扬子地台西缘震旦系一下寒武统黑色页岩中磷块岩环境地球化学分析

本文分析了扬子地台西缘黑色页岩中磷块岩的主、微量元素地球化学特征,以及磷块岩中重金属的分布和赋存特征,探讨了富镉磷块岩的元素组成及其环境效应.结果 表明,扬子地台西缘磷块岩富含P2O5、CaO等化学成因组分,而亏损SiO2 TiO2、Al2O3、Fe2O3、K2O、Na2O等碎屑组分.根据重金属富集特征,这些磷块岩可分为高富镉磷块岩和低富镉磷块岩,湘西和黔东北磷块岩属于高富镉磷块岩.高富镉磷块岩明显富集Cd、Mo、U、Ni、V、Co、Pb等重金属,为环境重金属污染源.磷块岩中Cd等重金属赋存于黄铁矿等硫化物矿物中,故在磷肥加工过程中去除黄铁矿等硫化物矿物,是预防磷肥施用导致的重金属污染的重要措施.     

云南滇池地区风化磷块岩的风化指标研究

长期风化作用使云南滇池地区形成了大面积的风化磷块岩矿石,这种矿石是制取高效磷肥的优质原料。为了圈定这些风化磷块岩矿石,须确定适宜的风化指标。笔者通过风化磷块岩形成过程化学组分变化研究,首次提出将风化指标分为“直接法”和“间接法”两类,进而提出ＣＯ２风化指标为直接法中指标,２Ｐ２Ｏ５＋Ａ．Ｉ＾１）风化指标为间接法中推荐指标。     

细晶磷灰岩结构特征及成因机理的研究

从最近几年国内外磷块岩研究动态来看,许多文章探讨了海相磷块岩的成因机制,但探讨的角度各有所不同,笔者基于应用细晶磷灰岩制造磷肥获取最佳经济效益的目的出发,作了一些测试及理论探讨。     

2017全球钾肥销量或将达到6400万吨

<正>近日,萨斯喀彻温省钾肥公司(Potash Corp,简称"萨钾")公布第一季度盈利报告,分别对钾肥、氮肥和磷肥业务进行总结,并对今年钾肥市场前景进行预测。报告指出,2017年一季度,氮磷钾三大肥料品种的销售成本较低,虽然磷肥价格明显下滑,但钾肥销售量增加,因此毛利率高于去年同期。同时,萨钾预计,2017年全球钾肥销售量将较2016年略有增加,萨钾估计2017年全球钾肥销售量为6100~     

我国一种新的磷矿工业类型——云南滇池地区风化磷块岩形成的基本条件

<正> 我国云南滇池地区风化磷块岩,是由沉积型碳酸盐类磷块岩经风化作用(主要是化学风化作用),达到了适宜的风化程度(成矿的“风化门线”)而形成的。矿石具有简易工艺较好的擦洗性能,为一种通过酸法加工生产高效磷肥的优质矿产资源。现将云南滇池地区风化磷块岩的地质背景、成因机制及形成条件做一概要论述和介绍,其目的是能及时更加广泛地交流这一新的科技成果。     

含铀磷块岩型矿床研究现状和未来展望

根据国际原子能机构(IAEA)铀矿床分类方案和全球铀矿床数据库(UDEPO),含铀磷块岩型与不整合相关型、砂岩型和火山岩型等并列为十五大铀矿床类型,含铀磷块岩型矿床中铀的资源量在十五大铀矿床类型中排列第二,且含铀磷块岩型矿床经常伴生钼、镍、钒、分散元素和稀土等多种战略资源,显示巨大的资源潜力,但是由于磷块岩中铀的品位偏低,大部分只能作为磷矿的副产品加以开采,因此含铀磷块岩型矿床相对国内四大类型(砂岩型、花岗岩型、火山岩型和碳硅泥岩型)研究程度较低,国内外对该类型的命名仍未能得到统一。本次系统总结和梳理国际和国内相关概念的描述,赋予了含铀磷块岩型矿床的概念,初步划分了类型,整理了全球磷矿床和含铀磷块岩型矿床的分布,总结了磷矿床、含铀磷块岩型矿床的勘查和研究现状,并对国际含铀磷块岩型矿床综合开采和我国磷矿和含铀磷块岩型矿床的未来发展提出了建议。     

云南昆明寒武纪早期浅水相磷块岩的氧化还原环境及成因机制

磷是重要的营养元素,与古环境和生命演化密切相关。在埃迪卡拉纪—寒武纪之交,伴随着骨骼化动物的辐射,华南甚至全球广泛沉积了大量磷酸盐,这暗示磷是古环境的变化与生命演化之间关系的桥梁。然而,目前,磷块岩的沉积环境和形成机制尚不明确。为探究磷酸盐富集的沉积环境和形成机理,本文研究了华南寒武纪早期梅树村剖面磷块岩的磷酸盐聚集形式、黄铁矿形态学和稀土元素。磷块岩主要是由结晶氟磷酸钙、隐晶质氟磷酸钙和铁氧化物组成。稀土配分模式均为"帽型"配分模式,与沉积物中铁-锰还原带之中的稀土配分模式类似,表明稀土元素遭受了早期成岩的影响。磷块岩中没有草莓状黄铁矿和较低的Ce负异常(Ce/Ce~*=0.50～0.82,平均值为0.70),暗示磷块岩沉积于氧化/次氧化的沉积环境。Eu元素未发生异常(Eu/Eu~*=0.92～1.08,平均值为0.98),暗示磷块岩可能未受到热液作用的影响。较高的Y/Ho比值(55.3～74.5,平均值为63.6),与海水Y/Ho比值相似,表明磷块岩来源于海水。鉴于华南寒武纪早期广泛的氧化事件、缺氧分层的海水化学结构和上升流活动,本文认为磷块岩的形成源于氧化背景下较高的磷酸盐浓度和...     

埃迪卡拉纪全球成磷事件沉积地球化学模型探讨:以扬子板块不同相区陡山沱组含磷岩层研究为实例

埃迪卡拉纪是地球第二次大规模成磷时期,全球各大陆均有这次成磷事件的记录。目前对于该时期成磷事件的形成 尚未有广泛接受的地球化学模型解释。而磷酸盐的沉积受海水氧化还原条件的控制,因此通过该时期磷块岩沉积与海水氧 化还原条件演变之间关系的研究可为全球大规模成磷事件的沉积地球化学模型建立提供验证。文章通过对扬子板块埃迪卡 拉纪不同相区磷块岩中碳酸盐组分稀土元素分析,结果表明磷块岩形成时底层海水处于次氧化-接近氧化的不稳定状态, 氧化还原界面沿浅海-大陆架呈现动态变化的特征,为磷块岩的大规模形成提供最佳沉积地球化学条件。合适的海水化学 条件及丰富的磷质来源,大大增加了磷块岩沉积的空间和机会,导致了地质历史时期第二次全球规模成磷发生。     

贵州瓮安陡山沱组磷块岩稀土元素地球化学特征与沉积期后变化

贵州瓮安陡山沱组磷块岩保存了可能是全球最早的后生动物化石 (瓮安动物群 ),对于瓮安动物群出现过程中的古海洋环境重建具有重要科学意义。但必须对成岩后生作用对磷块岩中的稀土元素改造进行评估。通过对贵州瓮安陡山沱组磷块岩的磷质碎屑、磷质和白云质胶结物、磷条带和泥条带等的稀土元素地球化学特征研究,确定沉积期后变化对稀土元素的改造影响不大。上矿层磷块岩沉积期形成的磷质碎屑、成岩期形成的白云质和磷质胶结物具相同的稀土元素配分模式,暗示了沉积期后的改造作用对瓮安陡山沱组磷块岩保存的原生沉积信息影响不大。瓮安陡山沱组磷块岩具有显著的重稀土亏损特征。磷块岩的磷质和白云质胶结物、伴生磷质碎屑、强风化磷块岩相近的ErN/LuN 比值,表明沉积期后的改造作用不是重稀土元素亏损的主要原因。磷块岩的ErN/LuN、LaN/NdN 与Ce/Ce 间的相关性,表明越氧化的沉积环境中,轻和重稀土元素亏损越强。     

五国化学会预警磷资源危机

<正>近日,中国、德国、日本、英国和美国五国化学会共同发布《化学给力全球可持续发展》报告,称当前全球磷肥产量已达峰值,并将在本世纪后期逐步下降,用于生产肥料的磷矿石资源有可能在未来的30～100年枯竭。因磷肥市场供不应求从而将进一步危及全球粮食产量。但报告同时指出化学家可以通过技术创新,开拓新的磷资源来源来应对这一挑战。     

Phosphorus sorption and recovery using mineral-based materials: Sorption mechanisms and potential phytoavailability

Recovery and re-use of P within hitherto unexploited waste streams may serve to reduce pressure on limited phosphate rock reserves. Since the mid-20th century there has been a dramatic increase in the use of mined phosphate rock for food production. Although economically exploitable quantities of phosphate rock are found in several countries, food security in those areas without domestic phosphate rock reserves is potentially vulnerable. Development and utilisation of efficient, cost-effective techniques for P recovery from solid and liquid waste materials may also reduce energy and/or material requirements for P acquisition. Phosphorus may be removed from solution via selective sorption to a solid phase and direct use of the material as a fertilizer or soil conditioner, or the sorbed P may subsequently be stripped from the solid sorbent and chemically precipitated as a high-purity fertilizer. Ideal sorbents for P recovery from solution possess high phosphate sorption capacity and selectivity, are capable of kinetically rapid P sorption from solution, and are stable materials resistant to degradation during both P sorption and desorption. This review provides a critical assessment of P sorption to a range of mineral-based materials and the potential application of these materials to P recovery schemes.     

我国硫资源供需状况及需求预测

全球硫资源特征及国内硫资源供需现状表明,国内硫资源贫乏,硫资源生产与消费逐年增加,尤其磷肥生产对硫资源的需求越来越迫切,预计到2020~2025年磷肥用硫量将达到峰值1620万t左右,不包括出口磷肥耗硫量。因此,加强硫资源的综合利用、加大硫铁矿找矿及矿山设计是非常有必要的。     

磷矿的分布、特征与开发现状

世界磷矿储量近695亿t(2019年),但分布不均,磷矿储量最为丰富的北非地区集中了全球80％以上的磷矿资源.该区域的摩洛哥和西撒哈拉是世界磷矿资源最为丰富的国家,2019年其磷矿储量达500亿t,占世界的近72％.目前世界上主要利用的磷矿类型为沉积型磷块岩矿,其最主要的成矿时代为震旦—寒武纪和中生代—新生代,前者以中...     

Age and metasomatic alteration of the Mt Neill Granite at Nooldoonooldoona Waterhole,Mt Painter Inlier,South Australia

Quartz feldspar augen gneisses, quartz augen schists and trondhjemites outcrop at Nooldoonooldoona Waterhole in the southwestern corner of the Proterozoic Mt Painter Inlier, northern Flinders Ranges, South Australia. These rocks were previously interpreted as having different origins and ages. However, we argue that all rock types were the result of deformation and strong metasomatic alteration of one common precursor: the Mt Neill Granite. Our conclusion is based on field observations that show that the different lithologies grade into each other and that intrusive contacts are lacking. Whole rock major and trace element analyses also point to a common protolith. Finally, Pb/Pb dating of magmatic zircons gave the same ca 1576 Ma age for the different rock types. Our findings necessitate a re evaluation of the published regional geology and lithostratigraphy of the Mt Painter Inlier. They also indicate that extreme care should be taken in the classification and genetic interpretation of rocks that have experienced extensive metasomatic alteration, which is common in many high grade terrains in Australia.     

Three Alkali—Rich Intrusive Rock Belts Bewly Discovered in the Mt.Kunlkun—Mt.Altun Region,Xinjiang,China

The newly discovered three alkali-rich intrusive rock belts in the Mt.Kunlun Mt.Altun region of southern Xinjiang are the Lapeiquan-Yitunbulak alkali-rich intrusive fock belt, the Gez-Taxkorgan alkali-rich intrusive rock belt and the Beeilisai-Abulash alkali-rich intrusive rock belt.The former two belts were formed during the Yanshanian period,and the third one was formed during the Himalayan period,which is the youngest alkali-rich intrusive rock belt in China.The discovery of the alkali-rich intrusive rock belts is of great significance in shedding light on the history of tectono-magmatic activities in this region.     

Three Alkali-Rich Intrusive Rock Belts Newly Discovered in the Mt. Kunlun-Mt. Altun Region, Xinjiang, China

The newly discovered three alkali-rich intrusive rock belts in the Mt. Kunlun Mt.Altun region of southern Xinjiang are the Lapeiquan-Yitunbulak alkali-rich intrusive rock belt,the Gez-Taxkorgan alkali-rich intrusive rock belt and the Beilisai-Abulash alkali-rich intrusive rock belt. The former two belts were formed during the Yanshanian period, and the third one was formed during the Himalayan period, which is the youngest alkali-rich intrusive rock belt in China. The discovery of the alkali-rich intrusive rock belts is of great significance in shedding light on the history of tectono-magmatic activities in this region.     

安徽霍邱安阳山晚石炭世碳酸盐岩地层中奥陶纪牙形石和虫颚化石的发现

最近的研究表明,安徽霍邱地区安阳山(白大山)剖面下部碳酸盐岩段属于晚石炭世,上部碎屑岩段属于青白口纪。我们进一步对剖面进行了微体古生物分析,在晚石炭世碳酸盐岩中发现了丰富的微体古生物化石,其中以牙形石和虫颚化石数量最多。经鉴定,有牙形石Belodina和虫颚化石Marlenites marginatus,Chairidogenys borealis,Cornugenys sp.,Porrhogrnys sp.,Channahania sp.,Paradrilonersgenys cherylae等,Belodina时代为晚奥陶世,虫颚化石的时代为奥陶纪。晚石炭世地层中存在奥陶纪化石,表明可能存在奥陶系的物源区,微体化石是通过剥蚀、搬运再沉积保存到晚石炭世碳酸盐岩中。显然,新发现的微体化石可能并不具有地层意义,但是具有古地理和古构造意义。     

大兴安岭中段牙都乌拉山地区石炭纪辉长岩特征及形成环境

牙都乌拉山地区辉长岩岩石化学具有亚碱性、拉斑玄武岩系列岩石特征,与大洋型超基性岩相比,具有低镁的特点;Rb、Th正异常明显,高场强元素相对亏损;岩石富含Cr、Ni、Co、V、Ti等元素,说明岩石为幔源产物.根据同位素年龄及其与围岩的接触关系,初步确定辉长岩形成于晚石炭世,大兴安岭中段牙都乌拉山地区构造环境为拉张环境.辉长岩岩浆来源于地幔（深源）,形成于海底裂谷和陆缘岛弧的过渡环境.     

Phosphate amendment of metalliferous waste rocks, Century Pb-Zn mine, Australia: Laboratory and field trials

The aim of the study was to determine whether the application of phosphate compounds (phosphorite rock, phosphate fertilizer) to polyminerallic waste rocks can inhibit sulfide oxidation and metal mobility (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Ni, Mn, Mg). Waste rocks comprised sulfidic carbonaceous shales and were sourced from the Century Pb-Zn mine, NW Queensland, Australia. The acid producing, Pb-Zn rich rocks consisted of major quartz, muscovite/illite, dolomite, siderite and kaolinite as well as smaller amounts of sulfide minerals (e.g. galena, sphalerite, pyrite). Laboratory leach experiments were conducted on finely granulated phosphate-treated waste rocks (>2 to <30 mm) over 13 weeks, whereas phosphate amendment of coarsely granulated waste rocks (sand to boulder size) was investigated using heap leach piles at the mine site over an 11 months period. Results of the laboratory experiments demonstrate that the treatment of finely granulated waste rocks with phosphorite rock produced leachates with near-neutral pH values due to calcite dissolution. This in turn did not allow the leaching of apatite, formation of secondary phosphate phases and phosphate stabilization to occur. Metal mobility in these amended wastes was restricted by the dissolution of calcite and the resultant near-neutral pH conditions. By contrast, the application of the water-soluble phosphate fertilizer MKP (KH₂PO₄) to polyminerallic sulfidic waste rocks during the short-term laboratory experiments led to the formation of phosphate coatings and precipitates and inhibited acid and metal release (Cd, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn). At least in the short term, the application of phosphate fertilizers proved to be an effective method. However, results of the long-term field trials demonstrate that coarsely granulated waste rocks were not coated by secondary phosphate phases and that amendment by phosphorite rock or superphosphate fertilizer did not improve leachate quality compared to the unamended waste. Thus, phosphate stabilization appears ineffective in suppressing oxidation of sulfides in coarsely granulated mine wastes.     

Petro-geochemical study of Mt. Namjagbarwa region,Tibet, China

The rock types and mineral compositions of the Mt. Namjagbarwa region have been studied. Petro-chemical analyses and calculations show that there are two types of metamorphic rock: ortho-and para-rocks in this region with the former being dominant. The results of trace element and REE analyses indicate that the original rocks are of multiple source with the continental tholeiites as the main source.