A preliminary seismic study of Taal Volcano,Luzon Island Philippines

The very active Taal Volcano lies in the southern part of Luzon Island only 60 km from Manila, the capital of the Philippines. In March 2008 we deployed a temporary seismic network around Taal that consisted of 8 three-component short period seismometers. This network recorded during the period from March to November 2008 about 1050 local events. In the early data processing stages, unexpected linear drifting of clock time was clearly identified for a number of stations. The drifting rates of each problematic station were determined and the errors were corrected before further processing. Initial location of each event was derived by manually picked P-/S-phases arrival times using HYPO71 and a general velocity model based on AK135. Since the velocity structure beneath Taal is essentially unknown, we used travel times of 338 well-located events in order to derive a minimum 1D velocity model using VELEST. The resulting locations show that most events occurred at the shallow depth beneath the Taal Volcano, and two major earthquake groups were noticed, with one lying underneath the western shore of Taal lake and the other one spread around the eastern flank of the Taal Volcano. Since there is no reported volcano activities during the operation period of our seismic array, we are still not confident to interpret these findings in terms of other natures of volcano at the current stage. However, our work represents an important pioneer step towards other more advanced seismic studies in Taal Volcano.     

Geochemical Constraints on Possible Subduction Components in Lavas of Mayon and Taal Volcanoes, Southern Luzon, Philippines

Mayon is the most active volcano along the east margin of southernLuzon, Philippines. Petrographic and major element data indicatethat Mayon has produced a basaltic to andesitic lava seriesby fractional crystallization and magma mixing. Trace elementdata indicate that the parental basalts came from a heterogeneousmantle source. The unmodified composition of the mantle wedgeis similar to that beneath the Indian Ocean. To this mantlewas added a subduction component consisting of melt from subductedpelagic sediment and aqueous fluid dehydrated from the subductedbasaltic crust. Lavas from the highly active Taal Volcano onthe west margin of southern Luzon are compositionally more variablethan Mayon lavas. Taal lavas also originated from a mantle wedgemetasomatized by aqueous fluid dehydrated from the subductedbasaltic crust and melt plus fluid derived from the subductedterrigenous sediment. More sediment is involved in the generationof Taal lavas. Lead isotopes argue against crustal contamination.Some heterogeneity of the unmodified mantle wedge and differencesin whether the sediment signature is transferred into the lavasource through an aqueous fluid or melt phase are needed toexplain the regional compositional variation of Philippine arclavas. KEY WORDS: Mayon Volcano; Philippines; sediment melt; subduction component; Taal Volcano     

北部湾涠洲岛及斜阳岛火山地质与喷发历史研究

涠洲岛及斜阳岛是北部湾内一对姊妹火山岛,本文采用火山岩K-Ar法,火山岩中砂岩捕掳体光释光法（OSL）和贝壳^14C法分别测定了火山活动的年代,结合火山岩地质特征,将涠洲岛火山活动初步划分为早-中更新世（1．42Ma-0．49Ma）和晚更新世末期（36ka-33ka）两期。早-中更新世溢流玄武质熔岩盾造就了涠洲岛及斜阳岛,从涠洲岛横路山锅盖岭盾形火山锥溢出的熔岩流向四周漫流,形成涠洲岛中心高四周低的盾形火山地形,其晚阶段球状风化玄武岩沿涠洲岛潮间带分布。晚更新世末期涠洲岛南湾火山和斜阳岛斜阳村火山射气岩浆喷发,间有岩浆喷发,形成典型的低平火山口和巨厚基浪堆积几乎覆盖两岛,经历了海蚀作用,塑造了两岛现代地貌景观。     

Geochemistry of Lavas from Taal Volcano, Southwestern Luzon, Philippines: Evidence for Multiple Magma Supply Systems and Mantle Source Heterogeneity

Taal Volcano is a highly active center in the southwest Luzonvolcanic field. Recent eruptions are confined to Volcano Island,a plexus of cinder cones and tuff rings surrounding a centralcrater, occupying (and post-dating) a massive volcano-tectonicdepression resulting from multiple phases of collapse. Taallava series can be distinguished from each other by differencesin major and trace element trends and trace element ratios,indicating multiple magmatic systems associated with discretecenters in time and space. On Volcano Island, contemporaneous lava series range from typicallycalc-alkaline to iron-enriched. Major and trace element variationin these series can be modelled by fractionation of similarassemblages, with early fractionation of titano-magnetite inless iron-enriched series. However, phase compositional andpetrographic evidence of mineral-liquid disequilibrium suggeststhat magma mixing played an important role in the evolutionof these series. We interpret this to mean that mixing occurredalong a line of descent defined by fractional crystallization,with mixing occurring over larger compositional intervals inthe less iron-enriched series, consistent with numerical modelling. Between-series incompatible element ratio differences are notexplicable through differential partial melting of a homogeneoussource (also confirmed by variation in Pb isotopic ratios),suggesting a supply system from discrete melt zones in heterogeneousmantle.     

Petrology and geochemistry of the Banks Peninsula volcanoes,South Island,New Zealand

Within the volcanic sequence of the twin volcanoes of Lyttelton and Akaroa, Banks Peninsula, New Zealand a number of different magma series have been distinguished.An early series of hawaiites (McQueens Valley Formation) was erupted about 32 m.y. ago and is of transitional or mildly tholeiitic chemistry. Stratigraphically above the McQueens Valley Formation, but unconformably overlain by the main volcanic dome sequence, is a unit of rhyolite (Gebbies Pass Rhyolites) which is not directly related to the earlier or later basaltic volcanism. The rhyolite was probably formed during intracrustal melting which was related to the rise of basaltic magma into the crust.Between 12 and 9.7 m.y. a large volcanic dome, composed mainly of hawaiite, was built at Lyttelton. Dykes, which intrude the Lyttelton volcanic sequence, range in composition from basalt to trachyte. Late, mildly alkalic, basaltic flank flows (7.5–5.8 m.y.) occur in several areas and they, and the differentiated rocks of the dyke swarm can be related by a crystal fractionation model which has been quantitatively tested.Following construction of the Lyttelton dome a second larger dome was built at Akaroa between 9 and 7.5 m.y. The rocks of the Akaroa Volcano are principally hawaiites but rocks ranging in composition through to trachyte also occur. The differentiated rocks of the Akaroa volcano have derived from the basaltic rocks by a crystal fractionation controlled process, operating during ascent through the crust.None of the Banks Peninsula basalts appear to have derived from primitive (pyrolitic) mantle material, but progressive changes in the chemistry of the basalts with time implies that the mantle source regions were evolving geochemically as partial melting proceeded. Later lavas tend to be more alkalic and to have lower MgO/FeO ratios than earlier lavas. The volcanic rocks of the Banks Peninsula volcanoes were derived by fractional removal of olivine, plagioclase, clinopyroxene, magnetite and apatite from ascending basaltic magma batches. Variations between the suites reflect differences between the parental magma batches.     

IAVCEI CEV-CVS field workshop： Phreatomagmatic volcanoes of Jeju Island, Korea

A scientific field workshop sponsored by two commissions （Commission on Explosive Volcanism -- CEV and Commission on Vol- canogenic Sediments-CVS） of the Interna- tional Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth Interior （IAVCEI） took place in Jeju Island, South Korea from 13-17 November 2007. This was organised by Prof. Dr. Young Kwan Sohn （Gyeongsan National University, Jinju） and Dr. Ki Hwa Park （Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Daejon）. The ＂Phreato- magmatic volcanoes of Jeju Island,     

Disaster preparedness of local governments in Panay Island,Philippines

Disaster preparedness plans reduce future damages, but may lack testing to assess their effectiveness in operation. This study used the state-designed Local Government Unit Disaster Preparedness Journal: Checklist of Minimum Actions for Mayors in assessing the readiness to natural hazards of 92 profiled municipalities in central Philippines inhabited by 2.4 million people. Anchored on the Hyogo Framework for Action 2005–2015, it assessed their preparedness in 4 criteria—systems and structures, policies and plans, building competencies, and equipment and supplies. Data were analyzed using statistical package for social sciences, frequency count, percentage, and weighted mean. The local governments were found highly vulnerable to tropical cyclone and flood while vulnerable to earthquake, drought, and landslide. They were partially prepared regardless of profile, but the coastal, middle-earning, most populated, having the least number of villages, and middle-sized had higher levels of preparedness. Those highly vulnerable to earthquake and forest fire were prepared, yet only partially prepared to flood, storm surge, drought, tropical cyclone, tornado, tsunami and landslide. The diverse attitude of stakeholders, insufficient manpower, and poor database management were the major problems encountered in executing countermeasures. Appointing full-time disaster managers, developing a disaster information management system, massive information drive, organizing village-based volunteers, integrating disaster management into formal education, and mandatory trainings for officials, preparing for a possible major volcanic eruption and crafting a comprehensive plan against emerging emergencies like the COVID-19 pandemic may lead to a 360° preparedness.

     

Chemical and isotopic characteristics of hydrocarbon gases from Mendeleev and Golovnin volcanoes,Kunashir Island

This paper reports the analysis of the distribution of hydrocarbon and other gases in Mendeleev and Golovnin volcanoes and other occurrences of Kunashir Island. It was shown that, in addition to methane, the solfatara gases and gases dissolved in thermal waters contain ethane, propane, and butane. The volume concentration of methane in gas samples was no higher than 0.4 vol %. Carbon isotopes were analyzed in methane, ethane, and carbon dioxide in free and dissolved states. The hydrocarbon gases of Kunashir I. are of the thermogenic and metamorphogenic types, and their distribution depends on the position of springs relative to the eruptive centers of the volcanoes. Thermogenic gases are probably products of the high-temperature transformation of sedimentary organic matter buried during the formation of volcanic edifices. General gas geochemical characteristics are presented for Kuril volcanoes, and it was found that hydrocarbon generation in the sediments of the Kuril Basin increases toward volcanic edifices.     

Carlin-type Gold Prospects in Surigao del Norte, Mindanao Island, Philippines: Their Geology and Mineralization Potential

Abstract. Three calcareous sedimentary rock-hosted Carlin type-like gold prospects were mapped in a mineral production sharing agreement area of Philex Gold Philippines Inc. in Taganaan municipality, Surigao del Norte province in Mindanao island in the Philippines. They occur along a 20–25 km long trend of known epigenetic gold and porphyry copper deposits that lie close to several splays of the Philippine Fault Zone. The gold district forms part of the Late Cretaceous Eastern Mindanao Range that hosts early Paleogene and late Pliocene to Quaternary intrusive rocks.
Gold is invisible in the jasperoid outcrops in Lascogon, Napo, and Danao prospects. The jasperoids occur in lenses of marls belonging to the Taganaan Marl Member that is associated to a turbiditic member of the Middle Miocene Mabuhay Formation. The marl lenses include gently dipping interbedded silty limestones and calcareous shales. The "invisible gold" mineralization in silicified calcareous rocks resembles Carlin-type deposits. Based on the mapped igneous and sedimentary rocks, a possible heat source for the gold mineralization is either or both of the two main phases of intrusion, Mabuhay An-desite or Alipao Andesite Porphyry. Forty-eight rock samples, fifteen stream sediment samples, and one soil sample were critical in delineating the general features of the potential Carlin-type prospects. The gold grades of jasperoids in the three prospects range from trace amounts to 20 g/t Au. Regional studies of gold and porphyry copper mineralization in the Surigao del Norte mineral district are important in delineating ore targets for drilling in the three prospects.     

Landslide susceptibility mapping on Panaon Island,Philippines using a geographic information system

For landslide susceptibility mapping, this study applied, verified and compared the Bayesian probability model, the weights-of-evidence to Panaon Island, Philippines, using a geographic information system. Landslide locations were identified in the study area from the interpretation of aerial photographs and field surveys, and a spatial database was extracted from SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission) DEM (Digital Elevation Model) imagery, aerial photograph, topographic map, and geological map. The factors that influence landslide occurrence, such as slope, aspect, curvature, topographic wetness index and stream power index of topography, were calculated from SRTM imagery. Distance from drainage was extracted from topographic database. Lithology and distance from fault were extracted and calculated from geological database. Terrain mapping unit was classified from aerial photographs. The spatial association between the factors and the landslides was calculated as the contrast values, W ⁺ and W ⁻ using the weights-of-evidence model. Tests of conditional independence were performed for the selection of the factors, allowing the large number of combinations of factors to be analyzed. For each factor rating, the contrast values, W ⁺ and W ⁻ were overlaid for landslide susceptibility mapping. The results of the analysis showed that contrast rating (78.60%) for each factor’s multiclass had better accuracy of 5.90% than combinations of factor assigned to binary class with W ⁺ and W ⁻ (72.70%).     

Heavy metal concentrations in marine sediments impacted by a mine-tailings spill, Marinduque Island, Philippines

A mine-tailings spill occurred on the island of Marinduque, Philippines, on 24 March 1996. Originating from the Marcopper Mine, tailings sludge flowed down the Boac River abruptly and during subsequent storm events. Most of the tailings material has since accumulated in the nearshore environment along the western coast of the island. Nineteen sediment cores were collected from this site and analyzed for heavy metals. Elevated concentrations of Cu (706-3,080 ppm), Mn (445-1,060 ppm), Pb (43-56 ppm), and Zn (131-276 ppm) are present in the tailings. Two horizons of high metal concentrations in the marine sediment profile are interpreted to correspond to two distinct tailings input events. The lower horizon corresponds to the original 1996 spill, whereas the spike near the surface is thought to be a combination of input due to dredging of the river in 1997 and reworking of sediments. A previous history of contamination is also deduced from the metal profiles. The volume of tailings material released into the marine environment due to the spill is estimated to be 180,000 to 260,000 m³.     

菲律宾迪纳加特岛红土型镍矿床地质特征及找矿勘查方法

通过对菲律宾迪纳加特岛风化壳氧化镍-硅酸镍矿床的成矿地质条件、矿床地质特征、成矿机制的分析和研究,认为矿床是由于超镁铁岩-橄榄岩在中生代、第三纪、第四纪的热带、亚热带气候条件下,经过风化作用,镍从含镍的硅酸盐矿物中淋滤出来,随地表水向下渗透到风化壳的下部,形成富含镍的次生矿物,具有典型的风化壳型硅酸镍矿床特点。找矿勘探工作要在找矿区域进行地质填图及工程取样扫面来确定矿化区。     

菲律宾中部Cebu地区早白垩世高锶低钇中酸性岩 与铜金成矿

菲律宾群岛四周被现今仍活动的俯冲带所环绕,该区绝大多数的岩浆活动都与俯冲事件有关。白垩纪以来,该区岩浆活动十分活跃,在新生代达到顶峰,形成了一系列岩浆岩带。高锶低钇中酸性岩（Aidakite,埃达克岩）在菲律宾群岛有着广泛的分布（Jego et al., 2005）,主要集中在Luzon岛弧、Negros、Camiguin和Mindanao等地,主要产于新生代,这些新生代高锶低钇中酸性岩和相关的岩石也得到了广泛的研究。除了这些广泛分布的新生代高锶低钇中酸性岩以外,菲律宾地区还发育中生代高锶低钇中酸性岩,仅出现在菲律宾中部的Cebu岛,此外该区还发育一套早白垩世岛弧火山岩组合。火山岩组合锆石U-Pb年龄主要分布在126~118 Ma（Deng et al., 2015）;高锶低钇中酸性岩则主要为闪长岩,是该区Atlas大型斑岩铜矿的含矿岩体,前人研究显示其形成时代集中在109~108 Ma（Walther et al., 1981）,同样形成于早白垩世。然而对于其相应的地球化学研究还相当匮乏,关于其成因以及在早白垩世形成时所处的构造环境,都需要进一步的研究来加以限制。     

Petrography,geochemistry, and tectonics of a rifted fragment of Mainland Asia: evidence from the Lasala Formation,Mindoro Island,Philippines

Petrological and geochemical investigations of the sedimentary Lasala formation in northwest Mindoro, Philippines, offer new insights into the origin of this geologically contentious region. Mindoro island’s position at the boundary between Sundaland and the Philippine Mobile Belt has led to variable suggestions as to how much of it is continent derived or not. The Eocene Lasala formation overlies the Jurassic Halcon metamorphics, a regionally metamorphosed suite generally thought to have formed as a result of arc-continent collision processes. The sedimentary formation consists mainly of sandstones and shales interbedded with mudstones, basalt flows, and subordinate limestones and conglomerates. Petrographic information on the Lasala clastic rocks demonstrates a uniform framework composition that is predominantly quartzose. Major oxide, trace element abundances, and various elemental ratios similarly impart a strongly felsic signature. These characteristics are taken to indicate a chiefly continental, passive margin derivation and deposition of the Lasala sediments during the Eocene. The weak indication of active margin influence is suggested to be an inherited signature, supported by paleogeographic models of the southeastern Asian margin area during the pre-Cenozoic.     

Chemical weathering, river geochemistry and atmospheric carbon fluxes from volcanic and ultramafic regions on Luzon Island, the Philippines

We investigated rates of chemical weathering of volcanic and ophiolitic rocks on Luzon Island, the Philippines. Luzon has a tropical climate and is volcanically and tectonically very active, all factors that should enhance chemical weathering. Seventy-five rivers and streams (10 draining ophiolites, 65 draining volcanic bedrock) and two volcanic hot springs were sampled and analyzed for major elements, alkalinity and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr. Cationic fluxes from the volcanic basins are dominated by Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ and dissolved silica concentrations are high (500-1900 μM). Silica concentrations in streams draining ophiolites are lower (400-900 μM), and the cationic charge is mostly Mg²⁺. The areally weighted average CO₂ export flux from our study area is 3.89 ± 0.21 × 10⁶ mol/km²/yr, or 5.99 ± 0.64 × 10⁶ mol/km²/yr from ophiolites and 3.58 ± 0.23 × 10⁶ mol/km²/yr from volcanic areas (uncertainty given as ±1 standard error, s.e.). This is ∼6-10 times higher than the current best estimate of areally averaged global CO₂ export by basalt chemical weathering and ∼2-3 times higher than the current best estimate of CO₂ export by basalt chemical weathering in the tropics. Extrapolating our findings to all tropical arcs, we estimate that around one tenth of all atmospheric carbon exported via silicate weathering to the oceans annually is processed in these environments, which amount to ∼1% of the global exorheic drainage area. Chemical weathering of volcanic terranes in the tropics appears to make a disproportionately large impact on the long-term carbon cycle.     

Ophiolite complexes as collision zone markers: making the case for the Antique Ophiolite Complex, Panay Island, central Philippines

The collision between the North Palawan Block (NPB) and Philippine Mobile Belt (PMB) has been the subject of studies considering its significance in help-ing define the tectonic evolution of the Philippine is-land arc system. The geology of the western Panay island reveals the presence of a continent-related block (Buruanga Peninsula) juxtaposed to an oceanic frag-ment (Antique Ophiolite Complex). Our recent work in the Buruanga Peninsula helped us define the terrane boundary between the Peninsula and the Antique Ophiolite Complex. However, considering available published data, the Antique Ophiolite Complex has never been considered to be a part of the NPB and to mark the collision zone between Palawan and the PMB.     

The volcanoes and caldera of Talasea,New Britain: Mineralogy

The Talasea Peninsula is composed of a chain of Quaternary volcanoes whose lavas range from basalt to rhyolite. The peninsula is situated in an orogenic environment and the lavas, while essentially calc-alkaline, show some differences from other orogenic suites on the Pacific rim. The most distinctive feature of the Talasea series is absolute iron enrichment in some lavas. Mineralogically, the andesites are characterized by phenocrysts of plagioclase, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene and titanomagnetite, while the basalts lack titanomagnetite phenocrysts but contain olivine. The acid rocks have a mineralogy similar to that of the andesites, but also contain quartz, amphibole, biotite and ilmenite. The compositions of coexisting titanomagnetite and ilmenite in the acid lavas indicate equilibration temperatures in the range 920° to 860° C and oxygen fugacities ( ) above those of the fayalitemagnetite-quartz buffer assemblage. The mineralogical evidence supports the hypothesis of a crystal fractionation origin for this series and there is a possibility that the was more or less constant during the early stages of its evolution. The iron enriched lavas may be an offshoot from the main line of descent, resulting from near-surface fractionation, with the dominance of plagioclase in the crystal residuum producing an iron-rich liquid.     

Platinum-group minerals in the Santo Tomas II (Philex) porphyry copper-gold deposit,Luzon Island,Philippines

Mineralized quartz diorites of the Santo Tomas II porphyry copper-gold deposit, carry high Au contents (average: 1.8 ppm) as well as 160 ppb Pd and 38 ppb Pt. Values of other platinum-group elements (PGE) and rhenium are below the analytical detection limits. There is a significant positive correlation between Au and Cu. The highest Pd values were detected in the most Au- and Cu-rich rocks. Platinum-group minerals (PGM) occur exclusively as inclusions in chalcopyrite and bornite. Potential Pd and Pt contents in sulphide concentrates are estimated at 1.5 g/t and 0.4 g/t, respectively. The precious metal assemblages consist of merenskyite (main PGM), kotulskite, moncheite, native gold, electrum, hessite and petzite. Polyphase fluid inclusions in quartz veinlets, associated with a PGM-bearing bornite-chalcopyrite-magnetite assemblage, are characterized by high salinity (35 to > 60 eq. wt% NaCl) and high trapping temperatures (between 380 and 520 °C). They may represent primary magmatic-hydrothermal fluids, which have been responsible for the transport of Pd, Pt and Au as chloride complexes.     

Oxygen and Carbon Isotope Study of Calcite and Dolomite in the Disseminated Au-Ag Telluride Bulawan Deposit, Negros Island, Philippines

Abstract: The disseminated Au‐Ag telluride Bulawan deposit, Negros island, Philippines, is hosted by dacite porphyry breccia pipes which formed in a Middle Miocene dacite porphyry stock. Electrum and Au‐Ag tellurides occur mostly as grains intergrown with or filling voids between sphalerite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena and tennantite. Calcite, quartz and rare dolomite are the principal gangue minerals. Four types of alteration were recognized in the deposit, namely; propylitic, K‐feldspar‐sericitic, sericitic and carbonate alteration. Carbonate alteration is correlatable to the gold deposition stage and occurs mostly along fault zones. The δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C compositions of calcite and dolomite in propylite zone and ore‐stage dacite porphyry breccia were determined. The δ¹⁸O values of calcite in propylitized andesite range from +12.2 to +14.7%, and their δ¹³C values range from ‐6.1 to ‐1.0%. The δ¹⁸O values of calcite and dolomite in sericite‐ and carbonate‐altered, mineralized dacite porphyry breccia and dacite porphyry rocks range from +15.1 to +23.1%, and the δ¹³C values of calcite and dolomite range from ‐3.9 to +0.9%. The δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C values of the hydrothermal fluids were estimated from inferred temperatures of formation on the basis of fluid inclusion microthermometry. The δ¹⁸O values of hydrothermal fluid for the propylitic alteration were calculated to be +8.5 ‐ +9.5%, assuming 375°C. On the other hand, the δ¹⁸O values of ore solutions for base metal and Au mineralization were computed to be +13.6 ‐ +14.6%, assuming 270°C. The hydrothermal fluids that formed the Bulawan deposit are dilute and ¹⁸O‐enriched fluids which reacted with ¹⁸O‐ and ¹³C‐rich wallrocks such as limestone.