我国地基天气雷达技术系统发展介绍

回顾了我国天气雷达从常规雷达发展到单极化多普勒,再到双极化多普勒,雷达获取目标的参数信息更加丰富的过程。分析了常规、单极化多普勒、双极化多普勒雷达工作原理及其产品信息。对于我国新一代S、C和X波段的天气雷达性能进行了研究对比。阐述了毫米波段多普勒测云雷达工作原理及其产品。对新一代天气雷达网进行了分析及展望,双极化将是我国天气雷达网升级改造趋势,为弥补新一代天气雷达探测盲区,小型移动电扫描雷达也是一种辅助主雷达网可移动灵活布网的趋势。     

柳州雷达数据传输监控系统

为了解决柳州雷达数据传输存在的问题,开发了柳州雷达数据传输监控系统,既能实时监控雷达数据上传情况,也可实时监控网络的连接情况,为提高雷达数据传输质量提供了保障.     

舟山新一代天气雷达技术升级改造过程中的几点思考

介绍了舟山新一代天气雷达技术升级改造工作,在浙江省首次在原站址顺利实施了将CINRAD/SB雷达技术升级改造为CINRAD/SAD雷达.在升级改造过程中,在雷达机房改造、雷达设备拆、吊装工程、安装调试以及项目招标采购等方面积累了经验,可以为后续浙江省其他同型号雷达的技术升级改造提供参考.     

基于图像处理技术自动判别雷达异常产品

对雷达产品的实时监控是中国气象局气象探测中心运行监控实时业务工作的重要内容之一,因此实现自动化识别雷达异常产品具有重要的现实意义和研究价值。论述基于图像处理技术实现自动识别雷达异常产品,详细介绍系统实现模型及雷达数据异常自动识别算法,其中主要阐述了特征提取、迭代学习器等相关内容。通过对检测出的雷达产品异常产品分析表明,基于图像处理技术的雷达产品异常自动识别系统可以高效的、实时的检测出异常雷达产品,便于技术人员快速发现雷达异常并及时修复,也可作为雷达维修或雷达升级改造的依据,提高雷达的使用效率。     

基于多普勒雷达传输线路的综合探测业务宽带传输网络系统

充分利用多普勒雷达通信资源，综合通信、网络技术，通过建立观测站局域网系统、改造光缆连接方式以及对雷达计算机系统进行技术改造等技术措施，在未增加线路投入及未影响雷达数据通信情况下建立综合探测业务宽带网络传输系统，通信环境得到了很大的改善，报文传输稳定、方便、快捷。     

CINRAD/CC型雷达数据传输系统故障分析与改进方案

对甘肃省3部CINRAD/CC型雷达近4年的雷达故障进行统计分析,作为雷达系统的主要故障部件,随着使用年限的增加,雷达数据传输系统的故障有明显的增多趋势。对引起故障的主要因素进行统计分析,提出了改进方法：基于标准网络的数据传输方式舍弃了原来的光纤系统;取消了基于光端机和复分接的通信方式,代以采用标准网络传输的通信方式;采用四创电子研发的终端软件（20版本）,新增了集成的网络功能、用户权限功能、数据产品和图像产品全自动生成、数据文件的检索能力、语音报警等功能。改进后的雷达数据传输系统运行情况表明：网络型光纤通信系统减少了雷达数据传输故障,增强了系统的可靠性和稳定性;雷达数据的传输率和有效性也得到一定的提高,确保了新一代天气雷达的正常业务观测。     

基于多普勒雷达传输线路的综合探测业务宽带传输网络系统

本文介绍了依托多普勒雷达通信线路建立综合探测业务宽带网络传输系统技术方案,对于多普勒雷达建在观测站的台站充分利用雷达的通信资源提供了一些思路。     

基于气象信息共享系统的雷达资料网络数据库

文章介绍利用Internet技术，综合了网络数据库、元数据、WebGIS、图形图像处理等多种方式，在气象信息共享网络环境下建立雷达资料网络数据库，实现了多勒天气雷达资料的实时传输、处理和入库，具有网上实时浏览、查询、下载等多种功能。     

济南CINRAD/SA雷达双偏振升级关键技术分析

针对CINRAD/SA天气雷达双偏振升级,阐述了通过WRSP信号处理器、晶振频率源、标定技术、相位编码技术、信号处理新技术新算法等关键技术的升级,提升了雷达的整体性能。济南雷达升级后,接收机灵敏度由-109 dBm提升至-113 dBm,接收机动态范围由89 dB提升至101 dB,发射机输出改善因子由59.34 dB提升至61.64 dB,系统相位噪声由0.107°提升至0.041°,系统实际地物对消最大值由45.1 dB提升至49.7 dB,距离分辨率由1 000 m提升至250 m,改善了雷达对弱信号的探测能力,增强了对电磁干扰、超折射的识别能力,增强了地物抑制能力;天线伺服系统通过改碳刷结构汇流环为金属丝免维护汇流环,减少了天线动态故障报警率,提高了伺服系统运行的稳定性和可靠性;通过CW与TS信号在线标定技术,检验了升级后双偏振雷达双通道的一致性。     

基于组播技术的新一代天气雷达实时共享网络

利用CINRAD/SC新一代天气雷达系统支持组播传输的功能,将组播技术应用于雷达资料实时共享网络的组建中,在已经建成的市县宽带网络基础上,实现市到县雷达数据实时共享,使县级台站除不能对雷达工作方式进行控制外,对雷达回波的其他显示功能和地图信息设置均等同于雷达站,解决了以往雷达资料共享中因雷达完成体扫、数据存储、数据上传和下载等环节所造成的延时问题,为基层台站依据雷达回波实时变化特征,及时准确地指挥人影作业提供了保障。     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

Comparing the theoretical versions of the Beaufort scale, the T-Scale and the Fujita scale

2005 is the bicentenary of the Beaufort Scale and its wind-speed codes: the marine version in 1805 and the land version later. In the 1920s when anemometers had come into general use, the Beaufort Scale was quantified by a formula based on experiment. In the early 1970s two tornado wind-speed scales were proposed: (1) an International T-Scale based on the Beaufort Scale; and (2) Fujita's damage scale developed for North America. The International Beaufort Scale and the T-Scale share a common root in having an integral theoretical relationship with an established scientific basis, whereas Fujita's Scale introduces criteria that make its intensities non-integral with Beaufort. Forces on the T-Scale, where T stands for Tornado force, span the range 0 to 10 which is highly useful world wide. The shorter range of Fujita's Scale (0 to 5) is acceptable for American use but less convenient elsewhere. To illustrate the simplicity of the decimal T-Scale, mean hurricane wind speed of Beaufort 12 is T2 on the T-Scale but F1.121 on the F-Scale; while a tornado wind speed of T9 (= B26) becomes F4.761. However, the three wind scales can be uni-fied by either making F-Scale numbers exactly half the magnitude of T-Scale numbers [i.e. F′half = T / 2 = (B / 4) − 4] or by doubling the numbers of this revised version to give integral equivalence with the T-Scale. The result is a decimal formula F′double = T = (B / 2) − 4 named the TF-Scale where TF stands for Tornado Force. This harmonious 10-digit scale has all the criteria needed for world-wide practical effectiveness.     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...     

Quantifying the uncertainty of the annular mode time scale and the role of the stratosphere

The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features.     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.     

由中国历史气候记录对季风导致唐朝灭亡说的质疑

2007年1月4日杂志发表了Yancheva等10人的题为"Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East-Asian monsoon"(热带辐合带对东亚季风的影响)的论文[1],这是德国波兹坦地学研究中心气候动力与沉积学科的主管豪格(G.H.Haug)率领的科研小组的一项成果,认为是季风的变化引起的长期干旱导致了唐朝的灭亡.