Environmental visualization: applications to site characterization,remedial programs,and litigation support

This paper introduces the application of the visualization technology in the USA environmental consulting industry for site characterization, remedial programs, and litigation support. As a tool, visualization allows environmental data that is three-dimensional and transient in nature to be accurately documented, efficiently represented, and effectively communicated to both professionals and the general public. Maximized understanding through enhanced visual perception increases the chance of success in handling complex environmental problems. The key functions, accessibility, data interpretation, and general areas of application of the visualization technology are described and demonstrated with case studies.     

Online weather data analysis and visualization tools for applications in ecoinformatics

As large quantities of physical data are always collected for Ecoinformatics research, it is difficult for them to be cleaned, shared, visualized, and analyzed by research collaborators. To resolve this difficulty, this study presents online weather data analysis and visualization cyber-infrastructures consisting of (1) online weather data analysis and visualization tools and (2) near real-time online weather data portal. Firstly, these online tools at www.twibl.org/weather provide data sharing in three web pages: information on instruments and site; data access protected by simple password security; data analysis and visualization services so-called “Ecoinfows”. Secondly, the near real-time online weather data portal for visualizing and forecasting weather data from cloud storage of many automatic weather stations is online at www.twibl.org/aaportal. To overcome speed and accessibility problems, we developed these tools with many technologies - i.e. cloud computing, online computing XML (webMathematica), and binary access data conversion.     

DUST: An interactive data visualization tool for selected atmospheric data

This paper describes the DUST-2 (Data Utilization software Tools) software, which is a possibility in visualizing and processing ozone and water vapor data of the Earth atmosphere as measured by satellite instruments (TOMS, GOME, MAS) and provided by different data centers. In addition, a new search tool (S⁴ tool) which allows to search for comparable ozone and water vapor data in four dimensions (location and time) within the DUST-2 data base and a hdf2csv conversion tool are represented. The software package as well as complementary information and data examples are published on CD-ROM (“Data Utilization Software Tools — 2”, DUST-2, Hartmann et al. 2000) under ISBN 3-9804862-3-0 which is available via www.copernicus.org.     

From registration to visualization of geological data with MO2GEO: applications of the FieldModule,interpolation methods,and computer visualization

The registration and screen visualization of geological data are basic steps in modelling of 3D structures and geoscientific processes. Therefore, a standardized coding of geological field observations is reasonable to enable an independent modelling approach. The field module of MO2GEO provides diverse standards for data coding and was tested in the frame of a mapping project. The visualization of profiles and the construction of cross-sections improve the database for a variety of interpolation methods. The subsequently developed 3D models, constructed with diverse modelling tools, can be visualized and serve as the base for diverse applied scientific projects.     

裂隙岩体渗流概念模型研究

裂隙岩体中的渗流和传统的多孔介质渗流在机理上存在本质的差别,这种差别主要表现为裂隙岩体在各种尺度上存在的非均质性。模拟裂隙岩体渗流的主要困难在于描述这种非均质性。目前的概念模型,包括等效连续体模型、离散裂隙网络模型和混合模型使用了不同的技术来预测裂隙岩体中的渗流。这些模型基于不同的假设和概念框架,有着各自不同的优缺点。在实际应用时,应当根据研究域的具体特点和所要解决的问题的要求对其选择,此外,还讨论了单裂隙的概念模型。     

地质数据三维可视化的属性、分类和关键技术

地质数据三维可视化具有显著的空间决策支持属性,其应用分类包括表达可视化、分析可视化、过程可视化、设计可视化和决策可视化。能否实现这两类"五个可视化",是检验所有地质三维可视化软件的水平和质量的试金石。地质数据三维可视化技术在矿产资源勘查、工程地质勘查、矿山设计开发、水利水电工程设计、地质灾害勘查治理和国防工程建设领域,有着广泛的需求和应用前景。其发展趋势是实现地上、地下、地理、地质数据一体化三维可视化采集、存储、管理、处理和集成应用。复杂地质结构的表达和快速动态建模方法和技术,仍将是未来一段时间的研究重点,引进知识驱动和本体论思路、方法,可能是解决这些问题的有效途径。     

Remote data analysis, visualization and problem solving environment (PSE) based on wavelets in the geosciences

We discuss here the issues faced by earth scientists in analyzing and visualizing large datasets over a GRID-like setup from a client-server perspective. We approach this problem by using a remote, web-based visualization and data analysis framework, called WEB-IS, and by employing second-generation wavelets as a means for reducing the amount of data transferred and for extracting coherent features in complex geophysical flows and surface faulting patterns. As an example, we describe how onboard processors on satellites can function as a server for beaming down extracted information to the client computer on the ground, thus exemplifying WEB-IS as a viable middleware on a GRID network for geosciences.Reviewed by: Prof. I.D. Clemens, Prof. L. Hanyk     

基于Voxler平台的成矿数据三维可视化研究与应用—以安徽马头铜钼矿为例

在系统统计分析的基础上,基于Voxler平台对安徽马头铜钼矿矿区品位数据建立三维矿化模型,系统研究矿化体在不同边界品位下的空间展布形态,确定矿床的天然边界品位;通过多角度剖切、矿化-岩性耦合模型、三维矿化梯度分析等工作,基本确定了矿体的空间展布形态和就位空间,划分出2个主要矿体。通过Voxler软件对矿床矿化数据三维建模及成矿控矿因素的应用研究,实现了一条快捷仿真模拟矿化体立体空间分布的有效途径。     

Constraining performance assessment models with tracer test results: a comparison between two conceptual models

Tracer tests are conducted to ascertain solute transport parameters of a single rock feature over a 5-m transport pathway. Two different conceptualizations of double-porosity solute transport provide estimates of the tracer breakthrough curves. One of the conceptualizations (single-rate) employs a single effective diffusion coefficient in a matrix with infinite penetration depth. However, the tracer retention between different flow paths can vary as the ratio of flow-wetted surface to flow rate differs between the path lines. The other conceptualization (multirate) employs a continuous distribution of multiple diffusion rate coefficients in a matrix with variable, yet finite, capacity. Application of these two models with the parameters estimated on the tracer test breakthrough curves produces transport results that differ by orders of magnitude in peak concentration and time to peak concentration at the performance assessment (PA) time and length scales (100,000 years and 1,000 m). These differences are examined by calculating the time limits for the diffusive capacity to act as an infinite medium. These limits are compared across both conceptual models and also against characteristic times for diffusion at both the tracer test and PA scales. Additionally, the differences between the models are examined by re-estimating parameters for the multirate model from the traditional double-porosity model results at the PA scale. Results indicate that for each model the amount of the diffusive capacity that acts as an infinite medium over the specified time scale explains the differences between the model results and that tracer tests alone cannot provide reliable estimates of transport parameters for the PA scale. Results of Monte Carlo runs of the transport models with varying travel times and path lengths show consistent results between models and suggest that the variation in flow-wetted surface to flow rate along path lines is insignificant relative to variability in the amount of diffusive capacity that can be accessed along the transport pathway.

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Resumen Delimitando la eficacia de modelos de evaluación con resultados de pruebas de trazadores: una comparación entre dos modelos conceptuales.Se llevaron a cabo pruebas de trazadores para evaluar los parámetros de transporte de solutos en un rasgo rocoso a lo largo de una trayectoria de transporte de 5 m. Dos diferentes conceptualizaciones del transporte de solutos de porosidad doble aportan estimados de las curvas de avance de trazadores. Una de las conceptualizaciones (ritmo único) utiliza un coeficiente de difusión efectiva único en una matriz con profundidad de penetración infinita. Sin embargo, la retención del trazador entre diferentes trayectorias de flujo puede variar debido a que la relación entre la superficie mojada de flujo y el ritmo de flujo difiere entre las líneas de trayectoria. La otra conceptualización (multi-ritmo) utiliza una distribución continua de coeficientes de ritmos de difusión múltiple en una matriz con capacidad variable pero finita. La aplicación de los dos modelos con los parámetros estimados en base a las curvas de avance de trazadores producen resultados de transporte que difieren en varios órdenes de magnitud, tanto en concentración pico como en el tiempo en que se alcanza la concentración pico, en las escalas de evaluación de eficacia (PA) de tiempo y longitud (100,000 años y 1,000 m). Estas diferencias se examinan mediante el cálculo de límites de tiempo en que se considera que la capacidad difusiva actúa como un medio infinito. Estos límites se comparan en ambos modelos conceptuales y contra los tiempos característicos para difusión en escalas de PA y de prueba de trazador. Adicionalmente, se examinan las diferencias entre los modelos calculando de nuevo los parámetros para el modelo multi-ritmo a partir del modelo tradicional de doble porosidad a escala PA. Los resultados indican que para cada modelo la cantidad de la capacidad difusiva que actúa como un medio infinito sobre la escala de tiempo especificada explica las diferencias entre los resultados del modelo y que las pruebas de trazadores por sí solas no aportan cálculos confiables de los parámetros de transporte para la escala PA. Los resultados provenientes de corridas Monte Carlo de los modelos de transporte con distintos tiempos de viaje y diferentes longitudes de trayectorias muestran resultados consistentes entre modelos y sugieren que la variación en la relación de superficie de flujo mojada a ritmo de flujo a lo largo de las líneas de trayectoria es insignificante en relación con la variabilidad en la cantidad de capacidad difusiva que puede alcanzarse a lo largo de la trayectoria de transporte.

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Résumé Contraindre le bilan des performances des modèles avec les résultats de traçages: une comparaison entre deux modèles conceptuels.Des tests de traçage sont mis en oeuvre pour étudier les paramètres de transport de soluté dune roche sur une longueur de 5 m. Deux différents modèles de transport de soluté dans un milieu à double porosité fournissent des estimation des courbes de restitution. Lune des conceptualisations (unique taux de restitution) emploie un seul coefficient effectif de diffusion dans une matrice possédant une pénétration infinie en profondeur. Par ailleurs, la rétention du traceur entre les différentes lignes découlement peut varier comme le rapport des débits aux surfaces mouillées et comme le rapport de la différence de débits entres les lignes découlement. Lautre conceptualisation (taux multiple) emploie une distribution continue de coefficients de diffusion dans une matrice à capacité variable et finit. Lapplication de ces deux modèles avec les pa! ramètres estimés grâce aux courbes de restitution produit des résultats de transport qui différent de plusieurs ordres de grandeur dans la magnitude du pic, le temps du pic de concentration, au bilan des performances (PA) et aux échelles de distance (100,000 ans et 1,000 m). Ces différences sont éxaminées par lintermédiaire des temps limites pour que la capacité diffusive équivaille à un milieu infini. Ces limites sont comparées à travers les modèles conceptuels ainsi que les temps caractéristiques de diffusion à léchelle du test de traçage et à léchelle du PA. Par ailleurs, les différences entre les modèles sont éxaminées en réestimant les paramètres pour le modèle à taux multiple à partir des résultats du modèle à double porosité à léchelle du PA. Les résultats indiquent que pour chaque modèle la valeur de la capacité diffusive dans un milieu infini sur une période de temps spécifiée explique les différences entre les modèles et le ! fait que le test de traçage seul ne permet pas de déterminer les paramètres de transport à léchelle du PA. Les résultats des simulations Monte Carlo du modèle de transport avec des temps et des distances de transport variables montrent des résultats concordances entre les différents modèles et suggère que la variation que la variation entre surface mouillée et le rapport de la différence de débits entre les lignes découlement est insignifiante, en regard de la variabilité du montant de la capacité diffusive qui peut être accessible le long de la ligne de transport.

     

Hydrogeological evolution of the Luni river basin,Rajasthan, western India: A review

The Luni river basin has been evolved as a result of typical hydrogeomorphic processes of arid zone, operating under the influence of active tectonic lineaments. A detailed analysis of stream morphology in relation to geology and lineaments carried out on selected windows indicated the morphological control of the streams while flowing over the lineaments from the eastern to the western part of the basin. Typical valley fills indicated by dark green tone on digitally processed images and the pediments showing greenish white tone appear in sharp contrast and indicate respectively the graben and horst structures. A detailed identification of lineaments for the georesources and geological evaluation has been carried out. Earlier analysis carried out on Bouguer anomalies correlate with graben and horst structures in the subsurface. Quaternary sequences have been dated from 80 ka to 3 ka indicating a range of fluvial to aeolian deposits reflecting prevailing climatic conditions. However, the changes in sediment type from coarse and mixed of all size grades to fine in a vertical litho-column warrant further studies on fine resolution stratigraphy and high resolution stratigraphy for understanding climatic variations in the region     

地球化学勘查数据迭代处理的可视化及结果分析

地球化学勘查中,为了获得准确、客观的背景值并由其推断异常下限,需要对不服从正态分布的化探数据进行剔除离群值的迭代处理。为了深入剖析这个较复杂的过程,引用实测数据,利用“特异值检查”迭代自动化功能模块,重点研究了设置不同参数时对结果的影响和取对数迭代结果的可靠性。结果显示:根据化探数据迭代的目的和正态分布的3σ法则,认为x?i ±kSi 中k取3最为合适和合理;利用对数迭代剔除过程获得的异常下限远高于原始数据迭代剔除的结果,这是由于对数的标准离差真值并不是其对应真值的标准离差;此时,可采用真值的几何平均值和真值的标准离差计算异常下限。     

Probabilistic and spatial liquefaction analysis using CPT data: a case study for Alameda County site

Soil liquefaction is one of the major concerns causing damage to the structures in saturated sand deposits during earthquakes. Simplified methods for the assessment of liquefaction potential rely on the limit states that are generally established with built-in conservatism and a great deal of subjectivity. Well-known SPT- and CPT-based methods are widely used in the design practice for this purpose due to their simplicity and reasonable predictive capability. However, these methods do not account for various sources of uncertainties explicitly. Moreover, evaluations are made only at the locations of test results and are generalized for the whole region, which may not give accurate results where spatial variation of soil properties is significant. The present study focuses on the probabilistic evaluation of liquefaction potential of Alameda County site, California, considering spatial variation of soil indices related to CPT soundings. A stochastic soil model is adopted for this purpose using random field theory and principles of geostatistics by developing 2D exponential correlation functions. It has been observed that the probability of liquefaction is significantly underestimated as much as 34 %, if the spatial dependence of soil indices is not considered. Further, the effect of spatial variation is more prominent in low-level earthquakes compared to the high-level earthquakes, showing a 41.5 % deviation for magnitude 8.1 and a 60.5 % deviation for magnitude 5.0 earthquake at a depth of 10 m.     

Hydrogeological implications of paleo-fluvial architecture for the Paskapoo Formation, SW Alberta, Canada: a stochastic analysis

Fluvial systems tend to deposit sediment in well-defined relational geometries and in vertically and laterally repeating patterns. These sedimentary deposits are preserved to varying degrees depending on how much the fluvial system reworks the deposits. The Paskapoo bedrock aquifer system in southern Alberta, Canada, was deposited in a foreland depositional basin during uplift of the Rocky Mountains, and both the geomorphic model and field evidence indicate that the upper 100 m of the local aquifer system contains well-preserved, highly connected paleo-channels and associated overbank deposits. In order to evaluate the value of different types of data, a simplified stochastic-numerical groundwater flow model was developed to examine the sensitivity of results to model parameters. Parameters examined include: fraction of the formation made up of channel sands; meander and sinuosity factors; width-to-depth ratios of preserved channels; and crevasse splay conductivity. In all cases examined, the system exhibited anisotropic behavior with the along-channel flow direction being the most permeable and the vertical direction being least permeable. In general, the strongest control on the resulting effective anisotropic hydraulic conductivities was channel fraction, but geometric factors that control between-channel connectivity (e.g., channel sinuosity) had an appreciable effect on the across-channel flow direction effective permeability.     

A web-based real-time and full-resolution data visualization for Himawari-8 satellite sensed images

It has been almost four decades since the first launch of geostationary meteorological satellite by Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA). The specifications of the geostationary meteorological satellites have shown tremendous progresses along with the generations, which are now entering their third generation. The third-generation geostationary meteorological satellites not only yield basic data for weather monitoring, but also globally observe the Earth’s environment. The development of multi-band imagers with improved spatial resolution onboard the third-generation geostationary meteorological satellites brings us meteorological data in larger size than those of the second-generation ones. Thus, new techniques for domestic and world-wide dissemination of the observational big data are needed. In this paper, we develop a web-based data visualization for Himawari-8 satellite sensed images in real time and with full resolution. This data visualization is supported by the ecosystems, which uses a tiled pyramid representation and parallel processing technique for terrain on an academic cloud system. We evaluate the performance of our techniques for domestic and international users on laboratory experiments. The results show that our data visualization is suitable for practical use on a temporal preview of observation image data for the domestic users.     

Correction: Hydraulic tomography analysis of municipal-well operation data with geology-based groundwater models

Hydrogeology Journal - A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-021-02351-x     

Hydrogeological potentiality assessment of Teboursouk Basin,Northwest Tunisia using electrical resistivity sounding and well logging data

The water table of Teboursouk basin (NW Tunisia), logged in the Eocene limestone, is a relevant hydrological target considering its relatively important volume and good chemical quality. The assessment of its geohydrological potential requires the compilation of geological, stratigraphic, geophysical studies and drilling data. Well logging aims characterization of the petrophysical parameters of aquifer formations as well as possible correlations between boreholes. The interpretations show high variabilities in porosity (from 4 to 42 % related to fracturing) of limestone formation and in salinity (0.7 to 2.3 g/l) of the water table; the latter increase to the Southeast of the basin, which is contaminated by the salt formation. Over 54 Schlumberger electrical soundings (AB?=?400 m) were performed. The interpretation of resistivity distributions at various depths is based on apparent resistivity maps corresponding to different AB spacings. Measured resistivity values were one-dimensionally interpreted. Drilled boreholes and the position of some electrical soundings on geological outcrops have been helpful for electrical data calibration. The generalization of the calibration for all electrical soundings show that the limestones are characterized by high and very contrast resistivity (ρ >22 Ωm), a depth ranging from 0 to 100 m and a thickness of about 70 m, exceeding 200 m per place. These variations are due to the presence of faults which are affecting the basin, and are connected to Eocene lands behind. The compilation of data led to evaluate approximately the groundwater reserves of Teboursouk basin to 130 million of cubic meter.