双重介质模型研究现状——裂隙-孔隙含水层的数学模型

和多孔介质中流体运动规律研究所得到的进展相比,裂隙介质中流体运动规律的研究仍处于发展阶段。近年来,由于裂隙含水层试验资料的解释,核废料及有毒化学废料的地质处理,海水入侵以及裂隙油田开发的需要,引起了人们对裂隙介质中流体运动规律研究的极大兴趣,本文介绍了描述裂隙含水层水力特性的双重介质模型的理论、方法及应用范围。文中所介绍的四种模型可以根据实际的地质—水文地质条件直接应用于裂隙-孔隙含水层试验的解释。     

岩溶裂隙地下水流数学模型求解的有限体积法及应用

岩溶裂隙介质可视为双重孔隙度介质。根据水流连续性原理、质量守衡和达西定律,建立了裂隙-岩溶承压含水层非稳定流双重介质数学模型,采用有限体积法对其求解,并以深圳龙岗区为例对模型进行验证。结果表明,计算模型与实际水文地质条件比较接近,计算水位与实测水位相吻合。     

双重孔隙介质微水试验模型在倾斜裂隙含水层中的应用

试验场地内现场调查发现固结致密砂岩层中存在一个倾角47°的倾斜裂隙含水层。为了研究倾角所产生的影响,通过建立倾斜裂隙微水试验的双重孔隙介质理论模型,利用理论和现场试验数据分析方法,讨论倾角对水文地质参数推估的影响。结果表明:低渗透条件下,倾角越大非振荡水位恢复速度越快;高渗透条件下,倾角越大振荡水位振幅越大。裂隙渗透系数越小,母岩贮水率越大,双重孔隙介质特征参数越大时,倾角上限越小,倾角影响越明显。根据该结论确定出模型适用于倾角大于30°的裂隙含水层。忽略倾角会导致裂隙渗透系数估值偏高,母岩贮水率估值偏低,双重孔隙介质特征参数估值偏低。     

北方岩溶含水层双重介质水流模型及其应用探讨

本文将北方岩溶介质划分为两种基本类型:溶隙网络—溶孔型和溶隙网络—微裂隙型。概化出裂隙岩溶介质的双重介质水流模型。解决了下面几个问题:（1）认识北方岩溶介质所具有的双重介质性;（2）分别对孔隙和微裂隙所构成的岩块域和溶隙网络域建立数学模型,并用岩块和裂隙的水量交换项将两者耦合起来。模型中岩块并未被概化成某一特殊几何形态如球体或平行板,而是按其实际产出形态处理;（3）在岩块中也应用了二维水流模型。以往作者多用一维流方程,目的在于求其解析解,这有许多不足之处;（4）在裂隙和岩块域均采用有限单元法,将两个域的模型联立求数值解,克服了解析法或解析—数值法联合的局限性。 在给定参数情况下,本文进行了典型水文地质条件下的计算,证明了模型是能够较好地刻画溶隙网络—溶孔或微裂隙型介质的特征和水流特点的。同时,本文成功地应用了济南西南郊岩溶含水层的实际资料进行了模拟计算,对双重介质方法的实用进行了听的尝试。     

一个岩溶泉的动态研究

岩溶水运动的性质远比孔隙水、裂隙水复杂。当前研究岩溶水运动的重要课题之一是通过研究岩溶含水介质的特征和岩溶水运动的性质建立起岩溶水运动的基本水文地质模型。近些年来许多区域性研究逐渐揭示出岩溶含水层具有宏观的双重介质的性质。通常岩溶水的水位变化十分剧烈,一般不能忽略它们的非稳定流特征。因此在一些天然条件下,岩溶水运动可以近似地看做宏观双重介质内的非稳定流运动。本文打算用老庄子泉动态资料表述一下宏观双重介质非稳定流水文地质模型的一些特征,并从这一模型出发进而讨论一下老庄子泉动态成因的一些问题。     

河流硝化过程数学模型在上海地区地下水氮污染中的应用

由于上海第四系承压含水层及岩溶裂隙含水层管井灌水后,常表现出井水周围含氧量的增高,从而有利于该水中NH~+_4、NO~-_2的氧化,促成了硝化过程的进行和NO~-_3的积累。本文参照了河流地表水的数学模型,研究了该硝化过程的数学模型,並据环境地质条件及化学的、物理的特征,确定了参数。从几组实际数据的计算与拟合图来看,其结果是满意的。该模型具有一定的可靠性,对探索地下水中氮的污染研究有一定作用。     

双重介质模型在岩溶地下水流动系统模拟中的应用

文章采用不稳定层状裂隙水流模型,应用有限元-卷积结合法,模拟了岩溶地下水流动系统。相对于等效多孔介质模型,双重介质模型模拟的水位下降速度更小,达到稳定的时间更长。距抽水井较近的观测孔处,双重介质模型模拟的水位变化过程阶段性较明显,水位变化过程类似于承压含水层-弱透水层的释水过程,裂隙和孔隙基质分别相当于承压含水层和弱透水层。然后讨论了影响裂隙和孔隙基质间水流交换项的因素,分析了孔组抽水后的渗流场特征。     

弥散度及其在地下水污染模型中的作用

弥散理论是污染质在含水层中运移模型的基本理论.但在实际应用中存在着不少问题和争议.本文对污染质在含水层中运移的弥散作用进行了分析探讨.并应用MOC水质模型对弥散参数的作用进行了分析,证明了在一般情况下,污染质在含水层中的运移主要受对流作用控制,弥散参数的变化对水质模型结果的影响相对较小.在特定的水文地质条件下,弥散作用对污染质的运移是重要的.     

饱和砂性土流变模型的试验研究

正确合理的土体本构模型确定是地面沉降模拟的关键之一。上海和江苏地区多年来野外分层标的实际观测资料表明该区含水层系统砂层变形具有流变特征,表现出变形滞后于含水层水位变化的现象。本文基于粘弹性理论,选取了常州含水层系统原状砂性土样进行单轴压缩试验,分析了砂性土流变荷载曲线,并选择现有的相关本构模型进行识别,从而确定能更好反映研究区土体变形规律的流变模型。结果表明,研究区砂性土可采用Burgers模型进行描述,反演获得的4个流变参数随荷载的增加表现出一定的规律性。     

块状岩溶承压含水层非稳定流数学模型的建立及应用

块状岩溶介质可视为双重孔隙介质, 其含水层为承压含水层, 水文地质模型概化为各向同性非均质。根据块状岩溶承压含水层地下水运动规律, 建立二维承压含水层非稳定流数学模型, 采用有限体积法对其求解, 并以深圳葵涌区为例对模型进行识别和验证。结果表明: 各时段的计算水位值与实测水位值非常接近, 所建立的数学模型正确可应用。     

A mixed solution for two-dimensional unsteady flow in fractured porous media

A mixed finite element–boundary element solution for the analysis of two-dimensional flow in porous media composed of rock blocks and discrete fractures is described. The rock blocks are modelled implicitly by using boundary elements whereas finite elements are adopted to model the discrete fractures. The computational procedure has been implemented in a hybrid code which has been validated first by comparing the numerical results with the closed-form solution for flow in a porous aquifer intercepted by a vertical fracture only. Then, a more complex problem has been solved where a pervious, homogeneous and isotropic matrix containing a net of fractures is considered. The results obtained are shown to describe satisfactorily the main features of the flow problem under study. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Dual-porosity elastoplastic analyses of non-isothermal one-dimensional consolidation

A numerical solution, using the finite difference method, and based on a porothermo-elasto-plastic formulation for dual-porosity one-dimensional consolidation has been presented. The model is fully coupled to ensure the interactive behavior of fluid flow, heat flow and solid deformations in the conservation of momentum, mass and energy equations. A bi-linear stress-strain relationship is used to accommodate elastoplastic deformation behavior. A double effective stress law, proposed by Elsworth and Bai (1992), is applied to describe constitutive relationships among the stresses, pressures and temperatures. In order to examine the dual-porosity and thermal effects on the soil consolidation individually, isothermal and non-isothermal consolidations for a dual-porosity column are analyzed. In comparison to the single porosity approach, the present study shows that the pore pressure dissipation is faster and Mandel's effect (Mandel, 1953) is more pronounced at early times of the source disturbance for dual-porosity consolidation. One of the significant parameters affecting the dual-porosity consolidation is the fracture spacing (fracture density); the smaller the fracture spacing, the faster the column drainage.     

Double-porosity modelling of oscillatory gas motion and contaminant transport in a fractured porous medium

A double-porosity model is used to describe the oscillatory gas motion and associated contaminant transport induced by cyclical variations in the barometric pressure at the surface of a fractured porous medium. Flow along the fractures and within the permeable matrix blocks is locally one-dimensional. The interaction between fractures and blocks includes seepage of fluid as well as diffusion of contaminant. To guard against artificial numerical diffusion, the FRAM filtering remedy and methodology of Chapman is used in calculating the advective fluxes along fractures and within blocks. The entire system of equations, including the fracture-matrix interaction terms, is solved by a largely implicit non-iterative algorithm which remains stable and conservative even when the computational time step is large compared to the cross-block transit time of pressure waves. The numerical accuracy is tested by comparison with exact solutions for oscillatory and unidirectional flows, some of which include diffusion interaction between the fracture and the matrix. The method is used to estimate the rate of vertical transport of radioactive gases through the rubblized chimney produced by an underground nuclear explosion.     

A Comparison of Methods for Calculating the Matrix Block Source Term in a Double Porosity Model for Contaminant Transport

Contaminant transport in a fractured porous medium can be modeled, under appropriate conditions, with a double porosity model. Such a model consists of a parabolic equation with a coupling term describing contaminant exchange between the fractures, which have high permeability, and the matrix block, which has low permeability. A locally conservative method based on mixed finite elements is used to solve the parabolic problem, and the calculation of the coupling term, which involves the solution of diffusion equations in the matrix blocks, is based on an analytic expression. Numerical experiments show that this semi-analytic method for the coupling term is accurate and faster than several other methods but at a small expense of computer memory.     

Production rate analysis of multiple-fractured horizontal wells in shale gas reservoirs by a trilinear flow model

Most multiple-fractured horizontal wells experience long-term linear flow due to the ultralow permeability of shale gas reservoirs. Considering the existence of natural fractures caused by compression and shear stresses during the process of tectonic movement or the expansion of high-pressure gas, a shale gas reservoir can be more appropriately described by dual-porosity medium. Based on the assumption of slab dual-porosity, this paper uses the trilinear flow model to simulate the transient production behavior of multiple-fractured horizontal wells in shale gas reservoirs, which takes the desorption of adsorbed gas, Knudsen diffusion and gas slippage flow in the shale matrix into consideration. Production decline curves are plotted with the Stehfest numerical inversion algorithm, and sensitivity analysis is done to identify the most influential reservoir and hydraulic fracture parameters. It was found that the density and permeability of the natural fracture network are the most important parameters affecting the production dynamics of multiple-fractured horizontal wells in shale gas reservoirs. The higher the density and permeability of the natural fractures are, the shorter the time is required to exploit the same amount of reserve, which means a faster investment payoff period. The analytical model presented in this paper can provide some insight into the reserve evaluation and production prediction for shale gas reservoirs.     

Beyond dual-porosity modeling for the simulation of complex flow mechanisms in shale reservoirs

The state of the art of modeling fluid flow in shale reservoirs is dominated by dual-porosity models which divide the reservoirs into matrix blocks that significantly contribute to fluid storage and fracture networks which principally control flow capacity. However, recent extensive microscopic studies reveal that there exist massive micro- and nano-pore systems in shale matrices. Because of this, the actual flow mechanisms in shale reservoirs are considerably more complex than can be simulated by the conventional dual-porosity models and Darcy’s law. Therefore, a model capturing multiple pore scales and flow can provide a better understanding of the complex flow mechanisms occurring in these reservoirs. This paper presents a micro-scale multiple-porosity model for fluid flow in shale reservoirs by capturing the dynamics occurring in three porosity systems: inorganic matter, organic matter (mainly kerogen), and natural fractures. Inorganic and organic portions of shale matrix are treated as sub-blocks with different attributes, such as wettability and pore structures. In kerogen, gas desorption and diffusion are the dominant physics. Since the flow regimes are sensitive to pore size, the effects of nano-pores and micro-pores in kerogen are incorporated into the simulator. The multiple-porosity model is built upon a unique tool for simulating general multiple-porosity systems in which several porosity systems may be tied to each other through arbitrary connectivities. This new model allows us to better understand complex flow mechanisms and eventually is extended into the reservoir scale through upscaling techniques. Sensitivity studies on the contributions of the different flow mechanisms and kerogen properties give some insight as to their importance. Results also include a comparison of the conventional dual-porosity treatment and show that significant differences in fluid distributions and dynamics are obtained with the improved multiple-porosity simulation.     

英买34、35井区志留系柯坪塔格组储层特征及其控制因素

志留系柯坪塔格组海相砂岩是英买力地区的主要储层和产层.英买力34、35两个井区的储层岩性、沉积环境均十分相似,而储层物性相差很大.通过储层岩石学、孔隙类型和孔隙结构、储层物性、成岩作用等多种特征综合研究,认为英买34、35区储层同为无障壁滨浅海沉积石英砂岩.英买34井区储层物性较好,属于中孔、中渗储层;英买35井区储层基质物性很差,属于特低孔、特低渗储层,但是张性微细裂缝发育,属于孔隙-裂缝复合型储层.试油结果表明两个区均具有较高产能且比较稳定.在充分认识两个区储层特征的基础上,笔者认为英买34、35井区储层性质的差异是后生成岩作用和构造作用造成的.     

A finite element porothermoelastic model for dual-porosity media

An existing dual-porosity finite element model has been extended to include thermo-hydro-mechanical coupling in both media. The model relies on overlapping distinct continua for the fluid and solid domains. In addition, conductive and convective heat transfers are incorporated using a single representative thermodynamics continuum. The model is applied to the problem of an inclined borehole drilled in a fractured formation subjected to a three-dimensional state of stress and, a temperature gradient between the drilling fluid and the formation. A sensitivity analysis has been carried out to study the impact of thermal loading, effect of heat transport by pore fluid flow and, the effect of parameters of the secondary medium used to represent the fractures. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

深厚强透水含水层超大基坑降水群井效应研究

基坑减压降水的幅度与群井效应密切相关。某超大面积基坑,含水层组厚40m,中下部透水性强,采用非完整井降水。对水文地质条件概化,建立了地下水三维非稳定流数值模型,对均匀布置群井、不均匀布置群井、分块开挖降水、不同的井结构、布设回灌井等工况,进行了渗流场模拟。研究表明,强透水性含水层超大面积基坑降水的群井效应极为明显;井位角密中疏布置,可实现降深调平,避免降深不足和超降;基坑分块降水,可减少坑外降深;短滤管井结构可减少基坑总涌水量和坑外降深;强透水性含水层可灌性强,回灌对减少坑外水位下降有较明显的效果。模拟结果与现场监测较为一致。研究成果可为类似工程地下水控制设计提供参考。     

离散介质中地震波传播的本构问题

实际地球介质是相当复杂的.基于均匀的、连续介质模型建立的弹性波动理论可能导致对地球结构地震响应的不当解释, 有时可能是错误解释.由于没有更接近实际地球介质模型的波动理论, 许多有用的地震信息因得不到合理解释, 被作为噪音处理了.从等效介质角度来看, 储层介质可以划分为弹性区、粘性区、空白区(空白区是由孔隙、裂隙、结构面产生的介质性质弱化区) 组成的离散介质.在局部平均思想的指导下, 利用区间内聚定理建立起离散(储层) 介质的本构关系, 为建立更接近实际地球介质模型的波动理论提供了力学基础.