基于层次分析法的丹东地区地下水污染防治区划

为查明丹东地区地下水质量与污染现状,提出科学的污染防治区划建议,基于层次分析法原理,选择地下水质量状况、污染现状、天然脆弱性、土地利用状况、地下水资源状况及开采现状为准则层,综合运用模糊评价法、层级阶梯法、DRASTIC法、线性加权函数法和MapGIS空间分析等技术方法开展研究.结果表明：Ⅰ~Ⅲ类水质分布面积占全区面积的91.65%,轻-中度污染水占95.81%,较弱-中等地下水脆弱区域占98.15%,准则层各指标综合评价后全区可划分为重要地下水水源地保护区、自然防护区、一般防护区和重点防护区等4类地下水污染防治保护区.结论：丹东地区总体地下水环境状况良好,但重点防护区内城镇化程度较高,人类活动对地下水环境影响较强,建议地方政府通过定期监测评价水质与水量、改善用水单位取水和排污工艺、合理调配地表水与地下水资源开发等方式加强防护.     

佳木斯市地下水资源及其污染防治研究

对佳木斯市系松散岩类孔隙水资源进行了研究。在对地下水资源量、水质及污染进行评价的基础上，重点进行了地下水流和地下水污染的数值模拟和预测。并给出了该区区域下水流的纵、横向弥散系数，对地下水资源开采和污染防治方案进行了模拟和评价，为佳木斯市地下水资源的合理开发利用、污染防治和科学管理提供了依据。     

遵义市地下水污染暨其防治

本文论述了遵义市辖区地下水的污染现状,追溯了引起地下水质量下降的污染源,并揭示其污染途径,从而提出了具体可行的防治措施。     

浅析地下水污染及其防治措施

地下水是人类宝贵的淡水资源,受到人类活动的影响,遭受污染日益严重。地下水污染的成因有地下水超采导致地下水水质下降,地表污水、废水排放和农耕污染造成的硝酸盐污染,石油和石油化工产品的污染,垃圾填埋场渗漏污染。地下水污染的复杂性表现在污染物种类繁多、污染途径隐蔽、污染机理复杂、污染防治系统庞大、地下水流缓慢等,一旦污染很难治理,即使花费很大的代价,耗时较长,也难奏效,故应以预防为主,防治结合,加强地下水保护。提高对地下水污染的重视程度,要强化政策、法制和管理手段,统筹规划,合理开发地下水资源,建立水质监测网,加强水质监测,发现问题及时解决,人工补给被污染的地下水,对污染的地下水采用物理、化学和生物方法进行治理。     

浅谈地下水污染及其防治

地下水污染与地表水污染明显不同,即具隐蔽性和难以逆转性.地下水一旦受污染,便很难治理及恢复.在我国尤其是北方地区,地下水是重要的生产和生活用水.地下水污染严重地影响了地下水的使用价值.本文试就一些典型的地下水污染进行探讨,并提出地下水污染的防治措施.     

渤海海域海底地质灾害危险性区划

以渤海海域海底地质灾害为研究目标,采用层次分析法（Analytic Hierarchy Process, AHP）,按照海洋水动力条件、工程地质环境、灾害地质条件、人类工程活动4个类别,遴选了8个评价因子,详细论述了各地质灾害评价因子的分布特征,通过定性分析和定量计算相结合,开展了渤海海域海底地质灾害评价及危险性区划。将渤海海域海底综合划分为地质灾害危险性高危险性、较高危险性、较低危险性和低危险性4个区域。研究成果可为渤海海域的工程建设和防灾减灾提供科学依据。     

能源基地地下水污染及防治措施

能源基地地下水已受到不同程度的污染,随着基地大规模开发建设,地下水污染将更加严重。对基地一些地区地下水的污染特征、污染途径和污染源进行了分析研究,并在此基础上提出了相应的防治措施和建议。     

莱州市地下水水质污染途径及防治对策

本文结合莱州市实际，详细分析了地下水水质污染途径及其造成的危害，并针对污染现状，提出了保护水资源、防治水资源污染的具体措施。     

Evaluation of groundwater quality and pollution in Daqing Oilfield

Daqing Oilfield is located in the northeast of Songnen Plain in Daqing City, Heilongjiang Province, which is a petrochemical industry gathering place based on petroleum refining, chemical industry, chemical fiber and fertilizer. In recent years, the quantity demand of petroleum and petrochemical production for groundwater in Daqing Oilfield is growing, and it’s of great significance to analyze and study the quality and pollution degree of groundwater for groundwater exploitation, utilization and protection. In this paper, groundwater quality of Daqing Oilfield evaluated by Nemerow Index is poor, and most points are Class IV groundwater; When evaluating groundwater pollution by hierarchical ladder method, the results show that the severe and extremely severe pollution points account for 34.48% in shallow phreatic water and 20% in deep confined water, showing that shallow groundwater is more seriously polluted than the deep. The main components influencing the quality of groundwater in the study area are total hardness, total dissolved solids, Cl-, SO42- and so on, which are affected by both the native environment and human activities; The main pollution components in groundwater are nitrite and nitrate nitrogen which are affected by human activities. Daqing Oilfield groundwater pollution is characterized by inorganic pollution, while organic components related to human activities contribute less to the groundwater pollution currently.     

基于AHP的DRASTIC模型对莱州地区地下水脆弱性研究

地下水脆弱性评价是作为地质环境评价的一部分,目前国内外已有众多研究,并提出多种评价模型,其中以DRASTIC方法模型使用最为广泛。AHP（层次分析法）是一种层次权重决策分析方法,综合专家经验与理论数据,可以实现定性与定量二者有效的统一结合,更真实客观的反映研究区评价结果。文中以莱州地区为研究区,在全面调查区内的地质条件、水文地质条件、地形地貌、气象等实际情况的基础上,利用AHP法对目前使用的DRASTIC方法模型进行改进。对原模型中的7个参数进行权重重新取值,然后建立一套符合研究区的地下水脆弱性模型,并进行评价分区,最终绘制了地下水脆弱性分区图。     

地下水中有机污染物分析质量控制研究

建立了水中96种有机化合物的分析配套方案,包括吹扫捕集-气相色谱质谱法测定水中挥发性有机化合物,气相色谱火焰光度检测器测定水中有机磷农药,气相色谱电子捕获检测器测定水中有机氯农药和多氯联苯,高效液相色谱二极管阵列-荧光检测器联用测定水中多环芳烃。方法检出限满足中国地质调查局《地下水污染调查评价规范》的要求。同时对样品测试中质量控制方法进行研究,制定了一套行之有效的质量控制方案,质量控制结果满意。     

Dynamic assessment of pollution risk of groundwater source area in Northern China

Based on the dynamic analysis and research of pollution risk of groundwater sources, this paper creates the dynamic assessment method of pollution risk of groundwater source area under the theory of “source-pathway-receptor”, and applies this method to one typical fissure karst groundwater source area in northern China. Following the 30-year petroleum pollutant migration simulation and pollution risk assessment of groundwater source area, this study finds that the very high risk zone is mainly located in Q Petrochemical Company and the surrounding area and the area adjacent to River Z. Within this period of thirty years, the pollution risk of groundwater source area has showed a dynamic trend that features an inverted “V” shape. The ratio of very high risk zone to the total area will be 18.1%, 17.47% and 16.62% during the tenth year, the twentieth year and the thirtieth year separately, and will reach the highest level of 19.45% during the fifteenth year. Meanwhile, the vertical migration distance of pollutant centre concentration changed from the surface soil at the outset to the deepest point of about 250 meters underground during the tenth year. The results of this risk assessment indicate the dynamic feature of pollution risk. The dilution, degradation and migration of petroleum pollutants in groundwater system contribute to an ultimate decline in pollution risk.     

Application of uncertainty analysis to groundwater pollution modeling

Prediction and evaluation of pollution of the subsurface environment and planning remedial actions at existing sites may be useful for siting and designing new land-based waste treatment or disposal facilities. Most models used to make such predictions assume that the system behaves deterministically. A variety of factors, however, introduce uncertainty into the model predictions. The factors include model and pollution transport parameters and geometric uncertainty. The Monte Carlo technique is applied to evaluate the uncertainty, as illustrated by applying three analytical groundwater pollution transport models. The uncertainty analysis provides estimates of statistical reliability in model outputs of pollution concentration and arrival time. Examples are provided that demonstrate: (a) confidence limits around predicted values of concentration and arrival time can be obtained, (b) the selection of probability distributions for input parameters affects the output variables, and (c) the probability distribution of the output variables can be different from that of the input variables, even when all input parameters have the same probability distribution     

Risk assessment of groundwater pollution using sensitivity analysis and a worst-case scenario analysis

This paper illustrates how sensitivity analysis and a worst-case scenario analysis can be useful tools in risk assessment of groundwater pollution. The approach is applied to a study area in Hungary with several known groundwater pollution sources and nearby drinking water production wells. The main concern is whether the contamination sources threaten the drinking water wells of the area. A groundwater flow and transport model is set up to answer this question. Due to limited data availability, the results of this model are associated with large uncertainty. Sensitivity analysis and a worst-case scenario analysis are applied to estimate this uncertainty and build confidence in the model results.     

Validation of an intrinsic groundwater pollution vulnerability methodology using a national nitrate database

The importance of groundwater for potable supply, and the many sources of anthropogenic contamination, has led to the development of intrinsic groundwater vulnerability mapping. An Analysis of Co-Variance and Analysis of Variance are used to validate the extensively applied UK methodology, based upon nitrate concentrations from 1,108 boreholes throughout England and Wales. These largely confirm the current aquifer and soil leaching potential classifications and demonstrate the benefits of combining soil and low permeability drift information. European legislation such as the Water Framework Directive will require more dynamic assessments of pollutant risk to groundwater. These results demonstrate that a number of improvements are required to future intrinsic groundwater vulnerability methodologies. The vertical succession of geological units must be included, so that non-aquifers can be zoned in the same way as aquifers for water supply purposes, while at the same time recognising their role in influencing the quality of groundwater in deeper aquifers. Classifications within intrinsic vulnerability methodologies should be based upon defined diagnostic properties rather than expert judgement. Finally the incorporation into groundwater vulnerability methodologies of preferential flow in relation to geological deposits, soil type and land management practices represents a significant, but important, future challenge.

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Resumen La importancia de las aguas subterráneas en el abastecimiento de agua potable, y las muchas fuentes de contaminación antropogénica, ha llevado al desarrollo del mapeo de vulnerabilidad a la contaminación intrínseca de aguas subterráneas. Se han utilizado un análisis de co-varianza y análisis de varianza para validar la metodología que se ha aplicado extensamente en UK basada en concentraciones de nitrato de 1108 pozos a través de Inglaterra y Gales. Se confirma ampliamente las clasificaciones actuales de acuíferos y potencial de lixiviación del suelo y se demuestra los beneficios de combinar la información de suelos y derrubios de baja permeabilidad. La legislación europea tal como el Marco Directivo del Agua requerirá evaluaciones más dinámicas del riesgo a la contaminación de agua subterránea. Estos resultados demuestran que se requieren varias mejoras en las metodologías futuras de vulnerabilidad intrínseca a la contaminación de agua subterránea. Tiene que incluirse la secuencia vertical de las unidades geológicas de modo que las unidades que no son acuíferos puedan zonificarse de la misma manera que los acuíferos con fines de abastecimiento de agua, mientras que al mismo tiempo se reconozca el papel que tienen en la influencia de la calidad de agua subterránea en acuíferos profundos. Las clasificaciones de las metodologías de vulnerabilidad intrínseca deberían basarse en las propiedades diagnósticas características más que en el juicio experto. Finalmente la incorporación de flujo preferencial en las metodologías de vulnerabilidad de agua subterránea en relación a las formaciones geológicas, tipo de suelo y prácticas de manejo de la tierra representa un desafío futuro no solo significativo sino que importante.

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Résumé Limportance des eaux-souterraines pour lalimentation en eau potable, et les multiples sources de contaminations anthropiques, ont conduit au développement de cartes de vulnérabilité intrinsèque des eaux souterraines aux pollutions. Une analyse de la co-variance et lanalyse de la variance sont utilisées pour valider la méthodologie extensive utilisée en UK, basée sur les concentration en nitrates de 1108 forages en Angleterre et en Ecosse. Ceci confirme les classifications courantes basées sur la nature des aquifères et le potentiel de lessivage des sols, et démontre le bénéfice que lon peut tirer à combiner linformation dérivant des sols et des faibles perméabilités. La législation européenne telle la Directive Cadre Européenne demandera des évaluations plus dynamiques des risques de pollution affectant les eaux souterraines. Ces résultats démontrent quun certain nombre daméliorations sont nécessaires aux futures méthodes de vulnérabilité intrinsèque des eaux souterraines. La succession verticale dunités géologiques doit être pris en compte, de telle manière que les parties non-aquifères puissent être zonées de la même manière que les aquifères pour lapprovisionnement en eaux potables, et reconnaître par la même occasion leur influence sur la qualité des eaux souterraines dans les aquifères profonds. Les classifications utilisées dans les méthodes de vulnérabilité intrinsèque devraient être basées sur les propriétés dun diagnostique défini plutôt que sur un jugement expert. Finalement lincorporation, dans les méthodes de vulnérabilité intrinsèque, des écoulements préférentiels en relation avec les formations géologiques, les types de sol et les pratiques daménagement du territoire représentent un challenge futur significatif et ortant.

     

Isotope analysis of nitrate pollution sources in groundwater of Dong'e geohydrological unit

As nitrate pollution in groundwater has become increasingly serious in recent years, nitrogen isotope was adopted in this paper to define its sources in a typical agricultural area of Dong'e hydrogeological unit. The results show that: Higher content of NO_3~- detected in shallow groundwater is 27.77 mg/L on average and δ15 N content ranges from 7.8‰ to 12 ‰, indicating that shallow groundwater is mainly contaminated by sewage or feces. In contrast, less NO_3~- in deep groundwater(karst water) has an average value of 12.81 mg/L and δ15 N content is between 7.2‰ and 14.3‰, which is closely related to human disturbance as mentioned above. In addition, considering relatively low groundwater quality at some monitoring sites, reasonable fertilization is a better choice in the study area to reduce nitrate source in groundwater.     

Potential pollution of groundwater in the valley of the Seybouse River,north-eastern Algeria

In north-eastern Algeria, the Seybouse River is an important source of water used mainly for irrigation of large agricultural areas extending from the Guelma region to Annaba city. Industrial activities in this region contribute substantial water pollution to the river and the groundwater. Based on the different sources of pollution, mapping of areas vulnerable to groundwater pollution has been accomplished by combining land use and data on groundwater levels. The resulting maps show that the most vulnerable areas are those with large industrial activities—in Meboudja, Bouchegouf and Guelma. Infiltration and runoff contribute to pollution, and the highest infiltration rate is generally observed in areas of agricultural and industrial activities. Pollution of the aquifers in this area is of concern. Mountains, such as the Edough and Gelaat Bou Sbaa, contribute high runoff that carries pollutants towards the groundwater.     

Precipitation pollution effect on groundwater hydrochemical regime

Pollution of precipitation is one of the main factors affecting the hydrochemical regime of groundwater. The main factors governing the concentration of macro-and microelements, as well as the degree of acifidication, have been evaluated on the basis of the long-term variability of the hydrochemical regime of groundwater. The results follow from the generalization of the data obtained. Changes in the macro- and microelement concentration in groundwater have been studied, taking into account the chemical composition of rainwater and snow meltwater.