、储气中心与保气中心位于不同层位)2类。原生气藏储层内含有大量沥青, 天然气主要为原油裂解气。次生气藏储层内不含沥青, 但天然气仍然主要为原油裂解气。原生气藏的成藏模式有三中心叠合模式、储气中心解体模式、三中心短距离移位模式和缺乏保气中心模式。次生气藏的成藏模式主要以天然气跨层运移为主要特征, 其气源来自于先存的天然气藏。三中心叠合模式的原油裂解气成藏效率最高,储气中心解体模式的原油裂解气成藏效率中等,三中心短距离移位模式和次生气藏形成模式的原油裂解气成藏效率较低,保气中心缺乏模式的原油裂解气成藏效率为零。因此,在勘探策略上应重视三中心叠合和储气中心解体模式形成的原生气藏的勘探,同时应关注由震旦系灯影组古气藏(储气中心)破坏而形成的下古生界次生气藏。     

双边非对称裂纹平板试样拉伸试验研究

采用自制的压–拉转换装置,配合RMT 150C岩石力学试验系统及数字散斑相关方法,对双边非对称裂纹类岩石平板试样进行直接拉伸试验,得到类岩石试样的拉应力–应变曲线、试样表面应变场演化过程和裂纹扩展模式。研究发现,类岩石试样直接拉伸的拉应力–应变曲线大致可以分为4个阶段：（1）近似线性阶段,预制裂纹基本不起作用,应力随应变增加较快,试样表面应变场的分布主要受试样内部的孔隙及颗粒的影响;（2）整体缓慢增加阶段,两预制裂纹和试样内部的孔隙及颗粒共同影响试样表面应变场的分布,整体上应力随应变呈增加趋势;（3）短暂峰值过渡阶段,试样中某个预制裂纹对试样表面应变场的分布起决定性作用;（4）破坏阶段,裂纹起裂位置在应变场相对集中区域,并扩展导致试样破坏。对于直接拉伸条件下的双边非对称裂纹平板试样,其中某条预制裂纹会率先扩展,先向远离前方裂纹的方向扩展,再向靠近前方裂纹的方向扩展,对采用数值模拟方法研究张拉应力状态下裂纹相互作用扩展规律具有重要意义。     

砂砾岩液态CO2破裂机制试验研究

砂砾岩储层一般较为致密,且非均匀性强,常规压裂方法压裂效果不理想。液态CO2（L-CO2）压裂是近年来提出的一种压裂增产手段,压裂效果上具有明显的优势。采用井底岩芯开展不同围压下清水和L-CO2压裂试验,并结合?CT扫描和核磁共振试验,比较两种压裂方式在破裂压力、破裂特征和裂缝分布的差异,深入分析砂砾岩L-CO2压裂的破裂机制。发现相同围压下L-CO2可大幅度降低破裂压力,且增大围压,L-CO2和清水压裂的破裂压力相差越大;?CT扫描显示,L-CO2压裂形成的是不规则的多分支裂缝,与主裂缝共同构成复杂裂缝网络,L-CO2压裂的裂缝体积是远大于清水压裂。核磁共振（NMR）结果发现,L-CO2压裂中破裂以贯通砾石颗粒界面微裂纹的方式为主,剪切激活机制占主导作用,而清水压裂以形成张拉的单一裂缝方式为主。L-CO2压裂获得更好的裂缝网络主要与砂砾岩中砾石颗粒造成的非均匀性有关,并影响着裂缝网络的复杂性。相关的研究成果可为砂砾岩储层改造和增产增效工艺优化提供指导。     

DEM modeling of hydraulic fracturing in permeable rock: influence of viscosity,injection rate and in situ states

Hydraulic fracturing in permeable rock is a complicated process which might be influenced by various factors including the operational parameters (e.g., fluid viscosity, injection rate and borehole diameter) and the in situ conditions (e.g., in situ stress states and initial pore pressure level). To elucidate the effects of these variables, simulations are performed on hollow-squared samples at laboratory scale using fully coupled discrete element method. The model is first validated by comparing the stress around the borehole wall measured numerically with that calculated theoretically. Systematic parametric studies are then conducted. Modeling results reveal that the breakdown pressure and time to fracture stay constant when the viscosity is lower than 0.002 Pa s or higher than 0.2 Pa s but increases significantly when it is between 0.002 and 0.2 Pa s. Raising the injection rate can shorten the time to fracture but dramatically increase the breakdown pressure. Larger borehole diameter leads to the increase in the time to fracture and the reduction in the breakdown pressure. Higher in situ stress requires a longer injection time and higher breakdown pressure. The initial pore pressure, on the other hand, reduces the breakdown pressure as well as the time to fracture. The increase in breakdown pressure with viscosity or injection rate can be attributed to the size effect of greater tensile strength of samples with smaller infiltrated regions.     

Windows of metamorphic sulfur liberation in the crust: Implications for gold deposit genesis

Understanding the source of metamorphic sulfur is critical to clarifying the complete cycle of ore genesis, from source to sink, for several mineral deposit types. In this study, a mass balance approach and the thermodynamic computer programs Thermocalc and PerpleX were used to constrain the P-T range of pyrite breakdown to pyrrhotite (which liberates sulfur) in common metamorphic lithologies. The results suggest that most of the continental crust’s metamorphic sulfur is liberated in a relatively narrow temperature-pressure window corresponding to the terminal breakdown of chlorite at moderate to low pressures. This is because pyrite stability is controlled partly by temperature and pressure, and partly by the amount of H₂O present. During prograde metamorphism from the greenschist to the amphibolite facies, metamorphic H₂O is produced primarily through chlorite breakdown in mafic to pelitic bulk compositions. As temperature increases, more sulfur is required from pyrite to maintain equilibrium proportions of H₂O, H₂S and SO₂ in the fluid, and in addition, progressively more sulfur is required at lower pressures. At low temperatures, little sulfur is required by metamorphic fluid released during initial chlorite breakdown, whereas at higher temperatures coinciding with the terminal breakdown of chlorite, not only is more fluid present, but the fluid’s sulfur requirement has also increased dramatically. In this way, metamorphic dehydration drives pyrite breakdown and generation of sulfur-rich hydrothermal fluids at mesothermal conditions. Beyond the chlorite stability field there is minimal metamorphic fluid production, except at low pressures and high temperatures where muscovite can break down without causing melting; conditions that are a long way from typical crustal geotherms. However, deformation also plays a key role in pyrite breakdown. Without deformation, small amounts of fluid in chemical communication with individual pyrite grains will quickly acquire equilibrium concentrations of the sulfur species and minimal pyrite breakdown is necessary. Whereas during deformation, there may be a continuous fluid flux past pyrite grains, promoting ongoing sulfur liberation. In this way, periods of deformation may be the major sulfur-liberating episodes during a metamorphic cycle. Since hydrothermal fluids are inherently buoyant and consequently tend to migrate upwards and towards cooler temperatures through the crust, these results imply that orogenic gold deposits are most likely to form at lower-amphibolite to prehnite-pumpellyite facies conditions, and unlikely to form at higher temperatures. The pressure constraint on metamorphic sulfur liberation implies that tectonic settings that allow prograde metamorphism to follow low pressure P-T-t paths in an occasionally compressional or transpressional environment are necessary. Settings that promote extensive injection of felsic magma into a mid-crust that contains a significant proportion of pyritic carbonaceous metasediment are shown to be ideal for orogenic gold deposit genesis. Inverted back-arc basins are interpreted to be the most favourable of these.     

Moisture Movement Through Cracked Clay Soil Profiles

A continuum mechanics approach is used for the formulation of unsaturated hydraulic conductivity functions and the water storage functions for fractured or cracked clay soils in this parametric study. Suggested procedures are based on available research literature related to the behavior of cracked unsaturated porous media. The soil–water characteristic curve, hydraulic conductivity and water storage functions take on the character of bi-modal unsaturated soil property functions. The bimodal character arises out of the independent behavior of the cracks and the intact clay soil. Matric suction changes beneath a slab-on-grade foundation placed on a cracked clay soil profile are modeled for varied surface flux conditions using the proposed unsaturated hydraulic conductivity and water storage functions. The impact of various levels of surface cracking on soil suction distributions is discussed. Suction distribution patterns are dependent on the initial soil surface suction. In particular, the results are dependent upon whether the initial matric suction is less than or greater than the air entry of the cracked clay. There is an extremely wide range of possible conditions that could be modeled but the parametric study results presented in this paper are limited to a series of selected crack widths and densities for an exfiltration case and an infiltration case.     

Sediment transport,biotic modifications and selection of grain size in a surface deposit-feeder

Deposit-feeders often select for particles on the basis of grain size. The available pool of particles at the sediment surface may be modified both by deposit-feeder activity and by sediment transport, but the effects of these alterations on deposit-feeder diet composition have received little attention. In laboratory experiments the spionid polychaeteParaprionospio pinnata altered the grain-size composition in its foraging area, and these alterations were reflected in grain-size changes in the diet. After simulated transport of fine-grain sediments,P. pinnata diets also changed in grain-size composition. Field data were collected from 9 m depth in the lower Chesapeake Bay. A video camera, deployed near the bottom, identified times of sediment transport over a 6-h Period;P. pinnata were collected concurrently for gut analysis. Consistent with predictions from the laboratory experiments,P. pinnata ingested primarily small-grain sizes. During periods of no sediment transport this feeding pattern reduced the relative availability of small particles; larger sediments were incorporated into the diet. Sediment transport may resupply the foraging area with fine-grain particles which are then incorporated into the diet. On these small spatial and time scales, deposit-feeder activity may affect the availability of food resources.     

Testing the auto‐abrasion hypothesis for dust production using diatomite dune sediments from the Bodélé Depression in Chad

This study examines the role of quartz sand in the production of dust using mixtures of quartz sand from the Sahara and diatomite aggregates from the Bodélé Depression in Chad. An aeolian abrasion chamber is used to reproduce the physical processes of aeolian abrasion and test the hypothesis that the breakdown of saltating diatomite flakes as they collide in saltation, and with the surface, is the most prolific mechanism of dust production (auto‐abrasion). This hypothesis is tested against the competing hypothesis that a hard, higher‐density quartz sand impactor is required to abrade fine‐grained sediments to generate dust. The results show that dust can be produced by a mixture of saltating diatomite and quartz sand particles. However, quartz sand is not required for saltating aggregates to produce dust. Indeed, these results, which used a mixture of very coarse‐grained aggregate (1 to 2 mm diameter) with fine quartz sand, indicate that the addition of quartz sand can decrease dust production. For a very coarse aggregate (1 to 2 mm), a pure diatomite aggregate produced the most dust, although using a coarse‐grained aggregate (0·5 to 1·0 mm) with a mixture of 20% quartz and 80% aggregate was found to produce the most dust overall. The results of this study confirm the auto‐abrasion hypothesis for the breakdown of diatomite particles in the Bodélé Depression, which is the single biggest source of atmospheric mineral dust on Earth.     

深部破碎岩体变形模量的一种新型试验方法及工程应用

岩体的变形模量是表征岩体抗变形能力的一个重要参数。对于深部破碎岩体的变形模量,采用传统的现场试验法或钻孔弹模法获得其变形参数有一定的局限性。因此,采用一种新开发的试验手段：将现场钻孔中取得的深部破碎岩体试样带回室内,放入MTS中进行三轴试验,记录相应的位移和应力;同时推导了一套配套的理论计算公式,利用室内试验的方法获得了从钻孔中取得的深部破碎岩体的变形模量。采用上述方法对实际水电工程坝基深部破碎带岩体的变形模量进行试验计算,并对试验得到的变形模量结果进行检验分析。其结果表明：采用两种方法获得的深部破碎岩体变形模量值差别一般在10％以内。     

Response of Precambrian zircon to the chemical abrasion (CA-TIMS) method and implications for improvement of age determinations

Electron backscatter imaging, Raman spectroscopy and U-Pb geochronology have been applied to Precambrian zircon grains that were annealed at 1000 and 1450 °C for various times, then leached with HF to constrain the conditions for healing radiation damage and attaining primary U-Pb zircon ages using the chemical abrasion (CA-TIMS) method. SEM images reveal a variety of textures for ZrO₂ overgrowths on 1450 °C annealed and leached zircon surfaces that depend on the degree of radiation damage and annealing history. Highly damaged zircon produces finer textures than zircon with less damage.Raman spectroscopy indicates that crystals with different levels of radiation damage are only partially restored by annealing at 1000 °C for 2-3 days. Longer annealing periods of 20 days are not noticeably more effective. Annealing at 1450 °C for 1 h results in partial breakdown of zircon but restores Raman peak widths and wave numbers to values characteristic of undamaged zircon after ZrO₂ overgrowths are removed by HF. Raman spectra are much less sensitive to polarization angle for annealed highly damaged grains than for weakly damaged zircon.U-Pb isotopic analyses of low to moderately damaged zircon (alpha fluence ranging up to 10¹⁹/g corresponding to an amorphization volume fraction of 80% or more) yield almost concordant data (0.3-0.5% discordance) after high-temperature annealing at 1450 °C followed by HF leaching at 195 °C. Analyses of cracked zircon annealed at 1450 °C and leached may remain discordant but those of uncracked grains are concordant. Most analyses show primary ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb ages although cracked grains annealed at 1450 °C may produce discordant data with ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb ages that are too young after leaching. The solubility of highly damaged, very disordered zircon (amorphization level of 99%) is only slightly reduced by annealing, and analyses of leach residues are strongly discordant although primary ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb ages are obtained.Annealing of highly damaged zircon under any conditions apparently results in a mass of randomly oriented micro-crystals that pseudomorph the original grain. This could explain the fine-scale pattern observed on etched crystal surfaces, reduced anisotropy at the 5 μm scale of the Raman laser beam and high solubility in HF. It may be impossible to restore primary U-Pb isotopic ages in such cases but precise ages can still potentially be determined from ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb ratios or by application of the air abrasion method.     

粉尘颗粒物对祁连山老虎沟冰川融水理化性质的影响

基于2012年消融期6~9月在祁连山老虎沟12号冰川采集冰川融水径流样品,分析探讨冰川融水中粉尘颗粒物对融水理化性质的影响。结果表明,粉尘特征在消融期的变化很好地反映了冰川消融过程,融水中粉尘浓度和粒径众数在冰川强烈消融期的7月份表现为最高。粉尘体积粒径分布主要包括大气气溶胶超细颗粒（0~3.0 μm,主要为PM 2.5）,大气粉尘颗粒（3.0~20 μm）,以及局地源的粗颗粒（20~100 μm）;对雪冰消融释放的粉尘部分（3.0~20 μm）粒径分布正态拟合结果说明,融水中粉尘颗粒物有很大部分来源于积雪中的粉尘运移所致。同时,融水中化学离子相对组成及其浓度消融期变化都与粉尘有较好的一致性,意味着粉尘对融水化学要素有重要影响。此外,pH值和电导率（EC）消融期的变化也反映了粉尘对融水物理指标的影响。在粉尘浓度较高时,融水pH值和电导率也表现出高值;融水径流中的悬移质颗粒物（SPM）浓度和溶解质固体（TDS）浓度具有较为一致的变化过程,反映了粉尘对于融水中溶解质含量也有较大影响。