Multiple-Point Statistics for Modeling Facies Heterogeneities in a Porous Medium: The Komadugu-Yobe Alluvium,Lake Chad Basin

Multiple-point statistics are used to model facies heterogeneities in the vadose zone of the Komadugu-Yobe River valley (southeastern Niger) which is presently submitted to an undergoing intensive agricultural development; therefore, increasing quantitative and qualitative pressures are exerted on groundwater resources. The sand–clay heterogeneities are analyzed by means of a Landsat image acquired during a high flow period over a 160 km stretch in the downstream part of the valley and a set of 50 boreholes drilled near the town of Diffa (4 km×4 km area). The horizontal variograms of heterogeneities are characterized by a noticeably constant length scale of 380 m and clayey objects are shown to be randomly distributed in space according to a Poisson process. A set of two-dimensional vertical images is built based on a Boolean procedure and the Snesim algorithm is used to simulate synthetic three-dimensional media. When the vertical correlation length is fitted, the three-dimensional model satisfactorily reproduces the second order statistics of heterogeneities and the specific facies patterns.     

固体汞电极溶出伏安法测定地下水示踪剂中的铜及实验应用

用易溶于水的金属盐类试剂作示踪剂,是岩溶地下水示踪试验中广泛采用的有效方法,通过野外现场测定人工示踪剂中的金属离子可以揭示岩溶地下水的运动特征.传统极谱法所用的液态汞操作不便,且容易造成环境污染.本文制作了固体汞电极,采用溶出伏安法测定地下水示踪剂中的铜,在地下水样品中加入醋酸一醋酸钠缓冲溶液,氯化钾溶液作为支持电解质,采用固体汞电极扫描,记录溶出曲线.实验了氯化钾溶液、醋酸-醋酸钠缓冲溶液用量对100 ng/mL铜标准工作溶液峰电流的影响,在选定最佳实验条件下,铜浓度在0 ～ 1000 ng/mL范围内与峰电流呈现良好的线性关系,相关系数大于0.999,方法检出限为0.58 ng/mL,加标回收率为96.4％ ～ 101.7％.地下水中可能存在的一些离子对测定不产生干扰.该方法应用于地下水示踪试验,铜的测定结果与极谱法基本吻合,且简单快速,适合野外现场测定,同时避免了极谱法液态汞的污染问题.     

Transport and Dispersion of a Conservative Tracer in Coastal Waters with Large Intertidal Areas

In late December 1991, an accidental release of 5,700 CI of tritiated water (HTO) from the Savannah River Site was transported via site streams into the Savannah River where it was carried downstream to the coastal zone. HTO released into a semitropical Georgia estuary was forced into the tidal marshes surrounding the estuary as well as discharged directly into the Atlantic Ocean. The spreading of HTO was studied with a 3D hydrodynamic model (ALGE) that includes flooding and draining of intertidal areas. Comparisons of model simulations to measured HTO concentration showed that ALGE simulated well the general increase and decrease of HTO as its plume passed a given area. The “sheet flow” approximation for marsh and small tidal creek flow largely compensated for lack of model resolution and accurate bathymetry in areas with numerous small to medium-sized tidal creeks. The water volume of the unresolved tidal creeks had to be accounted for in the simulations by increasing the initial water depth over the marshes. ALGE and a simple box model both reproduced the trapping of HTO in intertidal areas. The time scale over which intertidal areas import and export HTO back to the tidal channels varies between 10 and 30 days.     

二阶声波方程频域PML边界条件及频域变网格步长并行计算

研究了二阶声波方程频域PML边界条件和频域变网格并行计算技术。PML边界是一种较为理想的吸收边界方法,多用在求解时域应力速度方程中,但对于频域声波正演,二阶位移方程更常用。从一阶声波方程PML吸收边界条件导出频域二阶位移方程PML边界条件,模拟算例得到的频率切片、时间切片和地震记录对比都说明该边界条件吸收效果很好。频域单炮正演不同频率间是独立的,据此低频部分采用大网格计算,高频采用小网格,实现变网格步长计算技术,这是较时间域正演的一个优势,在保证模拟质量的同时,减少计算量和内存消耗。     

多年冻土区短桩架空通风基础房屋的模型试验研究

本介绍了工程建筑物基础和多年冻土地基整体的相似模型试验，试验结果与实体取得良好的一致。从动态过程肯定了持力层为含土冰层时，冻土允许承载力Ｒｆ的可靠性，同时，明确了可依据冻土层年平均地温Ｔｃｐ＝－２．５℃时，持力层（平均）地温Ｔ＝－０．５℃，允许承载力Ｒｆ＝０．１ＭＰａ，只能建一层平房，当Ｔｃｐ＝－４．０℃时，Ｔ＝－１．０－１．２℃，Ｒｆ＝０．１５－０．１７ＭＰａ，可有条件地建二层楼房。     

Hydraulic Effects of Shales in Fluvial-Deltaic Deposits: Ground-Penetrating Radar, Outcrop Observations, Geostatistics, and Three-Dimensional Flow Modeling for the Ferron Sandstone, Utah

Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) surveys, outcrop measurements, and cores provide a high-resolution 3D geologic model to investigate the hydraulic effects of shales in marine-influenced lower delta-plain distributary channel deposits within the Cretaceous-age Ferron Sandstone at Corbula Gulch in central Utah, USA. Shale statistics are computed from outcrop observations. Although slight anisotropy was observed in mean length and variogram ranges parallel and perpendicular to pale of low , the anisotropy is not statistically significant and the estimated mean length is 5.4 m. Truncated Gaussian simulation was used to create maps of shales that are placed on variably dipping stratigraphic surfaces interpreted from high-resolution 3D GPR surveys, outcrop interpretations, and boreholes. Sandstone permeability is estimated from radar responses calibrated to permeability measurements from core samples. Experimentally designed flow simulations examine the effects of variogram range, shale coverage fraction, and trends in shale coverage on predicted upscaled permeability, breakthrough time, and sweep efficiency. Approximately 1500 flow simulations examine three different geologic models, flow in the 3 coordinate directions, 16 geostatistical parameter combinations, and 10 realizations for each model. ANOVA and response models computed from the flow simulations demonstrate that shales decrease sweep, recovery, and permeability, especially in the vertical direction. The effect on horizontal flow is smaller. Flow predictions for ideal tracer displacements at Corbula Gulch are sensitive to shale-coverage fraction, but are relatively insensitive to twofold variations in variogram range or to vertical trends in shale coverage. Although the hydraulic effects of shale are statistically significant, the changes in flow responses rarely exceed 20%. As a result, it may be reasonable to use simple models when incorporating analogous shales into models of reservoirs or aquifers.     

A Comparison Between Machine Learning and Functional Geostatistics Approaches for Data-Driven Analyses of Sediment Transport in a Pre-Alpine Stream

Mathematical Geosciences - The problem of providing data-driven models for sediment transport in a pre-Alpine stream in Italy is addressed. This study is based on a large set of measurements...     

Modeling Trophic Structure and Energy Flows in a Coastal Artificial Ecosystem Using Mass-Balance Ecopath Model

Using a large-scale enclosed sea area in northern Hangzhou Bay as a case study, the trophic interactions, energy flows, and ecosystem properties of a coastal artificial ecosystem were analyzed by ecotrophic modeling using Ecopath with Ecosim software (EwE, 5.1 version). The model consists of 13 functional groups: piscivorous fish, benthic-feeding fish, zooplanktivorous fish, herbivorous fish, crabs, shrimp, mollusca, infauna, carnivorous zooplankton, herbivorous zooplankton, macrophytes, phytoplankton, and detritus. Input information for the model was gathered from published and unpublished reports and from our own estimates during the period 2006–2007. Results show that the food web in the enclosed sea area was dominated by a detritus pathway. The trophic levels of the groups varied from 1.00 for primary producers and detritus to 3.90 for piscivorous fish in the coastal artificial system. Using network analysis, the system network was mapped into a linear food chain, and five discrete trophic levels were found with a mean transfer efficiency of 9.8% from detritus and 9.4% from primary producer within the ecosystem. The geometric mean of the trophic transfer efficiencies was 9.6%. Detritus contributed 57% of the total energy flux, and the other 43% came from primary producers. The ecosystem maturity indices—total primary production/total respiration, Finn’s cycling index, and ascendancy—were 2.56, 25.0%, and 31.0%, respectively, showing that the coastal artificial system is at developmental stage according to Odum’s theory of ecosystem development. Generally, this is the first trophic model of a large-scale artificial sea enclosure in China and provides some useful insights into the structure and functioning of the system.     

Tracer tests, hydrochemical and microbiological investigations as a basis for groundwater protection in a remote tropical mountainous karst area, Vietnam

The Tam Duong karst area in NW Vietnam is among the poorest and remotest regions in the country. The local population largely depends on water from two main karst springs. Due to agricultural activity and untreated domestic wastewaters, the spring water is often microbiologically contaminated. In order to provide a scientific basis for groundwater protection in the area, different field methods have been applied including hydrogeological framework investigations, tracer tests, and hydrochemical and microbiological sampling and analyses. All methods had to be adapted to the conditions of a poor and remote area. These adaptations included, amongst other measures, the use of a portable microbiological water_testing kit and the involvement of the local population in the sampling campaign. The tracer tests showed simple and direct connections between two important swallow holes and the two main springs, and made it possible to determine the linear groundwater flow velocities, which are extremely high (up to 875 m/h). The hydrochemical and microbiological data confirmed the strong impact of the streams sinking into the swallow holes on the spring water quality. Future groundwater source protection strategies should consequently focus on the reduction of polluting activities near the sinking streams and within their catchment areas.     

河南郁山铝土矿三维地质建模软件 工作流程与对比研究

[摘 要]野外勘察和测量获得的地质信息是一些离散的数据,面对这些地质信息,传统的方法只能用平面和剖面、静态三维等方法进行展示。三维地质建模技术以直观性、立体化、动态化,使地质成果表达通俗化,因此,三维地质建模技术的研究和应用已成为地质类各专业勘察评价的新趋势。河南省地质调查院以河南郁山铝土矿等项目为试点,开展了三维地质建模技术的推广应用的探索研究。本文以美国CTech 公司的MVS 8. 2、澳大利亚Micromine 集团的Micromine 2010、中地数码公司(武汉)的MAP鄄GIS-G3dProject 软件为例,论述了三维地质建模的工作流程及这三种软件的优势对比。     

嵌入城市：——创造与城市总体环境相融和的广播电视建筑

通过对黄石市广播电视教育中心方案设计过程的总结，提出了广播电视中心的设计既是建筑单体的设计，同时也是城市总体设计的一部分，建筑师应着眼于全局，在展开单体设计之前，应对城市总体规划予以关注，在受到总全规划约束和限定的前提下，应能够将建筑单体恰如其分地 嵌入到城市总体环境当中去。     

Sorption on Humic Acids as a Basis for the Mechanism of Primary Accumulation of Gold and Platinum Group Elements in Black Shales

In order to asses the contribution of sorption by complexation to the concentration of noble metals at early stages of the formation of their deposits in black shales, the sorption of Au(III), Pt(IV), Rd(II), Rh(III), Ru(IV), and Os(IV) ions was studied on ash-free preparations of humic acids (HA) separated from peat of the Tver region and marine sediment samples taken on the Peruvian shelf. Data on the nature and protolytic characteristics of oxygen-containing HA functional groups were obtained. It has been shown that carboxyl groups and phenol oxygroups, which ensure the HA complexation with ions of noble metals, are present in the HA structure. The dissociation constant values for HA carboxyl groups (pK_a) and the distribution function of these groups in their pK_a values have been established. It has been revealed that the pK_a value for both of the HA groups varies within two orders of magnitude: the average value is equal to 6.1 for HA from peat and 7.0 for HA from marine sediments. A fairly high and similar for both of the HA groups sorption capacity with respect to Au(III), Rd(II), Rh(III), Ru(IV), and Os(IV) ions was established in model experiments. It is equal to 320–350 mg g^–1 for Au, 100–110 mg g^–1 for Pd, 11–12 mg g^–1 for Rh, 16–19 mg g^–1 for Ru, and 23 mg g^–1 for Os. The study of platinum(IV) sorption revealed that humic acids from peat and marine sediments do not virtually sorb Pt(IV), and this observation is important for understanding genetic features of the formation of noble metal deposits in black shales. Based on sorption isotherms for Au(III), Pd(II), Rh(III), and Ru(IV), the conditional affinity constant values for HA sorption centers with respect to ions of these metals were calculated by the method of quantitative physicochemical analysis. These values prove that complex compounds forming at the HA surface possess a high strength: the log values for the Au(III)–HA, Pd(II)–HA, Rh(III)–HA, and Ru(IV)–HA compounds are equal to 6.0, 5.0, 3.2, and 3.5, respectively.     

浅层气藏流体相控属性参数建模及应用

对钻井资料较少的莺歌海盆地某气田采用流体相控属性建模,利用叠前纵横波速度比反演预测储层含气性和储层测井综合解释成果,用随机模拟方法建立储层的流体相模型;用流体相模型进行间接相控,建立了用波阻抗约束的随机模拟孔隙度模型,解决了浅层气藏由于受含气效应影响导致模拟的气层孔隙度偏高而难以正确反映储层物性分布的问题。在此基础上求得连通因子平面分布,勾出孔隙度分隔带,解释了研究区压力和气体类型分区特征。     

Finding a Way: Modeling Landscape Prerequisites for Roman and Early‐Medieval Routes in the Netherlands

This study focuses on reconstructing landscape prerequisites for Roman and early‐medieval routes in the Netherlands. We applied spatial modeling to modern and paleogeographical landscape data in order to determine geographical obstacles for possible translocation in ca. A.D. 100 and 800 via land and water. Network‐friction values were calculated to produce a spatial model of possible movement corridors and to enable the integration of archaeological data. Results show that in geographically dynamic lowland regions such as the current Netherlands, landscape units such as water, peat, and levees must have had a high impact on route orientation. The lower parts of the western Netherlands were almost inaccessible by land, implying that its inhabitants largely must have depended on rivers and streams for transportation. In Dutch coastal and river areas, the landscape changed drastically between A.D. 100 and 800, the largest changes occurring along the coast.     

在线净化-气相色谱法测定土壤中有机磷农药

建立了一套利用加速溶剂萃取仪在线净化,气相色谱氮磷检测器测定土壤中20种有机磷农药的方法。考察了加速溶剂萃取仪的萃取温度、氧化铝的类型和加入方式、溶剂萃取体系、分散剂用量等因素对土壤中有机磷农药残留测定的影响。合适的萃取温度在萃取效率和回收效率之间找到最佳平衡点,酸性氧化铝和底部加入方式保证了土壤的净化效果和有机磷的回收率,分散剂的加入使得土壤中有机磷分布更加均匀。以酸性氧化铝和石墨碳黑为净化剂,水为分散剂,土壤样品经加速溶剂萃取仪在线净化萃取,浓缩后采用气相色谱氮磷检测器检测。在萃取温度为60℃,酸性氧化铝底部加入,分散剂水为1.0 mL的条件下,20种有机磷的检出限为0.005～0.014 mg/L。本方法将萃取过程与净化过程合二为一,简化了操作步骤,提高了工作效率。     

Modeling erosion and sediment control practices with RUSLE 2.0: a management approach for natural gas well sites in Denton County,TX, USA

Sediment yields from natural gas well sites in Denton County, TX, USA can be substantial and warrant consideration of appropriate erosion and sediment control best management practices (BMPs). Version 2 of the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE 2.0) was used to predict sediment yields and evaluate the efficiency of BMPs for multiple combinations of different land surface conditions (soil erodibility and slope) commonly found at gas well sites in the area. Annual average sediment yield predictions from unprotected site conditions ranged from 12.1 to 134.5 tonnes per hectare per year (t/ha/yr). Sediment yield predictions for 1, 2, 5, and 10-year design storms ranged from 8.1 to 20.6 t/ha. When site conditions were modeled with BMPs, predicted sediment yields were 52–93% less. A comparison of modeled efficiency values to a review of laboratory and field data suggests that modeled (theoretical) sediment yield results with BMPs are likely best case scenarios. This study also evaluated BMPs in the context of site management goals and implementation cost, demonstrating a practical approach for the application of RUSLE 2.0 for managing soil loss and understanding the importance of selecting appropriate site-specific BMPs for disturbed site conditions.     

曹妃甸某大型工程钻孔灌注桩试桩施工及检测结果分析

曹妃甸某大型工程在工程桩施工前进行试桩,通过对后压浆钻孔灌注桩、三岔双向挤扩桩、支盘灌注桩3种试桩的竖向承载力试验、桩身内力试验、低应变检测、超声波检测及水平承载力试验等项目进行分析,检验成桩的可能性与可靠性,为工程桩桩型的选择及施工提供有效依据。     

Using stable and radioactive isotopes for the investigation of contaminant metal mobilization in a metal mining district

Naturally occurring stable and radioactive isotopes were used as environmental tracers to investigate contaminant metal mobilization processes in a metal smelter dump mainly consisting of slag. Water emerging from the dump at a spring is heavily contaminated by metals. The smelter dump contains minor amounts of flue dust, a material which shows a high potential for metal mobilization. Nearby dumps mainly consist of low-grade ore. Concentration patterns of ²³⁸U, ²²⁶Ra and ²¹⁰Pb determined in sediment deposited close to the contaminated spring reveal the flue dust to be the major local metal source rather than the slag or the low-grade ore. Contamination pathways inside the dump were investigated using hydrological, chemical and isotopic data. Strong negative correlation between water discharge and metal concentration in the spring water suggests, besides short-term dilution of the metal concentration by direct rainwater runoff, distinct long-term dilution of the spring water by groundwater being discharged at a significantly increased rate as a result of heavy rains. δ¹⁸O and δD signatures of rain, local groundwater and spring water confirm the importance of groundwater derived from the local aquifer. Another hydrological component with importance for metal mobilization was found to be water that is recharged in the dump itself. Tritium analysis allowed an assessment of the probable residence time of that water component in the smelter dump. Since that water component seems to represent a major local contamination pathway the findings of the study are of substantial importance for site remediation planning. As a primary result it could be stated that covering the dump would not result in any noteworthy short-term improvement of the spring water quality. First significant effects would only be visible after 2–3 decades at the earliest.     

河北平原深层碱性淡水形成的水文地球化学模拟——以保定、沧州地区为例

以揭示河北平原深层碱性淡水化学形成机制为主要研究目的, 选择河北平原深层碱性淡水发育的保定、沧州地区为典型研究区, 应用水文地球综合分析方法和地下水地球化学模拟技术, 探讨了深层碱性淡水水化学性质、分布规律及形成的自然环境; 依据质量守恒原理建立深层地下水质量平衡反应模型, 研究了从山前至滨海整个水流路径上所发生的水文地球化学作用及水、岩间的质量交换, 从而揭示了深层地下水化学演化规律的内涵及深层碱性淡水水化学形成机制.主要结论是深碱性淡水是由山前补给区HCO₃-Ca·Mg水逐步演化而来, 从山前至中部平原, 在地下水环境由开放转为封闭的过程中, 方解石、白云石溶解和沉淀, 钠长石、石膏、岩盐和菱铁矿的溶解, Ca-Na阳离子交换是控制其形成和演化的主要水文地球化学作用.