西太平洋富钴结壳超微化石与分子化石地层划分及对比

对具典型三层构造的西太平洋海山群富钴结壳样品进行了钙质超微化石地层学研究,获取了富钴结壳从内层致密层、中间疏松层到外层较致密层的生长时代:CM1D03为晚古新世-早始新世、始新世中期、中中新世-更新世;CM3D06分为晚古新世-早始新世、中始新世-晚中新世、上新世-更新世。对富钴结壳壳层的甾烷系列分子(C27、C28、C29)进行了检测并计算了相对含量,结果表明,两块富钴结壳的甾烷分布构型在结壳生长时代上具有一致性:晚古新世-早始新世,呈反"L"型分布;中始新世呈C27优势的"V"型分布;中新世-更新世呈C29优势的"V"型分布。甾烷分布构型的变化与古海洋环境演化造成的海底甾烷输入波动有关,具有一定的时代特征钙质超微化石和分子化石地层学划分方法在富钴结壳层主要生长时代及生长间断的界定上具有一致性,可以用于富钴结壳的地层划分和对比。     

多金属结核内部生长层组年代研究

根据结构构造、矿物组分、微体古生物组合不同,多金属结核内部可划分为三个生长层组,从内到外依次为：第Ⅰ生长层组、第Ⅱ生长层组、第Ⅲ生长层组。运用古生物地层学方法,对其中微体古生物化石（硅藻、超微、放射虫）进行综合分析,确定三个生长层组的生长年代为：第Ⅰ生长层组形成年代为渐新世到早中新世,其顶界年龄不晚于１８Ｍａ,第Ⅱ生长层组形成年代为早中新世末期到上新世早期,第Ⅲ生长层组时代为上新世早期到第四纪     

西太平洋富钴结壳中钙质超微化石和分子化石研究

本文对西太平洋麦哲伦海山CM3D06富钴结壳进行了钙质超微化石生物地层学研究,发现结壳中有代表白垩纪(晚期)、古新世(晚期)、始新世(早、中、晚期)、中新世(中期)、上新世(晚期)和更新世等各时代的标准钙质超微化石,表明结壳的形成始于白垩纪(晚期);在富钴结壳中检出正构烷烃、类异戊二烯烃、甾烷类等众多分子化石,分子化石组合特征指数、主峰碳、ΣC-23/C+24、CPI、Pr/Ph、Pr/nC17、Ph/nC18和nC31/nC17显示有机质生物母源主要为海洋浮游植物、浮游动物和底栖非光合作用的菌类,而甾烷类的C29、C28和C27含量分布的变化则说明生物种群具有快速演变的特征。此外,还探讨了CM3D06结壳中Pr/Ph和有机碳同位素组成变化与结壳生长过程中的海洋环境演化的关联程度。     

中太平洋莱恩海山富钴结壳元素地球化学特征及成因

富钴结壳是一种经济价值高、开发前景好的海洋矿产资源,其外部形态、内部构造和地球化学特征记录了古海洋环境的演变信息。本次研究借助富钴结壳细致分层的显微构造及元素地球化学的差异分析,探讨中太平洋莱恩海山富钴结壳成因及形成过程。富钴结壳样品由上至下可分为5层,顶部较致密Ⅰ层黑褐色,表面光滑,杂质较少,具有雪松状叠层石构造,反映了沉积水动力较强;较致密Ⅱ层与Ⅰ层宏观特征类似,具有柱状和胡萝卜状叠层石构造,沉积水动力最强;疏松Ⅲ层和疏松Ⅳ层黄褐色,内含沉积物杂质,多见斑杂状构造,沉积水动力比较弱;致密Ⅴ层为磷酸盐层,具有亮黑色的沥青光泽,富含有孔虫化石,底部Ⅴ层Sr、P、Ca等元素明显富集,表明了海洋生物的明显参与,沉积水动力最弱。莱恩海山Ce异常及高钴高锰低铁特征,表明结壳长期处于氧化环境;而Mn、Fe、Co等元素地球化学特征综合表明,海洋水动力及氧化性总体表现为由底部Ⅴ层至Ⅱ层氧化性逐渐增强,至顶部Ⅰ层有所减弱的趋势;依据元素分配系数、Ce正异常、Ho正异常、Y负异常及成因三角图,判定结壳为南极底流影响下的海水成因。综合结壳年代学数据,在元素剖面中记录了三期磷酸盐化事件,恢复了莱恩海山富钴结...     

太平洋中部多金属结核生物地层学研究

本文利用钙质超微化生物地质学研究方法，分析鉴定了多金属结核中的钙质超微化石，建立了多金属结核生长层柱状剖面图，确定了多金属结核形成的三个生长阶段及其年代，为揭示多金属结核的成矿规律和分布规律提供了必要的地质资料。     

太平洋中部多金属结构生物地层学研究

本文利用钙质超微化生物地质学研究方法，分析鉴定了多金属结核中的钙质超微化石，建立了多金属生长层柱状剖面图，确定了多金属结核形成的三个生长阶段及其年代，为揭示多金属结核的成矿规律和分布规律提供了必要的地质资料。     

大洋富钴结壳的基本框架——超微生物建构的锰质叠层石柱体

大洋富钴结壳和锰结核一样是潜在的海底矿产资源,对其成因的研究将有助于指导找矿和资源评价。通过大型反光显微镜、透射电子显微镜和其他测试手段,系统研究了结壳的结构构造、物质组成以及叠层石纹层与超微生物的关系。发现结壳与光滑型锰结核的叠层石类型及超微生物种极其相似,它们都以微小叠层石和中华微放线菌为主要特征,具有相同的生物成因机制。认为超微生物建构的锰质叠层石柱体是大洋富钴结壳的基本框架,从而对结壳矿体的形成提出了新的见解。     

从粗沉积物组份与粘土矿物资料看始新世至晚渐新世威德尔海的古海洋与古气候演化

本研究基于ODP113航次水深2080m处的689站位所钻取的位于毛德海隆之上的沉积物．毛德海隆是位于威德尔海东部，孤立的无震洋脊，比大洋盆地高出了2500m．沉积序列由中始新世的有孔虫一超微化石软泥与晚始新世的超微化石软泥组成，其上为渐新世的台硅藻超微化石软泥与超微化石软泥．     

西太平洋海山富钴结壳分子化石和超微化石记录:年代划分和古生态环境演变

分析了西太平洋海山CM1D03富钴结壳中超微化石生物地层学记录,结合钙质微浮游生物印痕,对结壳进行了地质年代的划分,其年代为晚古新世—早始新世(54~51Ma)、中始新世(45~40Ma)、中新世—上新世(22~2.4Ma)、上新世—更新世(3.6~1.2Ma)。利用气相色谱、气相色谱-质谱联用检测了结壳中的正构烷烃、类异戊二烯、甾烷等分子化石,探讨结壳生长过程中的生源构成、沉积环境以及古生态演替特征。结果表明,结壳中氯仿沥青"A"/有机碳(TOC)比值为10.51%~21.74%,具有明显的烃类运移特征。正构烷烃的轻/重烃比值(ΣC-23/ΣC+24)为0.74~1.47,碳优势指数(CPI)为0.80~1.45,碳稳定同位素(δ13 C)为-24.00‰~-25.48‰,指示有机质主要来源于海洋表层水体的浮游植物。研究还表明,有机质物源,C27、C28、C29甾烷的丰度变化,TOC保存及δ13 C等均与结壳生长所处海洋环境、全球气候和南极底流的结构变化有关。     

基于连续沥取的富钴结壳成因机制的探讨

根据连续沥取实验结果及相关文献,富钴结壳的生长可用一个双阶段胶体-化学吸附模型来说明.第一阶段是混合胶体的形成及元素的清除与富集,富氧的底层水与缺氧、富Mn2＋的中层水体混合,Mn2＋被氧化而形成MnO2胶体,并与水柱中的Fe（OH）3、Al（OH）3、SiO2、Ti（OH）4等胶体形成多种混合胶体[MnO2-Fe（OH）3、Fe（OH）3-Ti（OH）4和Fe（OH）3-Al（OH）3-SiO2],后者根据各自的表面物理化学特征吸附和富集不同的元素;第二阶段是混合胶体的沉积及富钴结壳的生长,第一阶段形成的混合胶体在海山基岩上以氧化物或氢氧化物的形式沉积,吸附的元素结合进矿物点阵,然后通过自催化或自反馈的方式生长.在富钴结壳生长中,生物起着重要的作用,包括为富钴结壳的生长提供大量的成矿物质、对Mn2＋的催化氧化作用及在铁锰胶体的沉淀及富钴结壳壳层的生长过程中的媒介作用.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.     

A Tidal Flow Model for the Gulf of Kachchh, India

A vertically integrated model has been used to study the tidal circulation and currents in the Gulf of Kachchh along the west coast of India. The model is fully nonlinear and uses a semiexplicit finite difference scheme to solve the basic hydrodynamic equations on a staggered grid. The model is forced by prescribing the tides along the open boundary of the model domain. The flow is simulated both with and without the presence of the proposed tidal barrage across the Hansthal Creek in the Gulf of Kachchh. The results show a considerable change in the behavior of the tidal flow in the presence of the barrage.     

利用中国GF-3卫星SAR和HY-2A卫星微波散射计的首次台风联合定量观测

<正>The typhoon,as a mature tropical cyclone that develops in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean with high wind speed and heavy rainfall,is one of the most lethal and costly of natural disasters for the densely populated countries of East Asia.It can be easily detected by space-borne sensors operated at microwave,visible or infrared bands(Liu et al.,2014).Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)is     

离子交换—原子吸收光谱法测定海水中痕量铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰

本文介绍了用国产D401型螯合树脂分离富集海水中铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰等痕量元素,并用原子吸收光谱仪测定其含量的方法。讨论了各元素的分离条件选择及干扰元素的影响,并与溶剂萃取法的结果作了比较。各元素检测的定量下限为:铜0.5μg/L、铅0.1μg/L、锌1.0μg/L、镉0.01μg/L、铁2.0μg/L、锰2.0μg/L。方法精密度在4—8％之间,回收率为90—102％。     

Biogeochemistry of Mangrove Soil Organic Matter: a Comparison BetweenRhizophoraandAvicenniaSoils in South-eastern Brazil

Soil core samples fromRhizophora mangleL. andAvicennia schauerianaStapf & Leech forests from south-eastern Brazil were analysed for their total organic matter content and their sugars, amino acid and amino sugars composition. Organic carbon and nitrogen contents were higher inAvicenniathan inRhizophorasoils. The contribution of sugars and amino acids to the total organic carbon pool was constant with depth inRhizophorasoils whereas inAvicenniasoils it increased. Spectral distribution of sugars and amino acids showed a dominance of Ca-affine monomers, particularly acidic amino acids, and the sugar arabinose. Biogeochemical indicators derived from ratios of individual sugar and amino acid monomers confirm previous studies which showed that organic matter in both soils is mainly of mangrove origin. The results further suggest accumulation of organic matter inRhizophorasoils and a continuing degradation of organic matter inAvicenniasoils. The latter may thus release more nutrients to adjacent ecosystems thanRhizophorasoils.     

A review of orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus fisheries,estimation methods,biology and stock structure

Orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus are unusual fish. They form dense aggregations that have fuelled lucrative fisheries at great depths (600–1 400 m), especially off Namibia, New Zealand and Australia. They are thought to be very long-lived (>100 years, maturity at 22 – 40 years), and to have exceptionally low natural mortality (M = 0.045–0.064 year^?1) and slow growth rates (K = 0.055–0.070 year^?1). In addition, they spawn large eggs and have low fecundity. These factors combine to make orange roughy highly susceptible to overfishing; most stocks are below 30% of pristine levels. Assessments are obtained from indices of catch rate and trawl, acoustic and egg surveys. Acoustic estimates are the most direct, but are confounded by the species' low target strength (?50 to ?53 dB)–attributable to the wax-filled swim bladder. Extracellular wax esters are stored in abundance and comprise mostly mono-unsaturated fatty acids, with low concentrations of the ω-3 fatty acid family. This unusual composition (resultant from the species' diet) ensures neutral buoyancy. Stock separation has been inferred mainly from biological studies, but genetic studies have also found differences among stocks within New Zealand and Australia. Deep-water habitat may be damaged by trawling operations and may take many years to recover, so in some quarters there is a call for a portion of suitable habitat to be set aside for preservation. Although Namibian orange roughy are shallower, smaller and younger than those in other stocks, the Namibian fishery sustained high catches for only a few years before quotas were reduced, from 12 000 to 1 875 tons. Three management lessons are suggested for developing orange roughy fisheries based on the Namibian experience: (1) imposition of catch limits during exploratory fishing; (2) starting the acoustic surveys earlier in the fishery, if possible; (3) greater reliance on trends in catch rate until a survey series has been established.