GRAPHER、Surfer32与CorelDRAW1O在物探成图中的应用

用GRAPHER、Surfer32软件作出给定数据的曲线图、平剖图、平面等值线图和立体曲面图后，再用CorelDRAW10来编辑，可快速做出一张满意而又少占存储空间的图件。     

红青三维立体地形地质图的制作及其地质应用

应用红青滤色三维立体图对制作立体地形图是一个十分重要而简单的方法。文中简述了红青滤色立体图的原理,应用SRTM-DEM数据制作红青滤色三维立体地形图,结合地质图获得红青滤色三维立体地形地质图。立体地形地质图是地质填图成果的直观形象,是活动构造地貌研究的重要工具。     

地球物理数据三维可视化实现方法

地球物理成果图的绘制直接关系到项目的质量。目前成果图主要为二维图形,如电磁法的主要成果图为二维等值线图和水平深度切片图,很少绘制更加立体形象的三维立体图。三维可视化的研究,主要是以Tecplot软件为平台,结合Surfer automation技术,使用C++编程语言实现数据格式处理,利用Tecplot软件绘图,实现了地球物理数据的三维可视化。该方法可方便地用于电磁法数据成果的三维展示,也可实现其他方法的地球物理数据的三维可视化。     

应用PC-1501计算机绘制钻孔轴线立体图

钻孔轴线立体图直观地反映出钻孔轴线的空间形态，便于观察和分析孔斜情况，但用手工绘制却非常麻烦。我们试用PC-1501计算机，利用其特有的绘图功能，设计了一程序，用来绘制钻孔轴线立体图，简化了作图工作，提高了绘图的效率和质量。     

用计算机绘制彩色立体图

对遥感图象的立体观察和分析是遥感图象解译的重要手段之一,也是多种数据综合处理的重要方法之一。本文介绍了用计算机绘制彩色立体图的基本原理、方法和立体效果。使用I~2S/101图象处理系统,对长江三峡巴东县附近的航片和地形图资料进行数字化、配准、平滑和增强,绘制出不同视角的立体图,并模拟绘制不同水位的立体图,取得了较好的效果,十分有助于图象解译人员认识和捕助感兴趣的地貌景观特征。它的成功,证明了直接利用地形图和平面图象绘制立体图的可行性,为多种数据的综合处理打开了新的途径。     

图纸套晒

套晒即用一张可以通用的透明图,加一张仅面了某一特种符号的透明图准确的重叠在一起晒图,这样既节约了重复描图的时间,而且保存了那张图可以作更多的用处。206队56年作总结时,钻孔柱状图用此法晒图节约了80个工作日,提高工效30%。办法是在一张图上绘图头整饰,其他每张图上只绘编号、柱状图     

三维可视化校园图的制作

依据3DS MAX软件制作三维图的原理和方法，制作了东华理工学院三维校园图。文中详细介绍了利用3DS MAX技术制作三维图的过程．包括：从资料的收集、底图的生成、立体模型的制作、三维贴图到校园立体图的渲染输出等。对在3DS MAX环境下建筑物的建模，材质贴图，灯光设置等关键技术作了重点阐述。并就三维场景的虚拟漫游的图像文件格式、渲染的时间等技术因素的设置作了必要的论述。制作的校园立体图既具有传统鸟瞰图的特点又具有普通地图特点，所包含的信息量远比两者多，并且可利用它作地理信息系统底层数据，用于实现三维仿真及属性查询等多种用途。     

基于无人机载LiDAR的采煤沉陷监测技术方法——以宁东煤矿基地马连台煤矿为例

探索采煤地表沉陷的高新监测技术方法是推动采煤沉陷监测的重要工作,无人机载LiDAR采煤塌陷监测技术是无人机与LiDAR构建的一种新型低空三维空间测量技术。以宁东煤炭基地马莲台煤矿采煤沉陷区为例,采用无人机机载LiDAR监测技术获取了2017年4月及8月2期三维点云数据,通过数据三维建模和沉降信息提取,得到了地面沉陷情况的三维立体图,监测出了3处地面沉降区,并利用实测水准点和已有GPS自动监测站数据,对该技术监测地面沉降的精度进行评估。研究结果表明,无人机机载LiDAR监测技术方法可满足采煤塌陷的立体监测需求,具有机动灵活、成本低、效率高、精度高等特点,未来可在类似地区推广应用。     

计算机地球化学编图系统：（小比例尺）（GCMCS）

本文是一项最新科学研究成果的详细总结，系统地论述了计算机地球化学编图的方法与技术，解决了编图数据的拼接归位，编图数据的系统误差调平方法，编制色块图的方法原理，特别是对色块图色区划分的方法试验，对各省编制小比例尺地球化学图有实际参考意义。自行研究的计算机地球化学编图系统软件有五个子系统构成，有四十六个模块，形成一套功能齐全，运行稳定，操作方便的应用软件系统，可编制出色块图、等值线图、异常图、立体图等七类地球化学图件，已用于编制辽宁省的１：５０万，湖北省的１：１００万多套地球化学图件。实践证明，该系统作图方法正确，精度高、成图美观标准，本系统具有较高的实际应用价值。     

活塞环槽除尘器

我队以往在清理活塞环槽里的积炭时,是用锯条或其他的东西来刮,这样时间费的很长,而且刮的不干净,在技术革命运动中,修配组惠春明同志开动脑筋,想出了一个活塞环槽除尘器(如图所     

基于单摄像头的宝石三维影像采集系统

为解决宝石三维立体影像采集与观察的难题,结合市场上已有的产品与技术,提出了用单摄像头实现双目立体视觉的方法。分析了基于双目立体视觉技术的三维显示模式;利用数字图像处理技术对宝石标本的照片进行关键像素的提取,拼合成三维立体图形;开发了宝石三维影像采集实验平台的软件“GemView”和相应的硬件;进行了宝石原石的三维影像采集和观察实验。基于单摄像头的宝石三维影像采集系统在宝石观察与珠宝电子商务中能发挥积极的作用。     

Taphonomy in palaeoecological interpretations

The taphonomic history of single fossils or of fossil assemblages provides evidence additional to that given by taxonomic identification. Too often taphonomy is viewed as destructive processes biasing evidence of past life or restricting taxonomic diversity in the reconstruction of palaeoecology, but in reality it sheds light on circumstances of life and preservation of fossil organisms. Because recorded modifications of fossils are due to biotic or abiotic agents that may not be evident in a studied sequence, taphonomic modifications should be seen as providing a more dynamic view of the past rather than as destructive processes.     

边坡位移监测的若干技术问题

本文探讨了影响边坡位移监测精度的若干主要技术问题,认为只有选择恰当的地表位移监测基准,并对监测方案、监测站的布设和监测周期的设计等技术问题进行优化,才能满足边坡变形监测的要求。因此本文在此基础上,建议使用多种监测手段,建立立体监测系统,同时监测地表和地下位移,有助于全面反映边坡的变形破坏情况,从而为边坡的稳定性分析和滑坡预测预报提供科学依据。     

四川软玉（透闪石玉）猫眼的矿物学研究

采用电子探针(EPMA)、X射线粉晶衍射(XRD)、Raman光谱、扫描电镜(SEM)和偏光显微镜等方法对四川软玉(透闪石玉)猫眼进行了研究。结果表明，四川软玉猫眼主要由微晶一隐晶质透闪石矿物集合体组成；透闪石主要呈近于平行定向排列的显微纤维状，显微纤维变晶结构是软玉猫眼的主要结构，具有此结构的软玉能表现出良好的猫眼效应；透闪石纤维较粗、相互聚集形成束状或捆状结构时，猫眼的眼线比较分散，猫眼效应较差；透闪石纤维局部相互穿插绞合是软玉猫眼表现出高韧性和较强抗断裂性能的主要因素。     

Robust system size reduction of discrete fracture networks: a multi-fidelity method that preserves transport characteristics

We propose a multi-fidelity system reduction technique that uses weighted graphs paired with three-dimensional discrete fracture network (DFN) modelling for efficient simulation of subsurface flow and transport in fractured media. DFN models are used to simulate flow and transport in subsurface fractured rock with low-permeability. One method to alleviate the heavy computational overhead associated with these simulations is to reduce the size of the DFN using a graph representation of it to identify the primary flow sub-network and only simulate flow and transport thereon. The first of these methods used unweighted graphs constructed solely on DFN topology and could be used for accurate predictions of first-passage times. However, these techniques perform poorly when predicting later stages of the mass breakthrough. We utilize a weighted-graph representation of the DFN where edge weights are based on hydrological parameters in the DFN that allows us to exploit the kinematic quantities derivable a posteriori from the flow solution obtained on the graph representation of the DFN to perform system reduction and predict the later stages of the breakthrough curve with high fidelity. We also propose and demonstrate the use of an adaptive pruning algorithm with error control that produces a pruned DFN sub-network whose predicted mass breakthrough agrees with the original DFN within a user-specified tolerance. The method allows for the level of accuracy to be a user-controlled parameter.     

A Griggs deformation apparatus set up at Lille

The classical solid-medium apparatus (Griggs apparatus) is generally viewed as a machine of poor accuracy with a large amount of uncertainty. However, a new generation of equipment with new assemblies and experimental procedures has greatly enhanced the capability of the apparatus. Experiments performed on the apparatus set up in our Laboratory on T-oriented Yule Marble samples show that the yield strength of material can be measured with reasonable precision (within 10 MPa) and a yield strength as low as 50 MPa can be detected. The apparatus is particularly adapted to work on small specimens e.g. single crystals a few millimetres in size.     

THE DETERMINATION OF THE DIRECTION OF TRANSPORT OF FLUVIATILE ARENITES BY ORIENTATION ANALYSES OF THE DETRITAL MICA

A simple method of determining the strike and dip of the AB planes of mica flakes in etched slides of arenaceous sediments by means of a universal stage mounted on a stereomicroscope is described. The polar stereograms constructed from such measurements in fluviatile sandstones show monoclinic symmetry due to up-current imbrication which compares well with the orientation of plant fossils, current bedding structures and the general current pattern. An angular discordance exists between these features and the direction of sole marks. An example is given of how analyses of the orientation and imbrication of mica flakes can assist in the solution of sedimentation problems of coalfield geology.     

Ages of lunar impact breccias: Limits for timing of the Imbrium impact

Since the Apollo 14 mission delivered samples of the Fra Mauro formation, interpreted as ejecta of the Imbrium impact, defining the age of this impact has emerged as one of the critical tasks required for the complete understanding of the asteroid bombardment history of the Moon and, by extension, the inner Solar System. Significant effort dedicated to this task has resulted in a substantial set of ages centered around 3.9 Ga and obtained for the samples from most Apollo landing sites using a variety of chronological methods. However, the available age data are scattered over a range of a few tens of millions of years, which hinders the ability to distinguish between the samples that are truly representative of the Imbrium impact and those formed/reset by other, broadly contemporaneous impact events. This study presents a new set of U-Pb ages obtained for the VHK (very high K) basalt clasts found in the Apollo 14 breccia sample 14305 and phosphates from (i) several fragments of impact-melt breccia extracted from Apollo 14 soil sample 14161, and (ii) two Apollo 15 breccias 15455 and 15445. The new data obtained for the Apollo 14 samples increase the number of independently dated samples from this landing site to ten. These Apollo 14 samples represent the Fra Mauro formation, which is traditionally viewed as Imbrium ejecta, and therefore should record the age of the Imbrium impact. Using the variance of ten ages, we propose an age of 3922 ± 12 Ma for this event. Samples that yield ages within these limits can be considered as possible products of the Imbrium impact, while those that fall significantly outside this range should be treated as representing different impact events. Comparison of this age for Imbrium (determined from Apollo 14 samples) with the ages of another eleven impact-melt breccia samples collected at four other landing sites and a related lunar meteorite suggests that they can be viewed as part of Imbrium ejecta. Comprehensive review of ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar ages available for impact melt samples from different landing sites and obtained using the step-heating technique, suggests that the majority of the samples that gave robust plateau ages are indistinguishable within uncertainties and altogether yield a weighted average age of 3916 ± 7 Ma (95 % conf., MSWD = 1.1; P = 0.13) and a median average age of 3919 + 14/-12 Ma, both of which agree with the confidence interval obtained using the U-Pb system. These samples, dated by ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar method, can be also viewed as representing the Imbrium impact. In total 36 out of 41 breccia samples from five landing sites can be interpreted to represent formation of the Imbrium basin, supporting the conclusion that Imbrium material was distributed widely across the near side of the Moon. Establishing temporal limits for the Imbrium impact allows discrimination of ten samples with Rb-Sr and ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar ages about 50 Ma younger than 3922 ± 12 Ma. This group may represent a separate single impact on the Moon and needs to be investigated further to improve our understanding of lunar impact history.     

The boundary between stable and unstable shelf in Iraq as inferred from using ideal gravity to elevation ratio

The line of complete compensation, the ideal value for the ratio of gravity to elevation (?0.11 mGal/m) in Iraq, is obtained using gravity data derived from 477 stations. This line is found to separate the stable shelf from unstable shelf. It is also confirmed with the western limit of the basin as shown on the structural map that is constructed at the base of Al-Fath (L-Fars) formation (M. Miocene). The obtained line coincides with the thinnest crustal line shown on the crustal thickness map of Iraq. It is believed that this line may also define the thinnest sedimentary cover in Iraq. The obtained result can be a useful template for a tectonic view of Iraq.     

Fragility curves for masonry structures submitted to permanent ground displacements and earthquakes

Usually, the vulnerability of structures is treated considering only one single hazard, for example either seismic hazard or ground instability. However, historical monuments, cultural heritage structures or old masonry structures can be affected, over the past centuries of existence, by a succession of different hazards. The objective of this paper was to quantify the changes in the seismic vulnerability of a given structure previously damaged by quasi-static differential settlements. In view of this, a soil-structure model of the masonry building is constructed using TREMURI software by putting springs at the base of the building to account for the soil behaviour. Classical empirical relationships are used for setting the mechanical properties of these foundation springs. The chosen equations are valid for both static and dynamic situations. The soil-structure model is first submitted to differential settlements with maximum magnitudes ranging from 5 to 25 cm. Then, the damaged structures are submitted to a set of time-histories. Fragility curves taking into consideration permanent differential settlements are finally obtained, using a modified regression technique accounting for the presence of residual drift due to the prior static loading.