The geosystems of the Southern and Middle Kuril Islands

The spatial structure of the landscapes on the Southern and Middle Kuril Islands is considered. The main regularities of their landscape structure are described. The study revealed a landscape asymmetry that has a different genesis as well as the character of influence of the landscape-forming factors for the Southern and Middle Kurils, with the volcanic factor holds a special position.     

Structure of volcanic landscape in the equatorial belt (A case study of the Kerinci Volcano,Sumatra Island)

An analysis is made of the volcanic landscape structure of Mount Kerinci, the highest volcano in South-East Asia. Field observations, remote sensing methods, and also cartographic material were used in obtaining new evidence to gain a more penetrating insight into the characteristics of structure and altitudinal zonation of the landscapes along the equatorial belt that have shaped themselves and are evolving in conditions of intense volcanic activity, equatorial climate and heavy anthropogenic load. The analysis revealed natural and anthropogenic landscape-forming factors that determined the present-day landscape appearance of the Kerinci volcano. Within the boundaries of the volcanic structure, landscapes of the mountain class show the highest diversity of landscape taxa. They are represented largely by slope units. With an increase in altitude, there is an increase in the proportion of landscapes of steep and vertical slopes as well as moderately steep slopes, along with the disappearance of landscapes of smart slopes and valley bottoms. A less diverse landscape structure is characteristic for subclasses of aggraded-denudation plains where there occur only landscapes with bogs and waterlogged meadows predominating. Anthropogenic modifications of landscapes occur mostly within subclasses of smart slopes and aggraded-denudation plains. They are characterized by a predominance of agricultural plants.     

Cluster differentiation of spring groundwater outcrops in the Southern Ural Region

We suggest a new cluster differentiation technique for 0-dimensional landscapes which include spring stows. Based on using the various parameters of groundwater, topology and landscape-specific occurrence of springs, this method permits their landscape-topological ordination to be carried out in accordance with regional landscape-forming factors.     

Landscape memory: the imprint of the past on contemporary landscape forms and processes

The imprint of the past upon contemporary landscape forms and processes is differentiated in terms of geologic, climatic and anthropogenic memory. Geologic memory refers to controls exerted upon relief, erodibility, erosivity and accommodation space (areas in landscapes where sediments are stored and reworked). These factors set the imposed boundary conditions within which contemporary landscape-forming processes operate. Climatic memory refers to the influence of past climatic conditions upon contemporary landscape forms and processes. Climatic controls exert a primary influence upon the nature of geomorphic processes, while the influence of climate upon ground cover affects the effectiveness of these processes. Climate change may induce profound alterations to the flux boundary conditions under which contemporary landscapes operate. This is exemplified by the variable imprint of glacial/interglacial cycles in differing parts of the world. Anthropogenic memory refers to the imprint of past human activities on contemporary landscapes, whereby human disturbance in the past altered landscape forms, processes and associated flow/sediment fluxes in a manner that continues to affect the way the contemporary landscape works. Contrasting examples from a tectonically stable landscape (Australia) and a tectonically uplifting landscape (New Zealand) are used to highlight the variable influence of geologic, climatic and anthropogenic memory upon the persistence and erasure of landscape forms and resulting implications for sediment flux in differing settings.     

Landscape structure of the southeastern part of Eastern Sayan

Field investigations from different years and remote sensing data have been used in landscape-typological mapping of the regional testing area. The study revealed leading landscape-forming factors. The landscape structure and altitudinal zonality of Eastern Sayan are considered.     

Ecologo-geographical lower zoning of forest territories

A regional ecological study is made of the structure of taiga landscapes as a natural background of Siberia's forest distribution. A lower forest-vegetation zoning is carried out using the landscape-ecological maps generated on a geomeric basis. The character of dynamical changes of taiga landscapes is considered, and their resistance assessed.     

城市景观格局尺度效应的空间统计规律--以上海中心城区为例

以上海市外环以内的中心城区为区域背景,基于SPOT全色波段遥感影像数据和GIS技术,运用空间统计分析方法,研究城市景观格局的空间尺度效应。研究结果表明:(1)城市景观格局的空间自相关性具有显著的尺度依赖性。Moran指数I与Geary系数c对粒度变化的敏感点相同,均为50m。(2)城市景观形态具有分形特征,各类景观斑块的分维数对粒度变化的响应不同,它们随着粒度的变化呈非线性变化趋势;在粒度较小时,各类景观斑块之间的分维数差异较大,而随着粒度的增大,其分维数之间的差异逐渐缩小。(3)城市景观多样性格局,与空间区位及人类活动的空间格局息息相关。在城市中心,主导型景观是经济效益较高的商业文化景观,并且景观斑块聚集度、破碎度大;经济效益较低的农业景观分布在城市边缘区,而且景观类型单一,斑块面积较大,破碎度较小;在由城市中心向边缘过渡的中间地带,景观类型多样,空间格局复杂。(4)景观多样性具有尺度依赖性。随着幅度的增加,景观多样性指数逐渐增大,多样性的空间格局也显著变化。在0.5km幅度下,多样性指数的最大值出现在市中心,从市中心向外呈现高低起伏的环状模式扩展,随着幅度增加,多样性指数的高值区向景观类型变化最剧烈的城乡过渡地带转移。(5)景观多样性的空间变异也具有明显的尺度依赖性。在较     

The Gunnison's prairie dog structures a high desert grassland landscape as a keystone engineer

The influence of landscape spatial structure on ecological processes has recently received much attention. Comparisons are made here between the spatial structure of grasslands, and active and extirpated Gunnison's prairie dog (Cynomys gunnisoni Hollister) towns at the Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona, U.S.A. The spatial structure of bare ground was quatified using a box-counting technique to extract landscape fractal dimensions, D, and bare-ground patch size. These landscapes are fractal, and active prairie dog towns had higher fractal dimensions, i.e. a more homogeneous spatial structure as D approaches 2, than inactive towns, which had higher fractal dimensions than unmodified grasslands. Morisita's index suggested that shrubs were more randomly distributed on prairie dog towns and more aggregated on grassland habitats. The different spatial distributions of bare ground and shrubs have the potential to influence resource distributions between these habitats for both prairie dogs and other fauna. Consequently, the presence of prairie dogs in these grasslands increases grassland landscape heterogeneity at large spatial scales, potentially enhancing beta diversity.     

类电影艺术:旅游景区属性的一种假说

首先从旅游规划的角度对旅游景区的艺术属性进行讨论后认为:景区不仅仅是风景画,也不仅仅是剧院,作为一种艺术作品,景区更像是游客参与演出的电影.其次从7个方面阐述了景区与电影艺术之间存在的一系列类比关系:相关人员之间,旅游资源与剧本素材之间,景区主题与电影主题之间,旅游活动与故事情节之间,景观与场景之间,景区空间结构与电影演进结构之间,景区类型与电影类型之间.     

中国宗教版图演变的时空分析

基于中国宗教场所数据,以市为研究单元,以佛教、道教、伊斯兰教和基督教为研究对象,应用数理统计和空间分析相结合的方法,剖析了以宗教场所为代表的中国宗教版图分布的时空变化,揭示了中国主要宗教的分布规律及发展趋势。结果表明：建国后特别是改革开放以来,中国宗教得到了长足发展;中国宗教场所发展不平衡,不同宗教间、不同区域间发展差异较大;不同宗教采取的扩张模式和扩张策略有所不同,主导了宗教空间格局的时空演化,优势宗教区域空间格局变化明显;汉族地区和少数民族地区形成了不同的宗教景观;不同宗教存在过度集聚和急剧扩张现象;不同区域的不同宗教亦呈现了不同的发展模式。     

Use of remotely sensed data in mapping underwater landscapes of Srednyaya Bay (Peter the Great Gulf,Sea of Japan)

We examine the selection criteria for satellite images and methods of processing them in the process of mapping underwater landscapes using remotely sensed data, discuss the interpretation principles and algorithms as well as some issues related to the support of observations with field material. It is shown that a detailed landscape mapping of shallow marine waters by methods of visual and automated interpretation requires multispectral superhigh spatial resolution images. Results of investigations made on underwater profiles by using lightweight diving outfits were employed to describe seven types of underwater landscapes, and echo sounder measurements were used in constructing the digital elevation model for the bottom of Srednyaya Bay. It is established that the regions for which it was possible to carry out a reliable interpretation of data from the IKONOS-2 spacecraft are in the range of depths between 0 and 10 m and make up about three-fourths of the area of the bay bottom. Ten facies were identified and put on the map, for each of which we determined the area, the range of depths and the mean depth of propagation. Remotely sensed data were used to assess the contribution (in the spatial structure of the geosystem) of algal vegetation on the littoral; the eelgrass fields were ranked according to the degree of projective cover. As a result of a clustering according to the similarity of spectral attributes, we identified ten groups of pixels of the image analyzed. An analysis is made of the agreement between the distribution of facies identified by expert interpretation and results of an automated classification of pixels, and the contours of landscape units were updated. The conclusion is drawn regarding integration of the computer-aided and visual approaches to interpretation of remotely sensed data for shallow marine waters leading to a “hybrid” express method of mapping landscapes of shallow marine waters.     

Landscape regularities of human colonization of the Tuva territory in the Scythian time (8<Superscript>th</Superscript>–3<Superscript>rd</Superscript> centuries B. C.)

We discuss the issues related to the human colonization of the Tuva landscapes in the Scythian time. An analysis is made of the spatial and landscape confinedness of archaeological sites having regard to the Late-Holocene rhythms of climate change in the mountains. For the historical-landscape analysis the MapInfo 12.0 GIS technologies were used in compiling the landscape map of the Tyva Republic, the scheme of physical-geographical regionalization and the schematic map of spatial distribution of archaeological sites from the Scythian time. The then most developed landscapes include the steppe mountain-valley and forest-steppe low- and mid-mountain landscapes, which was associated with the main economic sector, namely nomadic stockbreeding. The culture of the Scythian time existed under a colder and more humid climate than at present. An increase in humidity in originally dry areas led to an increase in steppe vegetation productivity growing in depressions and on slopes of mountain ranges. These factors created favorable conditions for the development of nomadic stockbreeding. A spatial analysis of the distribution of archaeological sites in the physical-geographical provinces of Tuva intimates that depression landscapes were colonized mostly in the Scythian time. The Tuvinian depression province (the archaeologically richest area of Tuva) and the Ubsunur depression account for 52 and 21% of the sites, respectively. The mountain landscapes were colonized to a considerably lesser extent; the largest number of sites are located in the Western-Tuva mountain province. In the Scythian time, the cores of development of the Tuva territory were represented by the intermontane depressions (Tuvinian and Ubsunur), the connections between which were provided by a small number of large valleys and mountain passes.     

丹霞地貌与岩溶地貌旅游景观之比较研究

对丹霞地貌与岩溶地貌的旅游景观进行系统比较,揭示两者在发育条件及分布特点、自然及人文旅游景观方面的相似性与差异性.在发育条件上,两者的岩性、构造环境和主要外营力均存在显著差异;另一方面,两者的发育又都依赖于一定的水热条件和密集的节理裂隙.在空间分布上,两者发育最典型的地区均在我国南方亚热带、热带湿润区;其中,东南地区尤以丹霞景观见长,西南地区更以岩溶景观取胜.自然景观方面,丹霞景观与岩溶景观在类型、外形、组合上有较多相似之处;两相比较,岩溶风景胜在山奇洞奥,而丹霞风景则胜在赤壁丹崖.人文景观方面,丹霞地貌     

The formation features of landscapes in the Inderskii salt-dome area (Precaspian Hollow)

We present the results from studying the landscapes in the Inderskii salt-dome area: the geomorphological features of the Inderskie mountains, the soil geochemistry, and the species composition of vegetation. A comparative analysis is made of the major salt-dome areas of the Precaspian lowland: Bogdinsko-Baskunchakskii, El’tonskii, Inderskii, and Chelkarskii.     

Comparison of input data with different spatial resolution in landscape pattern analysis – A case study from northern Latvia

A suitable spatial scale needs to be selected in geographical and landscape ecological research, and this requires great consideration as different scales have profound effect on derived landscape spatial patterns. Numerous studies have investigated the effects of different scales on landscape metrics using simulated patterns, but few have been conducted to compare different data sources with variable scale for regional- and landscape-scale assessments. Possibly this has occurred because researchers have been prone to use the best available source, a well-known standard, and easiest to use. This study was conducted to assess the impact of input data resolution on values of landscape pattern metrics in four landscapes at scales 1:10 000, 1:50 000 and 1:100 000. The aim was to determine the applicability of three data sources for thematic models in landscape pattern analyses in the Eastern Baltic region. We found that the utility of CORINE Land Cover data for comprehensive structural assessment in mosaic-type landscapes was very limited, as the level of cartographic generalization excluded many small and linear landscape structure elements with potentially high importance for landscape functioning, such as habitat continuity. We also found that actual area harvested using clearcuts was considerably higher than shown in CORINE data, due to clearcuts size being much smaller than the minimum mapping unit. In the light of this, we suggest using data with spatial resolution corresponding to a cartographic scale of at least 1:50 000, in cases when spatial patches have size up to 25 ha.     

北京郊区生态安全动态评价与分析

以京郊三个具有不同功能的区(县)为例,基于景观生态学的基本理论,探讨在GIS和RS技术支持下从景观格局角度进行快速城市化地区的生态安全动态评价方法.首先,根据遥感数据解译出1996和2005两期土地利用图;然后计算景观干扰指数和景观脆弱度指数,它们合成景观稳定性指数,在此基础上,构建生态安全指数(ESI);最后,利用空间分析方法对生态安全指数进行空间化,并对生态安全指数的采样结果进行半变异函数分析和空间插值分析.结果表明:(1)1996-2005年研究区的各景观类型呈不同的变化趋势,其主要的景观变化特征为建设用地景观持续增加、耕地景观大量减少,尤其以建设用地景观变化最快;(2)研究区的斑块数量、破碎度、多样性指数和分形维数都表现出增加的趋势;(3)生态安全指数受人为干扰影响较大,局部区域的景观类型从1996年的零散分布发展至2005年的连片分布,整体生态安全强度的空间分布不均匀性增强;(4)生态安全指数值从城市功能拓展区(朝阳区)到远郊城市发展新区(顺义区)和生态涵养发展区(密云县),呈现出由低而高的变化趋势,其低值区域随着城市化进程的加快而逐渐扩大.表明生态安全指数能够定量评价区域生态环境的状况及其演变方向.     

Special features of landscape structure of the Prikhankaiskaya plain and its mountain surroundings

The contemporary landscape structure of the Prikhankaiskaya plain and its mountain surroundings on the level of stows is considered. The contemporary landscapes are described, based on current and previously obtained research data. A portion of the 1:50 000 landscape map is provided.     

旅游地景观生态分类方法探讨——以福州市青云山风景区为例

综合分析了影响旅游地景观的主要因子,以人为干扰为基础,以地貌为基本线索,以植被为标志,以土壤为参照,结合实地考察和景观生态制图技术,建立研究区的三级景观生态分类体系.结论认为:旅游地景观类型的划分应强调整体的综合,而不是对个别组分进行分类;多要素综合的分级分类体系,既能反映控制景观形成过程的主要因子,又可体现景观的综合性,能较好地反映客观实际;旅游地景观生态类型的划分,应根据景观异质性、图形比例尺和图斑的需要,明确分类单元的等级,确定分类的基础单元.     

The Geography of Education and the Education of Geography: Agricultural Extension and the Political Ecology of Education

The spatial nature of learning is increasingly a focus of geographic inquiry. I argue that the spatiality of education, which is where formal learning occurs, has the potential to shape students’ spatial imaginaries. I analyze the role the spatiality of agronomic education plays in the historical construction of the social and physical landscape in southeastern Pará, Brazil. In opposing ways, the first Green Revolution, and agrarian social movements’ more recent agroecological Green Revolution are found to structure agronomic education and spatial imaginaries. The perspectives of agricultural extension agents trained in traditional agronomic programs are compared with teachers from an agroecological school located in an Amazonian agrarian reform settlement of Brazil's Landless Workers’ Movement. I collected these data over 17 months of ethnographic fieldwork. To analyze these data, I employ a political ecology of education perspective, which highlights how education and political economy interact to mediate relations with, access to, and contestations over natural resources. The geography of education and the education of geography exist in a complicated feedback cycle: Education is not neutral but ideologically charged and affects conceptions of productive landscapes, providing students intellectual and economic power to put their visions of landscape into effect.