Seismic Velocity and Q Structure of the Middle Eastern Crust and Upper Mantle from Surface-wave Dispersion and Attenuation

—Observed velocities and attenuation of fundamental-mode Rayleigh waves in the period range 7–82 sec were inverted for shear-wave velocity and shear-wave Q structure in the Middle East using a two-station method. Additional information on Q structure variation within each region was obtained by studying amplitude spectra of fundamental-mode and higher-mode Rayleigh waves. We obtained models for the Turkish and Iranian Plateaus (Region 1), areas surrounding and including the Black and Caspian Seas (Region 2), and the Arabian Peninsula (Region 3). The effect of continent-ocean boundaries and mixed paths in Region 2 may lead to unrealistic features in the models obtained there. At lower crustal and upper-mantle depths, shear velocities are similar in all three regions. Shear velocities vary significantly in the uppermost 10 km of the crust, being 3.21, 2.85, and 3.39 km/s for Regions 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Q models obtained from an inversion of interstation attenuation data show that crustal shear-wave Q is highest in Region 3 and lowest in Region 1. Q’s for the upper 10 km of the crust are 63, 71, and 201 for Regions 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Crustal Q’s at 30 km depth for the three regions are about 51, 71, and 134. The lower crustal Q values contrast sharply with results from stable continental regions where shear-wave Q may reach one thousand or more. These low values may indicate that fluids reside in faults, cracks, and permeable rock at lower crustal, as well as upper crustal depths due to convergence and intense deformation at all depths in the Middle Eastern crust.     

Passive Seismic Experiment Mosaic - A Pilot Study of Mantle Lithosphere Anisotropy of the Bohemian Massif

We present results of an array study of seismic anisotropy beneath the Bohemian Massif (BM) showing distinct lateral and directional variations of the fast shear-wave polarization and split-delay time consistent with variations in the P-residual spheres, in which directional means of relative residuals are subtracted. Our analysis of the S- and P-wave anisotropy suggests that the mantle lithosphere of the BM consists of at least three large domains with different orientation of the large-scale fabric separated by sutures cutting most likely the whole lithosphere. Boundaries of the units are characterised by a null or small shear-wave splitting, as well as by smaller values in the P-residual spheres. We present self-consistent 3D anisotropic models of the lithosphere domains of the BM resulting from joint inversion of anisotropic parameters searching for a 3D orientation of mantle fabric. While in the Saxothuringian and Sudetes parts of the BM the (a, c) foliations dip prevailingly to the N-NW, they dip to the S and SW in the southern and eastern parts of the Moldanubian.     

基于面波频散的三维横波速度方位各向异性层析成像方法

地震各向异性是反映地球内部介质特性的重要指针之一。常用的横波分裂法和二维面波方位各向异性层析成像方法很难准确反映各向异性随深度的变化。将与周期相关的区域化面波方位各向异性转换成与深度相关的一维横波速度方位各向异性可以弥补深度信息不足的缺陷。现有三维横波速度各向异性研究多是通过两步方法来实现的,即逐个周期二维面波方位各向异性层析成像以及逐个格点一维横波速度方位各向异性反演。这种分步反演的方式既不利于三维先验约束的引入,也不利于利用原始观测拟合误差对三维模型进行直接评估。因此本文开发了基于面波频散曲线的三维横波速度方位各向异性层析成像方法,并编制了相关正演和反演程序。为了检测方法和程序的有效性,我们对规律分布的三维检测板模型进行了模拟测试。测试结果显示:该方法可以很好地恢复各向同性波速异常、各向异性相对强度和快波方向等三维结构信息;而且反演模型相对于参考模型明显改善了对观测数据的拟合,降低了对观测数据的均方根误差。但对各向同性理论模型进行各向异性反演时,在波速均匀区可产生小于0.5%的假各向异性幅值,在波速非均匀区该假的各向异性幅值会更大,浅部可达3.5%。因此在实际应用中需要谨慎解释(浅...     

Path-specific Velocity Structure of Western China from Surface-wave Dispersion

We develop one-dimensional (1-D) path-specific velocity models in western China using new Rayleigh and Love wave group and phase velocity dispersion measurements for 20 events in the region. The earthquakes were grouped into three geographic clusters from which we compute the average phase and group velocity dispersion. We invert the average dispersion curves simultaneously for 1-D shear-velocity models appropriate for the three central Asian paths, using three previous shear-velocity models as initial models. The models are validated by forward modeling waveforms of recent events. The crustal thickness beneath western China in the vicinity of the Lop Nor test site is 50–60 km and our velocity models are consistent with major geologic features (e.g., basins and mountain ranges) and previous structural models for this region.     

Seismic Anisotropy and Velocity Variations in the Mantle beneath the Saxothuringicum-Moldanubicum Contact in Central Europe

—We report on results of a passive seismic experiment undertaken to study the 3-D velocity structure and anisotropy of the upper mantle around the contact zone of the Saxothuringicum and Moldanubicum in the western margin of the Bohemian Massif in central Europe. Spatial variations of P-wave velocities and lateral variations of the particle motion of split shear waves over the region monitor changes of structure and anisotropy within the deep lithosphere and the asthenosphere. A joint interpretation of P-residual spheres and shear-wave splitting results in an anisotropic model of the lithosphere with high velocities plunging divergently from the contact of both tectonic units. Lateral variations of the mean residuals are related to a southward thickening of the lithosphere beneath the Moldanubicum.     

Velocity and Density Heterogeneities of the Tien-Shan Lithosphere

—The Tien-Shan orogene is a region in which the earth’s crust undergoes considerable thickening and tangential compression. Under these conditions the lithosphere heterogeneities (composi tion, rheological) create the prerequisites for the development of various phenomena of tectonic layering (lateral shearing, different deformation of layers). To study the distribution of velocity, density and other elastic parameters, the results from a seismic tomography study on P-wave as well as S-wave velocities were used. Using empirical as well as theoretical formulas on the relationship between velocity, density and silica content in rocks, their distribution in the Tien-Shan’s lithosphere has been calculated. In addition, other elastic parameters, such as Young’s modulus, shear modulus, Poisson’s ratio and coefficient of general compressions have been determined. Zoning of different types of crust was carried out for the region investigated. The characteristics of the "crust-mantle" transition have been investi gated. Large blocks with different types of the earth’s crust were distinguished. Layers with inverse values of velocity, density and shear and Young modulus are revealed in the Tien-Shan lithosphere. All of the above described features open new ways to solve geodynamics problems.     

Thermal Structure and Rheology of the Upper Mantle Derived from Mantle Xenoliths from Gansu Province, Western China

Mantle xenoliths brought up by Cenozoic volcanic rocks onto the earth‘s surface may provide direct information about the upper mantle beneath the volcanic region. This paper presents the study on mantle xenoliths collected from Haoti village, Dangchang County, Gansu Province, western China. The main purpose of the study is to gain an insight into the thermal structure and rbeology of the upper mantle beneath the region. The results show that the upper mantle of the region is composed mainly of spinel lherzolite at shallower depth (52-75km), and garnet iberzolite at greater depth (greater than 75km), instead of harzburgite and dunite as proposed by some previous studies. The upper mantle geotherm derived from the equilibrium temperatures and pressures of xenoliths from the region is lower than that of North China, and is somewhat closer to the Oceanic geotherm. The crust-mantle boundary is determined from the geotherm to be at about 52km, and the Moho seems to be the transition zone of lower crust material with spinel iberzolite. If we take 1280℃ as the temperature of the top of asthenosphere, then the fithospbere-asthenosphere boundary should be at about 120km depth. The differential stress of the upper mantle is determined by using recrystallized grain size piezometry, while the strain rate and equivalent viscosity are determined by using the high temperature flow law of peridotite. The differential stress, strain rate and viscosity profiles constructed on the basis of the obtained values indicate that asthenospberic diapir occurred in this region during the Cenozoic time, resulting in the corresponding thinning of the lithosphere. However, the scale and intensity of the diapir was significantly less than that occurring in the North China region. Moreover, numerous small-scale shear zones with localized deformation might occur in the iithospberic mantle, as evidenced by the extensive occurrence of xenoliths with tabular equigranular texture.     

大理岩的波速各向异性测量

利用 GC- 1 0 0型工程多波参数分析仪 ,对山东莱州大理岩进行了波速各向异性的实验室观测。实验采用两组岩样 ,一组为带有先天的优势定向排列裂缝的岩样 ,另一组为带有优势层理走向的完整岩石。在未加载的状态下 ,发现两组岩样都有明显的波速方位各向异性。对于带有先天的优势定向排列裂缝的岩样 ,甚至可以在无加载状态下观测到剪切波的分裂现象     

Seismic Anisotropy in the Deep Mantle, Boundary Layers and the Geometry of Mantle Convection

—An attempt is made to explore the geodynamical significance of seismic anisotropy in the deep mantle on the basis of mineral physics. The mineral physics observations used include the effects of deformation mechanisms on lattice and shape preferred orientation, the effects of pressure on elastic anisotropy and the nature of lattice preferred orientation in deep mantle minerals in dislocation creep regime. Many of these issues are still poorly constrained, but a review of recent results shows that it is possible to interpret deep mantle seismic anisotropy in a unified fashion, based on the solid state processes without invoking partial melting. The key notions are (i) the likely regional variation in the magnitude of anisotropy as deformation mechanisms change from dislocation to diffusion creep (or superplasticity), associated with a change in the stress level and/or grain-size in the convecting mantle with a high Rayleigh number, and (ii) the change in elastic anisotropy with pressure in major mantle minerals, particularly in (Mg, Fe)O. The results provide the following constraints on the style of mantle convection (i) the SH > SV anisotropy in the bottom transition zone and the SV > SH anisotropy in the top lower mantle can be attributed to anisotropy structures (lattice preferred orientation and/or laminated structures) caused by the horizontal flow in this depth range, suggesting the presence of a mid-mantle boundary layer due to (partially) layered convection, (ii) the observed no significant seismic anisotropy in the deep mantle near subduction zones implies that deformation associated with subducting slabs is due mostly to diffusion creep (or superplasticity) and therefore slabs are weak in the deep mantle and hence easily deformed when encountered with resistance forces, and (iii) the SH > SV anisotropy in the cold thick portions of the D" layer is likely to be due to horizontally aligned shape preferred orientation in perovskite plus magnesiowüstite aggregates formed by strong horizontal shear motion in the recent past.     

Inferring the Orientation-distribution Function from Observed Seismic Anisotropy: General Considerations and an Inversion of Surface-wave Dispersion Curves

—A general relation linking the elasticity tensor of an anisotropic medium with that of the constituting single crystals and the function describing the orientation distribution of the crystals is derived. By expanding the orientation distribution function (ODF) into tensor spherical harmonics and using canonical components of the elasticity tensors, it is shown that the elastic tensor of the medium is completely determined by a finite number of expansion coefficients, namely those with harmonic degree l≤ 4. The number of expansion coefficients actually needed to determine the elastic constants of the medium depends on the symmetry of the single crystals. For hexagonal symmetry of the single crystals it is shown that only 8 real numbers are required to fix the 13 elastic constants which are for example needed to determine the azimuthal dependence of surface wave velocities. Thus, inversions of observations of seismic anisotropy are feasible which do not make any a priori assumptions on the orientation of the crystals. As a byproduct of the derivation, a formula is given which allows the easy calculation of the elastic constants of a medium composed of hexagonal crystals obeying an arbitrary ODF. An application of the theoretical results to the inversion of surface wave dispersion curves for an anisotropic 1D-mantle model is presented. For the S-wave velocities the results are similar to those of previous inversions but the new approach also yields P-wave velocities consistent with the assumption of oriented olivine. Moreover it provides a hint of the orientation distribution of the crystals.     

中国东部上地幔各向异性研究

地震各向异性研究是了解地壳和上地幔变形的有效方法之一.这一研究不仅能了解板块内部的形变特征,而且能提供与板块构造运动有关的下覆岩石圈的地幔形变状况.中国东部地处欧亚板块与太平洋板块的接触带附近,紧邻西太平洋俯冲带.中国大陆受印度板块与欧亚板块强烈碰撞的影响,大陆西部地壳增厚并隆起,同时造成物质东向挤出.太平洋板块和菲律宾海板块向欧亚板块下的俯冲作用,强烈地影响着板块边缘及内部的构造运动.     

用背景噪声和地震面波反演东北地区岩石圈速度结构

本文利用东北地区的黑龙江、 吉林、 辽宁和内蒙古等四省区区域数字地震台网122个宽频带地震台站记录的波形数据, 分别通过背景噪声互相关及地震面波提取8~25 s和25~70 s的瑞利面波频散曲线, 进而反演得到东北地区从浅到深直至约100 km的岩石圈速度结构。 结果表明, 周期为8 s至15 s的短周期群速度分布与地表构造特征有较好的对应关系, 盆岭边界的大型断裂对上地壳速度结构的控制作用明显, 松辽盆地呈现较厚的低速沉积盆地特征; 周期为20 s至30 s的群速度与短周期时相比出现明显变化, 反映了以大兴安岭—太行山重力梯度带为界, 西部地区莫霍面深度大于东部地区; 周期为50 s至70 s的长周期群速度图表现为随着周期的增加, 东部低速区域西移而西部显示稳定高速, 可能反映了研究区受太平洋板块俯冲影响, 大兴安岭以东地区软流圈热物质上涌的特征。     

利用剪切波分裂研究青藏高原东北缘及东南缘上地幔各向异性

利用从IRIS上下载的青藏高原东北缘238个台站以及中国地震科学探测台阵喜马拉雅一期350个台站记录到的远震波形数据,通过采用剪切波分裂方法,获取各个台站下方各向异性分裂参数——快波偏振方向（φ）和分裂时差（δt）,从而得到青藏高原东北缘、东南缘上地幔的各向异性特征。研究结果表明,祁连块体、阿拉善块体和鄂尔多斯块体北部,快波方向为NNW-SSE,明显不同于GPS测量得到的近NE-SW的地表位移场方向,延迟时间平均~0.85 s;羌塘块体以及松潘-甘孜褶皱带的西部,快波方向呈现沿顺时针方向旋转的趋势,并且与GPS测量得到的地表位移场方向一致,延迟时间平均为~1.24 s;松潘-甘孜褶皱带东部、秦岭造山带与鄂尔多斯块体南部的交界处,快波方向呈现无序分布,与GPS方向表现出不一致的分布,延迟时间平均~1.08 s;川滇块体北部,快波方向近似N-S方向,与GPS测量得到的地表位移场方向相同,平均延迟时间为~0.925 s;位于北纬26°以南的川滇块体南部,快波方向近E-W方向分布,明显不同于GPS地表位移场方向,平均延迟时间~1.065 s。综合分析推测,羌塘块体、松潘-甘孜褶皱带的西部以及川滇块体北部,地表形变和深部之间的变形是相互耦合的;祁连块体、阿拉善块体和鄂尔多斯块体北部,松潘-甘孜褶皱带东部、秦岭造山带与鄂尔多斯块体南部的交界处以及川滇块体南部,壳幔之间可能存在解耦现象。     

Deep Electrical Resistivity Structure of the European Lithosphere in Poland Derived from 3-D Inversion of Magnetotelluric Data

Surveys in Geophysics - This paper presents a three-dimensional (3-D) model of the resistivity distribution in the European lithosphere at the junction between the East European Craton, the...     

应用远震有限频率层析成像反演中国东北地区上地幔P波三维速度结构

选取黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、内蒙古区域地震台网,以及NECESSArray流动台阵记录的223个远震事件的波形资料,采用多道互相关方法得到了22569个P波相对走时数据,并计算了相应的走时灵敏度核,应用有限频率层析成像反演得到中国东北地区上地幔600 km以上的P波三维速度结构模型,利用检测板评估了反演结果的分辨率。结果表明,松辽盆地下方80～200 km的深度上呈主体的低速异常,与这一地区上地幔浅部的高地温值和低密度的特征相互对应,可能暗示了部分熔融的地幔。南北重力梯度带两侧的速度结构明显不同,这一差异可以延伸到200 km以下,表明在中国东北地区南北重力梯度带有可能是一条上地幔内部结构的变化带,或是深部结构的分界线。长白山火山区下呈大范围的低速异常,并可从上地幔浅部延伸到地幔转换带中,推测此低速异常可能反映了地幔转换带内上涌的热物质,上涌的原因则主要是受到太平洋板块俯冲运动的作用。     

Exact Elastodynamic Green Functions for Simple Types of Anisotropy Derived from Higher-Order Ray Theory

Using higher-order ray theory, we derived exact elastodynamic Green functions for three simple types of homogeneous anisotropy. The first type displays an orthorhombic symmetry, the other two types display transverse isotropy. In all cases, the slowness surfaces of waves are either ellipsoids, spheroids or spheres. All three Green functions are expressed by a ray series with a finite number of terms. The Green functions can be written in explicit and elementary form similar to the Stokes solution for isotropy. In two Green functions, the higher-order ray approximations form a near-singularity term, which is significant near a kiss singularity. In the third Green function, the higher-order ray approximations also form a near-field term, which is significant near the point source. No effect connected with the line singularity was observed.     

中国东部地壳与上地幔速度不均匀性和各向异性的初步研究(英文)

本文利用763式地震仪记录的地震瑞利面波资料,用双台法计算出瑞利面波的频散曲线,从而得到相速度.将我国东部地区(99.8°—123.8°E,20°—44°N)分成4°×4°大小的方格,利用代数重建法得出该地区上地幔与地壳的横向不均匀性.对同一地区再进行一次分块,块的大小为8°×8°,考虑到各向异性对面波相速度的影响,利用周期为60 s 的面波相速度资料,反演出我国东部的横向不均匀和各异向性的特征。     

Large-scale 3-D Gravity Analysis of the Inhomogeneities in the European-Mediterranean Upper Mantle

—Methods and the results of estimating the anomalies characterising the density inhomo geneities in the European-Mediterranean upper mantle are described. These anomalies were obtained by subtracting the gravity effect of a crustal density model derived from seismic velocities from the observed gravity field averaging over an area of 1°× 1°. The 3-D density model of the study region comprises two regional layers of varying thickness with lateral variation of average density the sedimentary cover and the crystalline crust. The average densities for model layers were evaluated by using a velocity/density conversion function and taking into account sediment consolidation with depth. Clear correlation between residual gravity anomalies and both velocity heterogeneities and thermal regime data of the upper mantle has been revealed. An agreement of positive anomalies over the Alps, the Adriatic plate and the Calabrian Arc with high velocity domains in the upper mantle and reduced temperatures at the subcrustal layer are caused by lithospheric "roots" and thickened lithosphere below these structures. Gravity residual lows, revealed over the Western Mediterranean Basin and Pannonian Basin, are in correspondence with both low velocities and high temperatures in the upper mantle. These anomalies are the result of the presence of asthenosphere in shallow near-Moho depths below these basins.     

北京及附近地区地壳速度结构与构造

利用研究区多条地震测深剖面段观测资料解释及多条剖面段的模型数据计算出了研究区结晶基底及莫霍面深度等深线结果,对该地区地壳深部速度结构与构造进行了较详细研究.结果表明,地壳深部速度结构与构造在纵向和横向上具有明显的不均一性,浅部基底断裂发育;研究区莫霍面等深线总体特征显示出从东向西逐渐加深趋势,局部区域显示异常变化,变化...