宁沪高速公路句容段两侧土壤磁化率特征

汽车尾气排放导致高速公路两侧土壤中重金属元素含量升高的现象已逐渐被人们所认识,传统的化学分析方法准确直观,但具有费时及价格昂贵的缺点,本文通过利用土壤磁化率的检测手段,查明高速公路两侧土壤的磁化率异常变化的特征以及与重金属元素的相关关系,寻找一种既方便快捷又廉价的重金属评价方法.     

湖州市土壤磁化率与重金属元素分布规律及其相关性研究

通过对84个地表土样、17个剖面土样和11个基岩样的磁参数与化学分析测试,对湖州市进行了土壤磁化率与重金属元素分布规律、成因及两者的相关性研究.结果表明:表层土壤磁化率高值异常区与土壤重金属元素高值分布区吻合程度非常高,剖面土壤磁化率值与重金属元素含量总体上均呈向下递减的相同特点;表层土壤磁化率与重金属元素高值异常均系人类经济工程活动影响所致,主要与当地城镇生活垃圾随意堆放、垃圾施肥、工业粉尘、废气、废物和污水排放、农药和化肥的过量使用等有关;表层土壤磁化率值与重金属元素Cd、Hg、Pb、As和Cr含量之间在不同环境条件下相关性有着明显的差异.在旱地土壤中磁化率与重金属元素Hg、Pb高度相关,与Cd、As和Cr不相关;在水田土壤中磁化率与重金属元素Pb、As高度相关,与Cd显著相关,而与Hg、Cr不相关.     

土壤磁化率异常在油气勘查中应用试验研究

应用土壤磁化率结合化探、地震、遥感资料,在内蒙西部荒漠区进行大面积油气勘查的综合研究,结果表明土壤磁化率异常与烃异常有相似的分布趋势,并都受构造控制.根据两个含油气局部构造磁化率异常与磁性矿物含量分析结果,认为磁化率异常的成因是由于含油气构造部位次生磁性物质形成的总体效应所致,因此,应用此方法进行油气勘查,只能作为一种烃蚀变异常的间接指示指标     

磁化率对土壤重金属污染的指示性研究——以沈阳新城子区为例

通过对399件表层土壤磁化率参数与化学组成的分析测试,较系统地总结了沈阳新城子区土壤磁化率特征,并初步进行了磁化率对土壤重金属污染的指示研究。结果表明:(1)不同土壤类型中磁化率差异较大,棕壤中由于人为作用较大,其均值最高。不同堆积类型中磁化率差别较大,洪积物和残坡积物中平均值最高,冲积物中最低。不同农作物对元素的需求不一样导致磁化率的含量变化范围存在着区别。(2)土壤的磁化率与土壤中Cd、Pb、Hg、Cu、Zn等重金属元素含量呈显著正相关,且与土壤pH值呈显著负相关关系,能反映出土壤酸化的状况,对土壤污染程度有较好的指示性。(3)利用磁化率可以快捷地划分污染区。     

平阴县土壤中重金属元素异常成因研究

通过对平阴县周边及其西部农田区采样调查,平阴县周边元素异常具有异常衬度较高,富集系数大等特征,西部农田区异常具有各元素套合关系好,多数异常衬度不高,富集系数小的特点。结果表明,西部农田区异常是以As,Cd为主要成分的异常,元素含量与SiO2,Al2O3,Fe2O3等常量组分间具有显著的相关性,随SiO2含量的增加而降低,随Al2O3,Fe2O3含量的增加而增加,说明土壤常量组分及其所决定的土壤质地是导致异常形成的主要因素;而平阴城区异常是以S,Hg,As,Zn,Mn等元素为主的异常,是典型的人为综合因素（化工烟尘、工厂污水、生活垃圾）产生的异常。     

山西太原盆地土壤磁化率与元素Cd、Pb相关性分析研究

磁化率是环境磁学研究中的一个重要磁参数[1],受污染的土壤随着磁化率的增加往往伴随着许多有害的重金属出现,因而磁化率与地球化学元素相关性研究,成为近些年环境磁学研究新的发展趋势之一[2].     

合肥市土壤重金属元素异常及其生态效应

通过对合肥市及其周边地区表层土壤重金属元素异常空间分布特征的分析，查明了生活和工业排污是形成Hg、Cd、Pb、Zn异常的主要原因；相对于深层土壤，表层土壤具有明显的富集特征，自地表向下重金属元素含量呈迅速下降趋势。探讨了土壤重金属元素全量与有效量、土壤pH值的关系，土壤重金属元素有效度大小排序为：Cd〉Pb〉Zn〉Hg，Cd、Pb有效量与全量相关性显著，且与pH值呈负相关，随着土壤cd、Pb元素全量的增加以及土壤不断酸化，其生态风险将显著增大。异常区土壤重金属的累积已造成部分蔬菜重金属超标，进而影响到蔬菜食用安全性，因此，加强土壤环境质量保护，对保证合肥市社会经济可持续发展具有重要意义。     

淮河流域安徽段土壤重金属元素分布特征研究

通过有限的土壤监测点位如何科学地反映一个区域的土壤环境质量,是目前土壤环境监测领域研究的一个主要方向。本文以淮河流域安徽段为研究区域,针对5个主要土壤污染类型在连续五年内开展了土壤环境质量监测,监测项目为土壤中Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni等8种重金属元素,采用单项污染指数和内梅罗污染指数法对426个监测点位评价,采用克里金插值法绘出区域土壤中各重金属元素分布图。从评价结果来看,淮河流域安徽段土壤环境质量总体较为安全,96.48%的调查地块属于清洁和尚清洁水平,但是个别点位超标严重;从评价区域中重金属分布情况来看,各重金属总体含量均较低,局部区域略高。本文采用分类型专项监测的方法,探讨通过土壤点位监测结果反映区域分布特征,具有重要的应用意义,该方法适用于对大区域土壤环境质量的初步调查研究。     

山东省平阴县土壤中重金属元素异常成因

为改善平阴县生态环境,为农业区划、环境保护和地方病防治等领域提供全新的地球化学资料和科学依据,开展了平阴县生态地球化学调查。调查发现,平阴县周边及其西部农田区有As、N i、Cd、Cr、F、Cu、Mn、S、Hg等以重金属为主的元素异常,平阴县周边元素异常具有异常衬度较高、富集系数大等特征,西部农田区异常具有各元素套合关系好、多数异常衬度不高、富集系数小的特点。研究结果表明,西部农田区异常以As、Cd为主要成分,元素含量与S iO2,A l2O3,Fe2O3等常量组分间具有显著的相关性,随S iO2含量的增加而降低,随A l2O3,Fe2O3含量的增加而增加,说明土壤常量组分及其所决定的土壤质地是导致异常形成的主要因素;而平阴城区异常以S、Hg、As、Zn、Mn等元素为主,是典型的受人类综合污染而产生的异常。     

南京市历史文化层中土壤重金属元素的分布规律初探

文章对南京市城区不同地点出现的多个文化层中土壤的理化特征进行了系统研究。研究结果表明,文化层中土壤的重金属元素含量比南京市非城市土壤和背景平均值有增高的趋势,局部地段有巨量增高。从剖面纵向上看(时间上),这种增高现象主要发生在近现代、明清和六朝3个历史时期,这与历史上这些时期南京相对发达有关;而从横向地域上看(空间上),重金属元素含量的分布明显可以分成两组,两个组分别代表了地域上的不同,如明故宫-大行宫-中山东路一带历史上许多时期是皇城区,而内秦淮河流域一带则可能是古代的手工业和制造业区、商贸区和普通大众的生活区,这种明显的差别揭示出南京在各历史时期上的城市功能区是各不相同的。磁化率特征研究结果表明文化层中土壤的磁化率在各历史时期分布是不同的,磁化率的高峰时期有近现代、清朝和明朝时期;频率磁化率特征研究结果表明磁性矿物主要是外源输入造成的。与此同时磁化率高峰时期基本上与重金属元素增高地段是一致的,这进一步印证了文化层中重金属元素增高主要是由于外源污染物质的输入造成的。     

土壤粒级中重金属元素的形态分析与环境风险评价

研究评价不同粒级组分中重金属的活性和潜在环境风险,对3个地区土壤颗粒的分析表明,重金属在土壤中分布并不均匀,随着颗粒粒径的减小,重金属Cu、Cd元素及有机质的浓度有不断增高的趋势。线性分析显示,Cu、Cd元素浓度与有机质的浓度显著相关。形态分析表明,Cd主要以环境高活性的形态存在,其次以低活性的形态存在,环境惰性的形态仅占极小部分,Cu主要以低环境活性和环境惰性的形态存在,高环境活性的形态只占小量,Cu在土壤中的存在形态可能与土壤性质有关。     

江苏主要公路两侧农田土壤重金属污染现状初步研究

分析研究了宁通公路、204国道两条主要公路两侧农田土壤Pb、Cr、Ni、Zn、Cd含量分布特征、影响范围及其差异,并对公路旁农田土壤重金属累积程度、潜在生态危害进行了评价。结果发现,同一公路不同路段土壤重金属累积含量程度不同;两条公路两侧土壤重金属含量累积程度不高,潜在综合生态危害程度都很低,以轻微危害为主;而由汽车轮胎摩擦产生的Cd在公路两侧农田土壤中累积程度最高,为最主要的污染重金属;不同等级的公路两侧土壤重金属累积范围存在差异,宁通公路为0m-50m,204国道为0m-30m。     

Correlation between magnetic susceptibility and heavy metals in urban topsoil: a case study from the city of Xuzhou, China

Anthropogenic influence, mainly due to urban and industrial activities and traffic exhaust, may affect urban topsoil via atmospheric contamination and solid waste. Magnetic susceptibility measurements were conducted on 21 urban topsoil samples from the city of Xuzhou, China. High intensities of magnetic susceptibility were detected in the majority of the samples. SEM analysis shows that magnetic minerals are in the form of spherules and mainly due to anthropogenic inputs. The heavy metals Pb, Cu, Zn, Se, Sc, Mo, Fe, and Bi show strong correlations with magnetic susceptibility, and Ag, Ba, Cd, Ni, Cr, Sb, and Sn, on the other hand, show a weak correlation with magnetic susceptibility. Whereas, of these metals studied, only Hg has no significant correlation with the susceptibility. The Tomlinson pollution load index (PLI) also shows significant correlation with the susceptibility (χ). The present study shows that magnetic susceptibility is a fast, inexpensive, and non-destructive method for the detection and mapping of contaminated soils.     

Effects of heavy metals on some soil biological parameters

The soils most polluted by heavy metals are probably alluvial soils. One of them is the alluvium of the Litavka River. The heavy metal content was much higher in some cases than the threshold values, allowed by the Czech standards. The effect of soil contamination on enzyme activity is presented. Generally, the values of enzymatic activities were highest in the soil above the source of contamination and they decrease as they approach the source of contamination. All measured parameters were affected by heavy metal concentrations. Our results demonstrate that several parameters of microbial activity could be used as good indicators of increasing concentrations of Cd, Pb and Zn in soil.     

Correlation between magnetic susceptibility and distribution of heavy metals in contaminated sea-floor sediments of Hong Kong Harbour

 Magnetic susceptibility measurements were conducted on 24 vibrocores obtained from an area located off the northeastern coast of Lantau Island in Hong Kong. High intensities of magnetic susceptibility were detected in the uppermost sections of the majority of the cores. Several magnetic parameters measured for one of the cores suggest that the variations in the magnetic characteristics over depth are mainly due to varying concentrations of the magnetic minerals. Since a strong correlation has been found between magnetic susceptibility and the heavy metals Pb, Cu, Zn and Cr, an anthropogenic contamination origin is thought to be the cause. The present study shows that magnetic susceptibility is a fast, inexpensive and non-destructive method for the detection and mapping of contaminated sediments. Received: 12 August 1997 · Accepted: 18 November 1997     

Magnetic screening of a pollution hotspot in the Lausitz area, Eastern Germany: correlation analysis between magnetic proxies and heavy metal contamination in soils

This investigation was carried out within the scope of EU-FP5 project MAGPROX. In parallel with the work of Kalinski et al. (2004, submitted), in which the magnetic signatures of the same soil profiles were analysed in more detail. The ‘hot spot’ under investigation was situated in the Lausitz area, Eastern Germany, between two major power plants, Schwarze Pumpe and Boxberg. This heavily industrialized region is known as the Black Triangle, named after the large lignite deposits and the old-technology power plants, among other petrochemical plants, refineries, textile manufacturing and glasswork industries. The relationship between magnetic parameters and heavy metal concentrations (Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb, Cu, Cr, Cd, Co and Ni) in soil profiles was determined statistically using linear regression analysis. Strong positive correlation was observed between heavy metal concentrations as viewed preliminarily from the heavy metal and magnetic susceptibility distributions with depth (soil profiles), and from the correlation coefficients obtained.MAGPROX team–FP5 RTD Project No. EVK2-CT-1999-00019     

Combined effects of heavy metal and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon on soil microorganism communities

Soil contaminated sites contain a variety of pollutants, especially heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Interactions between heavy metals have been relatively well studied, but little is known about interactions between heavy metals and PAHs. The combined effect of heavy metals and PAHs on soil microorganism was studied in laboratory conditions and evaluated by random denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. We extracted DNA directly from contaminated soils and then amplified the V3 sequences of the 16S rDNA. The results showed that with different culture time, the gene diversity of the single and combined contaminated soil differed as well. After 15 days of culture, the microorganisms were stimulated and accommodated. After 45 days of cultivation, the quantities of the soil microorganisms were affected. It is concluded that some of the microorganisms utilize phenanthrene as important carbon resources. Microorganisms directly isolated from soil could reflect the diversity of soil microorganism and population distribution conditions.     

Relationship of chemical fractions of heavy metals with microbial and enzyme activities in sludge and ash-amended acid lateritic soil from India

The influence of metals, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn, on the microbial biomass and enzyme activities of an amended acid lateritic soil were investigated under field conditions receiving a one-time application of 52 t ha^–1 of sludge, coal ash and their mixtures at 1:3, 1:1 and 3:1 proportions, and including control and chemical fertilizer treatment at crop-specific recommended doses. Paddies and peanuts were grown in the experimental plots and soil was sampled twice after 6 months and 1 year after amendment application. The heavy metals in the soil were fractionated using sequential extraction and the increments in their concentrations in amended soil with respect to the control were determined. Concentrations of Cd, Ni and Zn were determined to have increased in their mobile fractions and were more pronounced in soil collected during the second sampling, which was associated with a decrease in soil organic carbon. The size of the microbial biomass carbon and the soil enzyme activities increased with the addition of an amendment and was highest at equal proportions of coal ash and sludge. Further increase in the proportion of sludge resulted in a significant decrease in biomass carbon. Simple correlation revealed significant and strong negative relations of mobile fractions of Cd and Ni with the ratio between microbial biomass C and organic carbon in soil, while the organic carbon content and the pH were positively correlated. The microbial activities were determined to be sensitive to the concentrations of some heavy metals in mobile fractions and therefore indicated possibilities of being useful as indicators for evaluation of toxic effects of sludge-borne metals on soil organisms.     

井中与钻孔岩芯磁化率测量效果的对比分析

为了解岩(矿)石磁化率测定法(磁化率仪)在反映钻孔中岩层磁性变化规律方面的效果,对同一钻孔分别运用岩(矿)石磁化率测定法和井中磁化率测量法进行了对比分析研究。结果表明,岩(矿)石磁化率仪测定法具有成本低、速度快、灵敏度高等特点,可以作为井中磁化率测量的一部分,起到井中磁化率测量在准确确定矿层厚度、位置、矿层品位等方面的作用,避免测井设备的笨重所带来的麻烦,特别是能够弥补井中磁化率测量在有套管存在井段的严重数据不足之缺陷。     

北京城区表层土壤多元素分布特征及重金属元素污染评价

采用地统计学和GIS相结合的方法,对北京城区表层土壤样品54项指标的地球化学背景值进行了详细研究,认为微量元素中Ni、Cr和As含量值存在极高值点,具有点源污染特征;Hg、Cd、Zn、Pb和Cu具有面状污染特点。对这5种重金属元素开展研究,统计北京城区五环内每个区域的数据并结合元素含量空间分布特征,指出元素含量平均值由市中心向周边地区逐渐降低。采用内梅罗指数法对表层土壤重金属元素污染进行评价,认为北京市城区表层土壤大部分已经被重金属元素所污染。分析了造成土壤重金属元素污染的可能影响因素,主要包括工业活动、化石燃料燃烧、建筑涂料、机动车尾气等,并提出了污染防控的建议。