黄土高原沟壑区干旱阳坡的地域分异特征

针对黄土高原沟壑区干旱阳坡这种典型的困难立地进行因地制宜的植被恢复建设。本文选取甘肃西峰、山西吉县、陕西安塞、宁夏固原为研究区,采用25 m分辨率的DEM为数据源,基于GIS提取相关地形信息研究其干旱阳坡的地域分异特征。结果表明：①不同类型沟壑区干旱阳坡面积比例占45%～54%,表现为高塬沟壑区＞过渡地带＞丘陵沟壑区。②不同类型沟壑区干旱阳坡面积比例随坡度的变化规律不同,高塬沟壑区呈左偏态分布,其他样区均基本呈近似正态分布,且丘五区和过渡地带呈双峰现象。③不同类型沟壑区梁峁坡面积比例关系为：高塬沟壑区>过渡地带>丘陵沟壑区;沟坡面积比例为：丘陵沟壑区>过渡地带>高塬沟壑区;川台地面积比例为：丘五区＞过渡地带＞丘二区＞高塬沟壑。④不同类型沟壑区各立地类型组所占的面积比例各不相同,除高塬沟壑区外基本呈阳向缓坡组＞阳向陡险坡组＞坡顶或沟底。研究成果可为黄土高原地区开展抗旱造林与植被重建提供理论依据。     

黄土高原土壤干层形成原因分析

以丰水年洛川人工林地深层土壤水分恢复为依据,采用高精度土壤含水量测量与逐层分析技术,以含水量变化率为主要指标,研究洛川2004年1月-2005年5月不同植被土壤水分的季节变化与水量平衡.结果显示,降水渗深以内表层土壤水分受气候和植被生长影响,呈明显季节变化;渗深以下深层土壤水分,中产农田和梨树林砍伐后基本维持平衡,苹果林地持续减少并以春季减少最多.研究表明,黄土高原深层土壤水分呈低水平循环状态,易形成土壤干层,而季节干旱是土壤干层形成的直接驱动力;"低降水、高蒸发"的气候特点是黄土高原土壤干层形成的决定因素,半湿润半干旱气候中的干旱特征对黄土高原自然地理环境产生广泛而深刻的影响.     

陕西黄土高原土壤干层对植树造林的影响

根据野外考察和陕北、关中土壤含水量测定,讨论了陕西黄土高原土壤干层的分布范围及其对恢复植被的影响。资料表明,黄土高原土壤干层分布普遍,向南分布已达关中平原地区。不同植被带土壤干层发生原因有一定差别,干层发育程度有明显不同。在生态环境建设中,应根据不同地区土壤干层发育强度差别恢复不同类型的植被。在以往划分的延安以南的落叶阔叶林带,土壤干层发育较轻,可采取草、灌、乔木相结合的措施逐步恢复森林植被。在延安到长城之间的森林草原带,土壤干层发育严重,应当先发展草灌植被,后恢复森林草原植被。在长城以北的草原带应自然恢复草原植被。在土壤干层发育严重的地区,造林一般不能带来环境效益与经济效益,反而会导致深部土壤水分的过量消耗等不良后果,是不适于造林的地区。在黄土高原退耕还林还草的生态建设中,不论是发展人工林还是发展草灌为主的植被,都不宜选择耗水多、生长快的植物种,而应当发展生长适中偏慢的乔、灌、草种。     

分布式侵蚀预报模型中网格面积的选定——以黄土高原丘陵沟壑区为例

在分布式土壤侵蚀过程模型中 ,承载数据以及进行运算的最小单元 ,即基本地块的选取是非常关键的 ,它直接关系到模型的模拟精度和运算数据量。目前大多数分布式模型都采用平均布设矩形网格的方法 ,这种方法在基本网格的大小选取上存在着盲目性和不统一性。本文以黄土高原丘陵沟壑区为例 ,利用GIS和SPSS分析了黄土高原丘陵沟壑区属性均一的基本地块在面积上的统计规律 ,给出了基本地块选取的合理依据 ,以促进建立更好的分布式模型     

基于DEM的黄土高原丘陵沟壑区沟谷网络节点研究

选择黄土高原3个典型地貌类型区为试验样区,基于数字高程模型(DEM)沟谷网络与沟谷网络节点自动提取技术,得到了各样区沟谷网络节点,并从地貌形态学、沟谷成因学以及水文学原理出发,对不同级别沟谷网络节点水流累积属性进行了深入分析,结合数理统计方法获得了：(1)同一沟谷系统不同分辨率沟谷网络节点水流累积量均值分级统计规律;(2)不同地貌类型样区相同分辨率沟谷网络节点水流累积量均值分级统计规律。该结论能够有效解释黄土高原丘陵沟壑区各级沟谷系统的形成机理及其空间分异规律,同时能够合理地说明沟谷系统发育与地表侵蚀、切割强度之间的相互关系。     

黄土高原退耕地恢复对土壤无脊椎动物多样性的影响

黄土高原退耕地在恢复过程中,植被从沙蓬(Agriophyllum arenarium)单优群落向以达乌里胡枝子(Lespedeza davurica)为优势种的群落演替,土壤无脊椎群落随着退耕年限的增加由简单向复杂化演变。退耕地土壤无脊椎动物优势类群主要为线虫、螨类、拟步甲科、象甲、土蝽科和金龟甲科等组成,土壤无脊椎动物从退耕1年的14类逐步增加到7年的28类,土壤无脊椎动物的多样性指数与退耕年限呈正相关关系。土壤无脊椎动物类群的增加前期快后期慢,土壤无脊椎动物的多样性增加主要由植被和土壤的改善决定。     

黄土高原沟壑区传统村落的空间特征及其影响要素 ——以陕西省榆林市国家级传统村落为例

以地处黄土高原沟壑地区的榆林市国家级传统村落为例,利用GIS空间分析、形态指数、空间句法等空间分析方法,从宏观空间分布到个体形态特征,揭示地域环境与村落选址、形态生成及空间组织的内在关联性。结果表明:榆林市国家级传统村落呈现“西北稀疏、东南密集”的总体空间格局,纵观历史发展格局从东到西呈轴向集聚形态,存在沿山腰等高线、支流流向的分布特征;在地理环境限制下,传统村落外部边界形态主要为块状集聚、指状离散形态发展,空间集聚中心出现村落内部与村落边缘交通的差异化分布;通过地理、生态、气候和风水对村落空间组织的内在关联性进行分析,发现村落形态演化从生存适应性转向主动寻求发展,揭示了传统村落空间形成、组织、生长的内在逻辑。     

植被作用下土壤干化的反馈效应及相关问题讨论

黄土高原普遍发生的植被作用下的土壤干化现象, 从一个独特角度恰当反映了环境对植 被的限制作用。由于人工林草植被不同于天然植被, 其负反馈调节机制脆弱, 这种植物生长用水 与环境供水之间的矛盾表现, 使人工林草植被生长滞缓, 稳定性下降, 甚至导致其衰亡, 并对后续 深根性植物的生长发育一般起到显著的抑制作用。但是, 后续天然植被或者浅根性植物却仍然能 够继续良好发育。显然, 植被作用下的土壤干化, 对追求一定的经济目标来说有其不利性, 但对于 防止土壤侵蚀并不一定就产生负面影响。需要根据经营目标区别对待人工林草植被的稳定性。人 工林草植被的自然化过程研究是有关生态恢复的一个有意义的命题。     

干旱区灌丛形态对水文连通性的响应及生态效应

干旱区生态系统的水文连通性影响植被斑块形态的空间分异。植被形态对水文连通性的适应是一个复杂且长期的过程。研究植被与水文连通性，过去多基于群落以上尺度，不涉及微观尺度。从植株个体角度探讨植被斑块形态与水文连通性关系，有助于挖掘微观尺度上景观格局对生态过程的驱动机制。本研究以黄土高原丘陵沟壑区多年生灌丛作为研究对象，以高分辨率无人机航拍照片解译和野外定点观测为研究手段，量化植被斑块形态与水文连通性之间定量关系，分析二者对泥沙截留与土壤固碳等关键生态过程的影响。结果表明：(1)坡面灌丛斑块总体呈现横向生长趋势，灌丛斑块纵横比小于1;灌丛斑块纵横比从坡顶到坡底逐渐增大，分别为0.64、0.70、0.79、0.83;(2)灌丛方向与水流方向夹角从坡顶到坡底先减小再增大；坡面中部的坡度最大，灌丛方向最接近与水流垂直的方向；(3)灌丛的汇流累积量从坡顶到坡底逐渐增大，表明其水文连通度逐渐增大；水文连通度与灌丛斑块纵横比呈正相关关系；当水文连通度足够大时，灌丛在横纵方向上的生长没有倾向，形状近似为圆形；(4)泥沙拦截量和固碳效率随坡位下降而下降，二次曲线拟合表明泥沙拦截量和固碳效率随水文连通度增加呈增...     

生物结皮演替对黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区土壤氮素转化及微生物活性的促进效应北大核心CSCD

以黄土高原风蚀水蚀交错区六道沟小流域的生物结皮为研究对象,探索了土壤氮素含量、氮转化相关酶活性及微生物数量对生物结皮演替的响应规律及其在不同土层上的变化特征。结果表明:生物结皮演替显著增加了结皮层的有机碳(SOC)和NO3--N含量(P<0.05);结皮演替后期阶段的总氮(TN)、NH4+-N含量也逐渐增加;除脲酶、亚硝酸还原酶外,结皮层中固氮酶活性、蛋白酶活性、硝酸还原酶活性均随结皮演替呈显著增加趋势(P<0.05);微生物量碳和氮(MBC、MBN)亦随生物结皮演替而呈显著升高趋势(P<0.05);细菌、真菌同样在结皮演替后期数量增加。生物结皮层的土壤养分、酶活性和微生物数量等多数指标显著高于结皮下层土壤;生物结皮下层土壤的SOC含量、硝酸还原酶活性显著高于裸地下层,但不同结皮类型的下层土壤之间无显著差异;苔藓结皮下层土壤的脲酶活性和MBN最高,显著高于藻结皮和裸地下层土壤。土壤碳氮含量、微生物量与氮转化相关酶活性之间多数具有显著的相关关系。在生物结皮演替过程中,土壤SOC的积累增加了微生物量与细菌、真菌数量,氮功能微生物提高了氮素含量和相关酶活性,在氮素积累和转化过程中发挥着关键作用,为植物的繁衍与生长提供了宝贵的养分,促进黄土高原水蚀风蚀区的水土保持与地表稳定。     

近年来的黄土高原耕地时空变化与口粮安全耕地数量分析

基于遥感调查数据集定量分析了1990—2015年中国黄土高原地区耕地的时空变化特征和口粮绝对安全最小耕地保障面积的数量变化。结果表明:黄土高原耕地面积从1990年的192 529.65 km²至2015年的182 688.50 km²,净减少了9 841.14 km²,幅度达5.11%,其中2000—2010年的减幅最大,净减少8 483.00 km²;较大的耕地动态变化图斑主要分布于中部和西部区域,细碎的变化图斑广泛分布;耕地地类转出面积(31 875.82 km²)大于转入面积(21 815.25 km²),耕地面积的增加主要由草地和林地转化而来,主要分布在灌溉农业区和东南部平原区,减少的耕地主要转化为草地和林地,主要分布在中部沟壑区的雨养农业区。此外,该时期耕地转化为建筑用地和交通用地等人工表面的面积逐渐增加,主要分布在东南部低海拔平原地区;黄土高原口粮绝对安全所需最小耕地保障面积呈明显减少特征(从1990年的70 913.37 km²     

Evaluating the soil quality of newly created farmland in the hilly and gully region on the Loess Plateau,China

Journal of Geographical Sciences - In order to better understand the quality of newly created farmland (NF) as well as slope and check-dam farmland (CF) soil quality, two typical traditional...     

Spatial variability of soil moisture content and its relation to environmental indices in a semi-arid gully catchment of the Loess Plateau, China

The degree of spatial variability of soil moisture and the ability of environmental attributes to predict that variability were studied at the Da Nangou catchment (3·5 km²) in the semi-arid loess area of China. Soil moisture measurements were performed biweekly at five depths in the soil profile (0–5 cm, 10–15 cm, 20–25 cm, 40–45 cm and 70–75 cm) from May to October 1998 and from May to September 1999 using Delta-T theta probe. Results indicated that with increasing soil depth, the mean soil moisture content increases significantly for five layers and the coefficients of variation (CV) also increases with depth from 10–15 cm. It was observed that heavier rains and higher mean moisture contents are often associated with lower spatial variability (CV). Environmental attributes such as land use and topography play controlling roles in the spatial distribution of soil moisture content. However, the relative roles of these environmental indices vary with soil depth. The dominant controls on spatial variability of the time-averaged soil moisture changes from land use, aspect, relative elevation and hillslope position in the surface soil (0–5 cm) to relative elevation, hillslope position and aspect in the subsurface soil (10–15 cm, 20–25 cm), and to land use, relative elevation and slope gradient at larger depths (40–45 cm, 70–75 cm). The dynamic behavior of influences of different environmental indices on the layer-averaged soil moisture depends on several factors. In general, the correlation of soil moisture with slope gradient shows a more significant increase following a greater amount of antecedent precipitation (except for the extremely heavy storms), and declines afterwards. The relation of soil moisture with relative elevation and hillslope position exhibits an opposite trend. It was observed that the influence of land use corresponds to the difference in vegetative characteristics, with a stronger influence in June and August with a greater difference in vegetation. A significant influence of cos(aspect) was found during early spring and autumn with a rapid transient in solar irradiation. Finally, it was found that the sample size is adequate to estimate the catchment mean soil moisture at all five depths and on all 10 observations in 1999 (81 sites), while it is only enough for the upper soil layers (0–5 cm and 10–15 cm) in 1998 (26 sites).     

The effect of environmental factors on spatial variability in land use change in the high-sediment region of China’s Loess Plateau

In areas with topographic heterogeneity, land use change is spatially variable and influenced by climate, soil properties, and topography. To better understand this variability in the high-sediment region of the Loess Plateau in which soil loss is most severe and sediment diameter is larger than in other regions of the plateau, this study builds some indicators to identify the characteristics of land use change and then analyze the spatial variability as it is affected by climate, soil property, and topography. We build two indicators, a land use change intensity index and a vegetation change index, to characterize the intensity of land use change, and the degree of vegetation restoration, respectively. Based on a subsection mean method, the two indicators are then used to assess the spatial variability of land use change affected by climatic, edaphic, and topographic elements. The results indicate that： 1） Land use changed significantly in the period 1998-2010. The total area experiencing land use change was 42,302 km2, accounting for 22.57%of the study area. High-coverage grassland, other woodland, and forest increased significantly, while low-coverage grassland and farmland decreased in 2010 compared with 1998.2） Land use change occurred primarily west of the Yellow River, between 35 and 38 degrees north latitude. The four transformation types, including （a） low-coverage grassland to medium-coverage grassland, （b） medium-coverage grassland to high-coverage grassland, （c） farmland to other woodland, and （d） farmland to medium-coverage grassland, were the primary types of land use change, together constituting 60% of the area experiencing land use change. 3） The spatial variability of land use change was significantly affected by properties of dryness/wetness, soil conditions and slope gradient. In general, land use changed dramatically in semi-arid regions, remained relatively stable in arid regions, changed significantly in clay-rich soil, remained relatively stable in clay-poor soil, changed dramatically in steeper slopes, and remained relatively stable in tablelands and low-lying regions. The increase in vegetation coincided with increasing changes in land use for each physical element. These findings allow for an evaluation of the effect of the Grain to Green Program, and are applicable to the design of soil and water conservation projects on the Loess Plateau of China.     

Remote-sensing data reveals the response of soil erosion intensity to land use change in Loess Plateau,China

Developing an effective approach to rapidly assess the effects of restoration projects on soil erosion intensity and their extensive spatial and temporal dynamics is important for regional ecosystem management and the development of soil conservation strategies in the future. This study applied a model that was developed at the pixel scale using water soil erosion indicators (land use, vegetation coverage and slope) to assess the soil erosion intensity in the Loess Plateau, China. Landsat TM/ETM+ images in 2000, 2005 and 2010 were used to produce land use maps based on the object-oriented classification method. The MODIS product MOD13Q1 was adopted to derive the vegetation coverage maps. The slope gradient maps were calculated based on data from the digital elevation model. The area of water soil-eroded land was classified into six grades by integrating slope gradients, land use and vegetation coverage. Results show that the Grain-To-Green Project in the Loess Plateau worked based on the land use changes from 2000 to 2010 and enhanced vegetation restoration and ecological conservation. These projects effectively prevented soil erosion. During this period, lands with moderate, severe, more severe and extremely severe soil erosion intensities significantly decreased and changed into less severe levels, respectively. Lands with slight and light soil erosion intensities increased. However, the total soil-eroded area in the Loess Plateau was reduced. The contributions of the seven provinces to the total soil-eroded area in the Loess Plateau and the composition of the soil erosion intensity level in each province are different. Lands with severe, more severe and extremely severe soil erosion intensities are mainly distributed in Qinghai, Ningxia, Gansu and Inner Mongolia. These areas, although relatively small, must be prioritised and preferentially treated.     

The effect of environmental factors on spatial variability in land use change in the high-sediment region of China’s Loess Plateau

In areas with topographic heterogeneity, land use change is spatially variable and influenced by climate, soil properties, and topography. To better understand this variability in the high-sediment region of the Loess Plateau in which soil loss is most severe and sediment diameter is larger than in other regions of the plateau, this study builds some indicators to identify the characteristics of land use change and then analyze the spatial variability as it is affected by climate, soil property, and topography. We build two indicators, a land use change intensity index and a vegetation change index, to characterize the intensity of land use change, and the degree of vegetation restoration, respectively. Based on a subsection mean method, the two indicators are then used to assess the spatial variability of land use change affected by climatic, edaphic, and topographic elements. The results indicate that: 1) Land use changed significantly in the period 1998-2010. The total area experiencing land use change was 42,302 km2, accounting for 22.57% of the study area. High-coverage grassland, other woodland, and forest increased significantly, while low-coverage grassland and farmland decreased in 2010 compared with 1998. 2) Land use change occurred primarily west of the Yellow River, between 35 and 38 degrees north latitude. The four transformation types, including (a) low-coverage grassland to medium-coverage grassland, (b) medium-coverage grassland to high-coverage grassland, (c) farmland to other woodland, and (d) farmland to medium-coverage grassland, were the primary types of land use change, together constituting 60% of the area experiencing land use change. 3) The spatial variability of land use change was significantly affected by properties of dryness/wetness, soil conditions and slope gradient. In general, land use changed dramatically in semi-arid regions, remained relatively stable in arid regions, changed significantly in clay-rich soil, remained relatively stable in clay-poor soil, changed dramatically in steeper slopes, and remained relatively stable in tablelands and low-lying regions. The increase in vegetation coincided with increasing changes in land use for each physical element. These findings allow for an evaluation of the effect of the Grain to Green Program, and are applicable to the design of soil and water conservation projects on the Loess Plateau of China.     

The influence of rainfall and land use patterns on soil erosion in multi-scale watersheds: A case study in the hilly and gully area on the Loess Plateau,China

Soil erosion has become a major global environmental problem and is particularly acute on the Loess Plateau (LP), China. It is therefore highly important to control this process in order to improve ecosystems, protect ecological security, and maintain the harmonious relationship between humans and nature. We compared the effects of rainfall and land use (LU) patterns on soil erosion in different LP watersheds in this study in order to augment and improve soil erosion models. As most research on this theme has so far been focused on individual study areas, limited analyses of rainfall and LU patterns on soil erosion within different- scale watersheds has so far been performed, a discrepancy which might influence the simulation accuracies of soil erosion models. We therefore developed rainfall and LU pattern indices in this study using the soil erosion evaluation index as a reference and applied them to predict the extent of this process in different-scale watersheds, an approach which is likely to play a crucial role in enabling the comprehensive management of this phenomenon as well as the optimized design of LU patterns. The areas considered in this study included the Qingjian, Fenchuan, Yanhe, and Dali river watersheds. Results showed that the rainfall erosivity factor (R) tended to increase in these areas from 2006 to 2012, while the vegetation cover and management factor (C) tended to decrease. Results showed that as watershed area increased, the effect of rainfall pattern on soil erosion gradually decreased while patterns in LU trended in the opposite direction, as the relative proportion of woodland decreased and the different forms of steep slope vegetation cover became more homogenous. As watershed area increased, loose soil and craggy terrain properties led to additional gravitational erosion and enhanced the effects of both soil and topography.     

50年来东北黑土区土地利用变化对沟蚀的影响——以克东地区为例

以位于东北典型黑土区的克东地区作为研究区,以1965年的Corona、2005年的SPOT5和2015年高分一号影像作为数据源,通过目视解译获取研究区对应年份的侵蚀沟分布状况;以1954年地形图和1975年的Landsat/MSS、2005年和2015年的Landsat/TM影像为数据源分别获取1965年、2005年和2015年土地利用数据;以侵蚀沟裂度为指标从土地利用变化角度分析研究区近50年来沟蚀变化状况。结果表明：黑土区沟壑侵蚀状况日益严重,耕地中侵蚀沟面积最大、侵蚀沟裂度增长速度最快;耕地、草地和建设用地上沟蚀状况的加剧伴随着林地和未利用地的开垦;耕地和草地相互转换裂度变化最大,退耕还林还草短期内侵蚀沟裂度仍然很高,但随着近10年来“退耕还林”的推行和用地状况的改善,沟蚀虽仍在发展但速度趋于缓慢。