沥青质沉积对原油渗流特征的影响

沥青质沉积不仅会伤害储层物性还会对流体饱和度分布和渗流特征产生影响。通过开展不同开发方式下的长岩心驱替实验,分别测定了有或无沥青质沉积影响下的油水、油气和三相相对渗透率曲线,研究了沥青质沉积对原油相对渗透率和岩石润湿性的影响。研究结果表明,沥青质沉积导致水驱、CO₂非混相驱和水气交替（WAG）驱的采收率分别降低了12.2%,5.9%,15.3%。并会引起驱替压差上升,岩石润湿性向亲油性转变,加速水或气突破时间。水驱中沥青质沉淀会使油水两相共渗区左移,含水饱和度对油相相对渗透率的影响增大。CO₂非混相驱中沥青质沉淀对气相渗透率影响较小,而油相渗透率更容易受到含气饱和度变化的影响。在三相渗流中沥青质沉淀会降低油相渗透率,加快油相相对渗透率的下降速度,增大残余油饱和度,减弱WAG驱效果。在注入水中添加JCF-1非离子表面活性剂后,能够降低驱替压差,延缓水或气突破时间,增大油相相对渗透率,降低残余油饱和度,弥补沥青质沉积产生的伤害。研究成果为富含沥青质油藏的高效开发提供了依据。      

渤海海域东部不同富油凹陷烃源岩生烃特征差异及意义

渤海海域东部发育多个富油凹陷,具有较大的生烃潜力,由于各凹陷形成和发育过程不同,导致不同凹陷、不同层段烃源岩热演化和生、排烃特征具有明显差异。通过对渤海海域东部3个富油凹陷多套烃源岩进行埋藏史、热史和生、排烃史研究,厘定了渤中凹陷、渤东凹陷和庙西凹陷烃源岩生、排烃时间以及演化特征。结果表明:①渤海海域东部地区不同构造单元烃源岩热演化程度具有"西高东低"的趋势,渤中凹陷最早生烃时间为31.5 Ma,渤东凹陷和庙西凹陷最早生烃时间分别为28.2,11.2 Ma,渤中凹陷最早排烃时间为27.8 Ma,而渤东凹陷和庙西凹陷最早排烃时间分别为20.9,6.7 Ma;②渤中凹陷烃源岩热演化程度较高,现今主要为储层提供天然气,为环渤中凹陷地区形成天然气藏和凝析气藏提供了气源;渤东凹陷、庙西凹陷热演化程度依次降低,为储层提供大量油源,盆地边缘地区主要以油藏为主。      

Experimental analysis for the dynamic initiation mechanism of debris flows

Debris flow is one of the major secondary mountain hazards following the earthquake. This study explores the dynamic initiation mechanism of debris flows based on the strength reduction of soils through static and dynamic triaxial tests. A series of static and dynamic triaxial tests were conducted on samples in the lab. The samples were prepared according to different grain size distribution, degree of saturation and earthquake magnitudes. The relations of dynamic shear strength, degree of saturation, and number of cycles are summarized through analyzing experimental results. The findings show that the gravelly soil with a wide and continuous gradation has a critical degree of saturation of approximately 87%, above which debris flows will be triggered by rainfall, while the debris flow will be triggered at a critical degree of saturation of about 73% under the effect of rainfall and earthquake(M>6.5). Debris flow initiation is developed in the humidification process, and the earthquake provides energy for triggering debris flows. Debris flows are more likely to be triggered at the relatively low saturation under dynamic loading than under static loading. The resistance of debris flow triggering relies more on internal frication angle than soil cohesion under the effect of rainfall and earthquake. The conclusions provide an experimental analysis method for dynamic initiation mechanism of debris flows.     

山东省稀土矿产资源特征及找矿方向研究初探

目前山东省已发现稀土矿床（点）7个,查明轻稀土资源储量77余万吨。省内稀土矿床的成因类型主要包括碱性岩系列和花岗岩系列两大类,碱性岩系列稀土矿床的赋矿围岩主要为中生代产出的正长（斑）岩体、碳酸岩及云母岩等,花岗岩系列稀土矿床的赋矿围岩为中生代花岗伟晶岩。本文总结了山东省稀土矿资源现状及开发利用程度,重点论述了碱性岩系列和花岗岩系列两类稀土矿床的典型矿床地质特征,提出在山东省内进行同类型稀土矿床的找矿方向,为稀土矿床勘查提供参考。     

济宁颜店铁矿地质特征及济宁岩群含矿性研究

伏于济宁滋阳山一带千米盖层之下的古元古代济宁岩群是一套低绿片岩相变质含铁岩系,主要岩石组合为千枚岩、板岩、磁铁石英岩等,其原岩为海相含灰质泥岩、砂岩类中酸性火山岩、硅铁岩等,该套岩系最大控制厚度达580 m.其中赋存的条带状磁铁石英岩呈层状、似层状埋深在1 612.89～1 796.54 m之间,共有5层铁矿,总厚度85.53 m.估算预测的铁矿资源量(334)9.76亿t,mFe平均品位22.37%;低品位矿体预测的资源量(334)2.64亿t,mFe平均品位16.99%.     

沂水县富锶地下水特征及成因分析

沂水县富锶(Sr)地下水分布广泛,白垩纪沂南序列侵入岩的锶(Sr)含量最高,平均含量1013.64×10^-6,其次为白垩纪火山岩,锶(Sr)平均含量为739.18×10^-6,太古代侵入岩、变质岩中的锶(Sr)平均含量为398.99×10^-6,寒武-奥陶纪灰岩、页岩中的锶(Sr)平均含量为201.54×10^-6;碎屑岩类孔隙裂隙水含水岩组地下水锶(Sr)平均含量为0.99mg/L,喷出岩孔洞裂隙水含水岩组地下水锶(Sr)平均含量为0.95mg/L,碳酸盐岩裂隙岩溶水含水岩组地下水锶(Sr)平均含量为0.76mg/L,块状岩类(侵入岩)裂隙水含水岩组地下水锶(Sr)平均含量为0.48mg/L。碎屑岩类孔隙裂隙水含水岩组、喷出岩孔洞裂隙水含水岩组、块状岩类(侵入岩)裂隙水含水岩组地下水中锶(Sr)主要来源为围岩的风化溶解;碳酸盐岩裂隙岩溶水含水岩组地下水中锶(Sr)主要来源于沂南序列构造破碎带和风化带的风化溶解,其次为寒武-奥陶纪灰岩的风化溶解,锶(Sr)强变异性与不同含水层地下水的混合比例有关。     

Geochemical characteristics and sedimentary environment significance of carbonate rocks in Nanfen Formation of Qingbaikou System in Tonghua,Jilin Province

In order to reveal the sedimentary environment of carbonate rocks in Nanfen Formation of Qingbaikou System in Tonghua, Jilin Province, the mineral composition and petrochemistry of carbonate rocks in Nanfen Formation were analyzed. The mineral compositions of five carbonate rock samples in Nanfen Formation mainly consist of calcite, with minor clay minerals and quartz, and the rock type is siliceous marlite. The Mn/Sr va-lues range from 1.52 to 4.08, with an average of 2.64, indicating that the carbonate rocks experienced weak diagenesis; the Sr/Ba values range from 1.26 to 2.51, with an average of 1.93, indicating marine environment; the ratio of Mg/Al ranges from 35.33 to 86.34, with an average of 62.95, indicating the seawater environment, which is consistent with the result from Sr/Ba; the MgO/CaO values range from 0.01 to 0.04, with an average of 0.02, indicating humid environment; the values of V/(V+Ni) range from 0.63 to 0.73, with an average of 0.70, indicating anoxic environment. In summary, geochemical analyses show that the Nanfen Formation carbonate rocks are marine deposits, in a warm, humid, anoxic environment with poor flow of seawater, and subsequently underwent weak diagenetic alteration.     

Indexing the engineering properties of residual soils in the southern slopes of Mashhad,NE Iran

Residual soils are weathering products of rocks that are commonly found under unsaturated conditions. The properties of residual soils are a function of the degree of weathering. A series of index properties, engineering properties and geophysics survey examinations were performed on residual soils from two major geological formations in Iran. In the present research, the index properties of residual soils in the south of Mashhad city in Iran are investigated.Natural and artificial trenches were analyzed for evaluating the weathering profiles and collecting soil samples. Disturbed and undisturbed samples were obtained from each of the soil profile horizons resulting from weathering of different parent rocks.Subsequently, physical properties and mechanical properties of the soil samples were determined in accordance with ASTM standards. Also, the mineralogical composition, chemistry, and texture of the soil were evaluated in 51 profiles. The field observations showed the difference in the weathering profile of residual soils deposited on various rocks(igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic). These profiles mainly consisted of two horizons includingresidual soil on top and saprolite at the bottom. The results of laboratory tests and geotechnical data showed that the properties of residual soil samples change by depth. Moreover, depending on the type of origin rock, the properties are different in various types of residual soils. In most of the samples, the moisture content of soil horizons was also increased by depth. Based on the unified soil classification(USCS), the soils of the upper horizons appeared to be classified as ML(Lean silt) and CL(Lean clay) while the soils of the lower horizons(saprolite zone) fall in SC(clayey sand), SM(silty sand), and SW(wellgraded sand) classes. Moreover, the results demonstrated that the particle size of the soil was increased by depth. Comparison of results of the geotechnical tests showed that properties of residual soils are changed by variations of depth, weathering level, and type of parent rock. Considering the concentration of the number of lines and the concentration of the points of intersection, the length and dimension fractal of lineaments in the southeastern part of the study area, it is evident that this zone possesses weathering severity and soil thickness. Fieldwork data from this zone have also verified the severity of weathering conditions. The analysis of lineaments trends in different parts of the study area indicated that the lineaments with the NW-SE trend have a strong effect on weathering development. The weathering depth depends on the orientation of bedding joints with respect to the slope in the study area. Slope inclination and soil thickness are controlled by weathering and erosion processes.     

Weathering of pisha-sandstones in the wind-water erosion crisscross region on the Loess Plateau

Two types of pisha-sandstones of purple sandstones and gray sandstones, widely distributing in the wind-water erosion crisscross region of China, were selected and used in laboratory experiments for a better understanding of the drying-wetting-freezing weathering process resulting from the apportionment of water or salt solution to rock samples. Weathering experiments were carried out under the conditions of environment control （including temperature, moisture and salt solution）. All rock samples were frequently subjected to 140 drying-wetting-freezing cycles. The influences of weathering process were evaluated. It was found that the different treatments of moisture and salt solution applications could affect the nature of the weathering products resulting from drying-wetting-freezing. It was also observed that salt solution could effectively alleviate the weathering of pisha-sandstones. Although not all the observations could be explained, it was apparent that simulated environmental factors had both direct and indirect effects on the weathering of rocks.     

不同冷却时间对高温花岗岩可钻性实验研究

为了研究高温后花岗岩的可钻性和微观损伤变化, 同时也为了研究高温后不同冷却时间对可钻性的影响, 对高温热处理后的花岗岩冷却不同时间(2, 4, 24, 48 h), 通过可钻性实验和铸体薄片鉴定, 得到高温对花岗岩可钻性的影响规律和影响机理, 同时也得到不同冷却时间对花岗岩可钻性的影响。研究结果表明, 花岗岩在热处理不超过500℃和自然冷却2 h的约束下始终保持一个较高的可钻性级值, 在冷却4, 24, 48 h后, 高温对可钻性的影响表现为3个阶段(第一次劣化阶段、强化阶段、第二次劣化阶段)。微裂纹产生的位置及数量影响着岩石抵抗破碎的难易程度, 400℃热处理后花岗岩内部微裂纹开始显著增加, 当石英颗粒内部产生大量微裂纹时, 花岗岩的可钻性显著降低。100℃热处理后同时冷却不超过4 h会显著影响花岗岩的可钻性, 200~400℃热处理后, 花岗岩的可钻性级值会随着冷却时间(4~48 h)的继续增加显著增加, 500℃对花岗岩产生的损伤是不可恢复的, 600℃已经完全使花岗岩劣化。弄清高温和冷却时间对花岗岩可钻性的影响, 可以为干热岩资源的高效开采提供基础的理论支撑。      

基于有效降雨阈值的澧源镇滑坡灾害危险性分析

以湖南省澧源镇为例,利用证据权模型和灰色关联度模型分别计算了坡度、地层岩性、斜坡形态、土地利用类型、人类工程活动5个因子二级状态证据权值和一级因子权重;综合2种模型确定全区滑坡易发性指数后,完成基于斜坡单元的全区滑坡易发性区划;根据研究区岩土体类型（碎屑岩类、碳酸盐岩夹碎屑岩类、碳酸盐岩类和松散岩土体类）分组研究不同滑坡发生概率下的有效降雨阈值曲线（I-D曲线）。研究降雨时间为3日、有效强度为22.4 mm/d的降雨工况下各岩土体类型滑坡发生的时间概率。综合时间概率和易发性结果得到澧源镇基于有效降雨阈值的滑坡灾害危险性区划图。研究结果表明:澧源镇滑坡灾害高和极高易发区占研究区总面积的25%,主要沿澧河分布;极高危险区和高危险区占研究区总面积的14%,主要分布在澧河北侧。      

基于损伤分区与统一强度理论的岩石本构模型

自然界中岩石内部均存在一定程度的损伤,损伤的持续演化过程对岩体的稳定性极为不利。为了研究岩石的损伤演化过程,将岩石分为未损伤部分、闭合裂隙部分与张开裂隙部分,采用统一强度理论与统计损伤理论分析岩石微元强度的分布,通过分析变形协调条件下各部分的应力-应变特征得到岩石的损伤本构模型与损伤演化模型,与巴东组紫红色泥岩三轴压缩试验结果对比验证后将模型应用于某反倾层状岩质边坡的破坏深度分析。分析结果表明:提出的损伤本构模型可以较好地模拟巴东组紫红色泥岩的三轴压缩应力-应变特性,提出的损伤演化模型可以较好地分析巴东组紫红色泥岩的损伤演化过程,且模型参数具有明确的物理意义;此外,根据基于损伤演化模型的反倾层状岩质边坡破坏深度修正模型计算得到的结果偏保守,用于岩土工程设计偏安全。      

一种新的牙形石分析方法

自本世纪40年代以来,人们采用了酸类处理的方法来溶解碳酸盐岩类型的岩石,使得牙形石分析工作获得了很大的进步。世界古生界大量碳酸盐岩中的牙形石标本便是靠各种酸处理方法获得的。而处理的基本方式是将经过碎样的岩块(大约2公分左右)放入烧杯或塑料桶中浸泡,溶解。我们可以把这种方法称之为浸泡法。采用10%浓度的醋酸来浸泡、溶解碳酸盐岩以求获得牙形石化石的方法在美国古生物学家柯林森(C、Collinson)1963年的一本关于牙形石分析技术的专著中已给予明确的肯定(参见图1)并为全世界的古生物学家广泛采用至今。     

Rock slope stability evaluation using kinematic and kinetic methods along the Kamyaran-Marivan road,west of Iran

Interest in rock slope stability in mountainous regions has increased greatly in recent years.This issue has become a topic of major interest for geoscientists and engineering professionals,as well as for private citizens and local administrators,in many parts of the world.This paper evaluates the stability of seven rock slopes along the KamyaranMarivan tourist road,Kurdistan province,Iran,using various methods.The two main reasons for performing this research were to determine whether different methods of stability analysis provide the same results,and to determine how different factors such as the presence of water,tension cracks,and seismic forces affect the stability of these rock slopes.Firstly,field investigations were performed to obtain the engineering characteristics of the rock masses,discontinuities,and intact rocks of the slopes.Secondly,laboratory tests were carried out on rock samples obtained from the slopes,to determine the engineering properties of the intact rocks.Then for each rock slope,the contour diagram of discontinuities and slope face was drawn in the Dips v.5.1 software environment,and the failure mechanism was determined based on the kinematic or stereographic method.Next,the factors of safety of the rock slopes were calculated using the limit equilibrium method,based on the failure mechanisms resulting from the kinematic method.The accuracy of the results obtained by these two methods was investigated using SWedge v.4.0 software.The results indicated that four rock slopes have a potential for plane,wedge,and toppling failure,and three others are stable.Also,it was found that the stability of the studied rock slopes decreases greatly in the presence of water,tension cracks,and seismic forces.     

鲁中南岩溶发育的控制因素

地质构造、气候、水动力条件对鲁中南地区丰富多彩的岩溶形成起着控制作用。下古生界特别是中寒武统上部及中、下奥陶统的碳酸盐岩是该区岩溶发育的基础,新生代继续活动的断裂构造把被非可溶岩分割的碳酸盐岩岩层串通成统一的水文系统。新生代多期的上升运动,使该区持续保持较大的地形高差和积极的水文交替条件,特别是该区的泰山、鲁山、沂山、蒙山等均由前寒武系变质岩及岩浆岩组成,它们在新生代的漫长地质历史时期,直至今日均高于周围的可溶岩分布区,造成了该区岩溶发育可经常受到强大的外源水影响的基本格局。     

Effect of Freeze-Thaw Cycles on Mechanical Properties and Permeability of Red Sandstone under Triaxial Compression

Geological disasters will happen in cold regions because of the effects of freeze-thaw cycles on rocks or soils, so studying the effects of these cycles on the mechanical characteristics and permeability properties of rocks is very important. In this study,red sandstone samples were frozen and thawed with 0,4, 8 and 12 cycles, each cycle including 12 h of freezing and 12 h of thawing. The P-wave velocities of these samples were measured, and the mechanical properties and evolution of the steady-state permeabilities were investigated in a series of uniaxial and triaxial compression tests. Experimental results show that, with the increasing of cyclic freeze-thaw times, the P-wave velocity of the red sandstone decreases. The number of freeze-thaw cycles has a significant influence on the uniaxial compressive strength, elastic modulus, cohesion, and angle of internal friction. The evolution of permeability of the rock samples after cycles of freeze-thaw in a complete stress-strain process under triaxial compression is closely related to the variation of the microstructure in the rock. There is a highly corresponding relationship between volumetric strain and permeability with axial strain in all stages of the stress-strain behaviour.     

Identifying crack initiation stress threshold in brittle rocks using axial strain stiffness characteristics

As an estimate for the in-situ spalling strength around massive underground excavations to moderately jointed brittle rocks, crack initiation stress marks the initiation of rock micro fracturing. It is crucial to accurately identify crack initiation stress level by proper method. In this study, confined compression tests of sandstone samples are used to examine the validity/applicability of proposed axial strain stiffness method. The results show that by highlighting the minuscule changes in stress-strain curve, the axial strain stiffness curve provided further insight into rock failure process and revealed five stages:(a) irregular fluctuation,(b) nearly horizontal regular fluctuation,(c) irregular fluctuation gradually decreasing to zero,(d) extreme fluctuation, and(e) near zero, which mainly correspond to five stages of stress–strain curve. The ratio of crack-initiation stress to peak strength determined using this approach is 0.44–0.51, similar to the ranges previously reported by other researchers. In this method, the key is to accurately detect the end point of the stage(b), "nearly horizontal regular fluctuation" characterized by a sudden change in axial strain stiffness curve, and the sudden change signifies crack initiation in rock sample. Finally, the research indicates that the axial strain stiffness curve can provide a mean to identify the crack-initiation stress thresholds in brittle rocks.     

Experimental investigation on the relevance of mechanical properties and porosity of sandstone after hydrochemical erosion

Under the effect of chemical etching, the macroscopic mechanical properties, mesoscopic structure, mineral content, and porosity of rocks undergo significant changes, which can lead to the geological disasters; thus, an understanding of changes in the microscopic and macroscopic structure of rocks after chemical etching is crucial. In this study, uniaxial mechanical tests and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy were carried out on sandstone samples that had been previously subjected to chemical erosion under different pH values. The aim was to study changes in properties and mechanical characteristics, including deformation and strength characteristics, of the rock, and microscopic pore variation characteristics, and to perform preliminary studies of the chemical corrosion mechanism. Results show that different chemical solutions have a significant influence on the uniaxial compressive strength, the axial strain corresponding to the peak axial stress, elastic modulus, etc. With the passage of time, porosity increases gradually with exposure to different chemical solutions, and exposure to chemical solutions results in large changes in the NMR T2 curve and T2 spectrum area. Sandstone exposed to different chemical solutions exhibits different corrosion mechanisms; the root cause is the change of mineral.     

基于Hoek-Brown准则的节理岩体能量参数估算

岩体变形和破坏可以看作能量耗散和释放的过程.由于节理岩体结构复杂且难以开展室内试验,因此无法通过试验直接求取其能量学参数.基于Hoek-Brown准则和岩石能量理论,提出了节理岩体在临界状态能量学参数的估算方法.针对含贯通节理(或层面)岩体,通过修正岩块单轴抗压强度以体现贯通节理的方向效应.采用PFC3D分别模拟小尺寸岩样(Φ50mm×100mm)和大尺寸岩体(Φ2m×2m)的三轴压缩试验,通过岩石三轴试验结果拟合岩石数值模拟的细观参数并应用于节理岩体的模拟.根据节理岩体模拟得到应力应变曲线和能量流,验证了Hoek-Brown准则对节理岩体能量参数估算的合理性.     

内蒙古准和热音苏木地区岩石元素地球化学特征及成矿性分析

内蒙古准和热音苏木地区属古亚洲成矿域内蒙古-大兴安岭成矿省二连-东乌旗晚古生代-中生代成矿带,是我国重要的铜及多金属集中分布区。野外调查采集了地表岩石(打块)样品61件,化验分析Au,Ag,Cu,Pb,Zn,As,Sb,Bi,Hg,W,Sn,Mo,Cd,Co,Cr,Ni共16种元素。通过综合岩石中元素的地球化学分布特征信息,分析岩石元素的含量、各岩石分区元素的含量、岩石元素富集离散等特征,利用因子分析、聚类分析,研究岩石元素的组合特征,对元素组合的物质属性进行判定,分析成矿性,指明了找矿方向,指出了该区具有寻找硫化物型的Pb,Cu,Bi有色金属矿产及与安山岩有关的Cd,Co矿的找矿潜力。