Experimental modal metasomatism of a spinel lherzolite and the production of amphibole-bearing peridotite

Experiments have been done which simulate the modal metasomatism of spinel lherzolite by partial melts of the subducted slab. The experiments were designed so that the metasomatizing melts were generated during the experiments by partial melting of a slab analog (basaltic composition amphibolite). The melts are thought to be representative of hybridizing melts in that they are derived by high-pressure partial melting under conditions appropriate to a hot slab geotherm. During the experiments, the melts infiltrate into and metasomatize a model depleted peridotite. Chemical modifications to minerals in the peridotite are of the same nature and extent as those found in naturally metasomatized spinel lherzolites. Modal metasomatism produced pargasitic amphiboles in runs at 1.5 GPa and in all but the highest temperature run at 2.0 GPa. The amphiboles are indistinguishable from amphiboles found in amphibole-bearing peridotites from supra-subduction zone environments. Systematic variations in amphibole composition suggest that the melt infiltration process in the experiments involved continuous modification of the composition of the infiltrating melt as observed around inferred quenched melt (i.c., amphibolite or amphibolite/clinopyroxenite) veins in xenoliths and massif peridotites. The compositions of the initial and final mineral phases in the experiments and those of the metasomatizing melts are used to derive amphibole formation reactions at 1.5 and 2.0 GPa that are similar in form to those inferred in studies of natural amphibole-bearing peridotites. The metasomatism reactions show that the extent of amphibole formation in peridotite at 1.5 and 2.0 GPa will, in general, be limited by clinopyroxene and spinel abundance.     

Petrology and geochemistry of Camiguin Island, southern Philippines: insights to the source of adakites and other lavas in a complex arc setting

Camiguin is a small volcanic island located 12 km north of Mindanao Island in southern Philippines. The island consists of four volcanic centers which have erupted basaltic to rhyolitic calcalkaline lavas during the last ∼400 ka. Major element, trace element and Sr, Nd and Pb isotopic data indicate that the volcanic centers have produced a single lava series from a common mantle source. Modeling results indicate that Camiguin lavas were produced by periodic injection of a parental magma into shallow magma chambers allowing assimilation and fractional crystallization (AFC) processes to take place. The chemical and isotopic composition of Camiguin lavas bears strong resemblance to the majority of lavas from the central Mindanao volcanic field confirming that Camiguin is an extension of the tectonically complex Central Mindanao Arc (CMA). The most likely source of Camiguin and most CMA magmas is the mantle wedge metasomatized by fluids dehydrated from a subducted slab. Some Camiguin high-silica lavas are similar to high-silica lavas from Mindanao, which have been identified as “adakites” derived from direct melting of a subducted basaltic crust. More detailed comparison of Camiguin and Mindanao adakites with silicic slab-derived melts and magnesian andesites from the western Aleutians, southernmost Chile and Batan Island in northern Philippines indicates that the Mindanao adakites are not pure slab melts. Rather, the CMA adakites are similar to Camiguin high-silica lavas which are products of an AFC process and have negligible connection to melting of subducted basaltic crust. Received: 27 February 1998 / Accepted: 27 August 1998     

Maestrichtian-Danian andesite series of the Eastern Sikhote Alin: Mineralogy,geochemistry, and petrogenetic aspects

In the stratigraphic sequence of volcanic rocks in the Eastern Sikhote Alin, Maestrichtian-Danian predominantly andesitic volcanics are characterized by a boundary position between the Late Cretaceous subduction, mostly acid volcanic rocks and Cenozoic post-subduction basaltoids. Data on these rocks are important for elucidating the genesis of andesitic magmas, constraining and specifying the geodynamic evolutionary stages in this territory, and revealing the conditions under which the parental melts of these rocks were derived and evolved. Results of detailed mineralogical and geochemical studies, including ICP-MS analysis for trace elements point to a hybrid character of the andesitic volcanic rocks and an important role of fractional crystallization and crustal contamination in their genesis. Although geological evidence (variations in the style of volcanism, the composition of its products, and the character of their distribution) testifies to a change in the geodynamic environment in the Eastern Sikhote Alin in the Maestrichtian-Danian, geochemically the volcanics of this age range are typical subduction-related rocks with anomalously low concentrations of Nb and high contents of K, Ba, Rb, Pb, and U. The volcanic piles contain no adakites, which are indicators of the geodynamic environment in which slab windows are formed. The inconsistency between geological and geochemical indicators of the geodynamic environment suggests certain genetic features of the transitional magmatic series. The parental magmas of the andesitic volcanics were derived from the suprasubduction mantle wedge, which had been metasomatically recycled in the course of the dehydration and melting of the subducted oceanic slab. The increasing extension provided the possibility for the parental basaltic magmas to enter upper crustal levels, where they could interact with the host rocks and form hybrid andesitic melts.     

长江中下游中生代安山质火山岩记录的新元古代大洋板片-地幔相互作用

大陆弧安山岩的形成是大洋板片向大陆边缘之下俯冲的结果,但是在具体形成机制上存在很大争议.针对这个问题,对长江中下游地区中生代安山质火山岩及其伴生的玄武质和英安质火山岩进行了系统的岩石地球化学研究,结果对大陆弧安山质火成岩的成因提出了新的机制.分析表明,这些岩石形成于早白垩世,它们不仅表现出典型的岛弧型微量元素分布特征,而且具有高度富集的Sr-Nd-Hf同位素和高的放射成因Pb以及高的氧同位素组成.通过全岩和矿物地球化学成分变化检查发现,地壳混染和岩浆混合作用对其成分的富集特征贡献有限,而其岩浆源区含有丰富的俯冲地壳衍生物质才是其成分富集的根本原因.虽然这些火山岩的喷发年龄为中生代,但是其岩浆源区形成于新元古代早期的华夏洋壳俯冲对扬子克拉通边缘之下地幔楔的交代作用.大陆弧安山岩地幔源区中含有大量俯冲洋壳沉积物部分熔融产生的含水熔体,显著区别于大洋弧玄武岩的地幔源区,其中只含有少量俯冲洋壳来源的富水溶液和含水熔体.正是这些含水熔体交代上覆地幔楔橄榄岩,形成了不同程度富集的超镁铁质-镁铁质地幔源区.在早白垩纪时期,古太平洋俯冲过程的远弧后拉张导致中国东部岩石圈发生部分熔融,其中超镁铁质地幔源区熔融形成玄武质火山岩,镁铁质地幔源区则熔融形成安山质火山岩.因此,大陆弧安山岩成因与大洋弧玄武岩一样,可分为源区形成和源区熔融两个阶段,其中第一阶段对应于俯冲带壳幔相互作用.      

Fluid-mobile trace element constraints on the role of slab melting and implications for Archaean crustal growth models

We use published and new trace element data to identify element ratios which discriminate between arc magmas from the supra-subduction zone mantle wedge and those formed by direct melting of subducted crust (i.e. adakites). The clearest distinction is obtained with those element ratios which are strongly fractionated during refertilisation of the depleted mantle wedge, ultimately reflecting slab dehydration. Hence, adakites have significantly lower Pb/Nd and B/Be but higher Nb/Ta than typical arc magmas and continental crust as a whole. Although Li and Be are also overenriched in continental crust, behaviour of Li/Yb and Be/Nd is more complex and these ratios do not provide unique signatures of slab melting. Archaean tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorites (TTGs) strongly resemble ordinary mantle wedge-derived arc magmas in terms of fluid-mobile trace element content, implying that they did not form by slab melting but that they originated from mantle which was hydrated and enriched in elements lost from slabs during prograde dehydration. We suggest that Archaean TTGs formed by extensive fractional crystallisation from a mafic precursor. It is widely claimed that the time between the creation and subduction of oceanic lithosphere was significantly shorter in the Archaean (i.e. 20 Ma) than it is today. This difference was seen as an attractive explanation for the presumed preponderance of adakitic magmas during the first half of Earth's history. However, when we consider the effects of a higher potential mantle temperature on the thickness of oceanic crust, it follows that the mean age of oceanic lithosphere has remained virtually constant. Formation of adakites has therefore always depended on local plate geometry and not on potential mantle temperature.     

变质玄武岩体系相平衡及矿物 熔体微量元素分配：限定TTG/埃达克岩形成条件和大陆壳生长模型

埃达克质岩石是高Na、Al和Sr、低Y和HREE以及Nb、Ta亏损的钠质花岗质岩石,奥长花岗岩-英云闪长岩-花岗闪长岩(TTG)是早期(太古宙)大陆壳主要组分,成分与埃达克质岩石相似,这些成分独特的岩石总体上认为是俯冲洋壳、下地壳和拆沉的下地壳中变质玄武岩部分熔融的产物。文中综述我们近年来在变质玄武岩体系相平衡和矿物-熔体微量元素分配实验研究成果:相平衡实验和熔体微量元素特征研究表明,变质玄武岩部分熔融过程中金红石是导致TTG/埃达克岩浆Nb、Ta亏损的必要残留矿物,从而否定了前人“TTG由无金红石的角闪岩熔融产生”的观点;证实金红石仅仅在压力1.5GPa以上才能稳定存在,从而限定TTG/埃达克岩熔体必定产生在大约50km以上,表明TTG/埃达克岩是在相对较深的含金红石榴辉岩相条件下熔融产生的。矿物(石榴子石、角闪石,单斜辉石和金红石)-熔体微量元素分配系数测定和部分熔融模拟结果进一步限定俯冲洋壳和下地壳起源的TTG/埃达克岩浆由含金红石角闪榴辉岩熔融产生,而拆沉下地壳起源的埃达克岩浆的产生要求软流圈地幔高温,由无水或含有少量含水矿物的榴辉岩熔融产生。     

中国东部富钾埃达克岩成因的实验约束

Adakite在地球化学上具明显特征的火山岩和深成花岗岩类岩石，见于洋内岛孤环境和大陆孤，如安底斯孤。在洋内岛孤，由热的消减的大洋岩石圈熔融形成（叫做“板片熔融”），而在大陆孤，熔融曾发生在构造或岩浆加厚的下地壳底（叫做“下地壳熔融”）。在这两种产状环境中，adakite的鲜明地球化学特征被认为是起因子，一种不同程度含水的变质基性原岩在足够深度上的部分熔融，这里的足够深度是指可使石榴子石在残余结晶组合（即石榴角闪石和/或榴辉石的残余）中保持稳定的深度。“原始”或“母”adakite熔体一旦形成，便可能在其向上运移和侵位上地壳期间受到同化作用（或是地幔，或是大陆物质）和结晶分异作用的改造。中国东部晚中生代（早中白垩世，160-110Ma）的adakite,与见于同一地区和其它地方的钠质adakite相比，通常富含钾(K2O)和其它大离子亲石元素（如Ba,Th,U），有较低的Na2O/K2O比值（-1.0-1.1）,类似于玄武岩在石榴角闪岩-榴辉岩相含水熔融实验中所产生adakite熔体，要么是由洋壳板片熔融所形成，要么是由不同成分的玄武质下地壳原岩部分熔融所形成。尽管有些成分差异，它们的总体化学特征仍然可将中国东部的富钾花岗岩类岩石定均adakite。我们把这些富钾的adakite的独特化学行特征，归因于成分来源的特殊性，或adakite母岩浆遭受了同化混染和结晶分异(AFC)作用的改造。虽然中国东部与消减带环境明显不同这一点表明，那里的adakite可由板块底部侵位的（岩浆加厚的）镁铁质下地壳部分熔融所形成，但燕山运动期间中国东部存在“平坦”俯冲的地球动力学环境是可能被排除的。     

俯冲带复杂的壳幔相互作用

俯冲带除俯冲板片脱水形成的富大离子亲石元素流体、交代地幔楔形成的岛弧钙碱性玄武岩安山岩-英安岩-流纹岩及相应侵入岩组合外，还存在由俯冲扳片熔融形成的埃达克质熔体交代地慢楔形成的埃达克岩-富铌玄武岩-富镁安山岩组合，从而构成了俯冲带的流体交代与熔体交代两大类壳慢相互作用体系及相应的岩石组合。熔体交代作用的显著特点是Mg、高场强元素Nb、Ti、P等含量增加，Nd／Sr值增高，而Si、K、Na及La／Yb降低。洋壳板片或洋脊俯冲、玄武质岩浆底侵使地壳增厚，或板片断离、撕裂等作用均可产生埃达克质熔体并随之产生熔体交代作用。流体和熔体与地幔橄揽岩的相互作用构成了俯冲带复杂的地球化学体系。     

拉萨地块北缘早白垩世晚期地壳生长:来自改则亚多～106Ma侵入岩的证据

北部拉萨地块晚中生代的地壳生长时间和机制存在争论。本文报道了北部拉萨地块的改则亚多侵入体的年代学、地球化学资料。改则亚多侵入体形成于早白垩世晚期(~106 Ma),其岩石类型包括二长闪长岩、闪长岩、花岗闪长斑岩、花岗斑岩。岩石属于钙碱性系列岩石,显示轻稀土富集,Nb和重稀土亏损,其中花岗闪长斑岩、花岗斑岩显示了埃达克质岩的地球化学特征。主体岩石样品具有一致的εNd(t)(2.65~1.42)和(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)i(0.7045~0.7049)。二长闪长岩、闪长岩由俯冲流体交代的地幔橄榄岩熔融产生的玄武质岩浆经过地壳混染和分离结晶作用形成。花岗闪长斑岩、花岗斑岩由增厚的新底侵玄武质下地壳熔融形成。早白垩世晚期(118~105 Ma),俯冲的班公湖–怒江特提斯洋岩石圈板片后撤过程中,诱发软流圈上涌,导致其上覆地幔熔融或其自身发生减压熔融,来自亏损地幔的岛弧岩浆连续底侵加入到北部拉萨地块的地壳或喷出地表,导致了该区在晚中生代的地壳生长。     

南菲律宾地区类埃达克岩和富铌玄武质熔岩的成因

埃达克岩（adakite)最初 是指由消减板片玄武岩物质熔融形成的富硅、富钠、高Sr/Y和La/Yb比值的弧火山熔岩。它通常产在会聚带，这个部位的年轻的、因而仍然是热的大洋板片正在发生俯冲消减。富铌的岛弦玄武央进则是吕等到高碱的镁铁质熔岩，它们相对于正常的岛弦玄武岩含有较多的高场强元素（HFSE）。这些玄武岩通常与埃达克央共生， 这一组合是直被用于论证他们的高HFSE含量是因为他们的地幔源区受到板片来源的熔体的交代。先前的区域研究结果表明，南菲律宾是埃达克岩和富铌岛孤玄武岩的一个典型产地。然而最近的详细研究显示，尽管该地区的一些岛弧火山岩是类埃达克岩的，但是它们很可能是来自地幔楔的母岩浆的分异作用的产物，而这里的地幔楔主要是受沉积来源的成分交代的，此外，菲律宾南部最典型的富铌熔岩中HFSE的富集，也很有可能是起因于似乎是西太平洋边缘特有的富集地幔组分的熔融。这些结果提出了如下问题：南菲律宾是否存在真正的板片来源的熔体？这里的富铌岛弧 熔岩是否起因于地幔楔被这种熔体交代？     

江西会昌盆地晚白垩世站塘高钠埃达克质岩石的地球化学特征及岩石成因

江西会昌盆地晚白垩世喷发的站塘安山岩,其形成与晚中生代岩石圈伸展和玄武质岩浆的底侵作用有关。这些岩石是高Na(6.59%～8.46%Na2O)、高Al的奥长花岗质岩石,具有与埃达克岩相似的高Sr和Ba、低Y和HREE、高Sr/Y和La/Yb比等特点。与埃达克岩相比,它们的Na2O较高而CaO较低,其εNd(t)值-2.3～-3.8和87Sr/86Sr初始比值0.707～0.708也与具大洋同位素组成特征的埃达克岩有明显区别。这些化学的和同位素特征,表明它们并非消减板片部分熔融的产物。站塘埃达克质岩浆可能源自底侵玄武质下地壳,其异常的高Na和低Ca特点反映其源岩成分的特殊性。因其成分与由实验产生的富碱玄武岩部分熔融体组成相当,因此,我们认为站塘高钠安山质岩浆可能是富碱玄武质岩石部分熔融的产物。     

Drastic shift in lava geochemistry in the volcanic-front to rear-arc region of the Southern Kamchatkan subduction zone: Evidence for the transition from slab surface dehydration to sediment melting

The shift of lava geochemistry between volcanic front to rear-arc volcanoes in active subduction zones is a widespread phenomenon. It is somehow linked to an increase of the slab surface depth of the subducting oceanic lithosphere and increasing thickness of the mantle wedge and new constraints for its causes may improve our understanding of magma generation and element recycling in subduction zones in general. As a case study, this paper focuses on the geochemical composition of lavas from two adjacent volcanic centres from the volcanic front (VF) to rear-arc (RA) transition of the Southern Kamchatkan subduction zone, with the aim to examine whether the shift in lava geochemistry is associated with processes in the mantle wedge or in the subducted oceanic lithosphere or both. The trace element and O-Sr-Nd-Hf-Pb (double-spike)-isotopic composition of the mafic Mutnovsky (VF) and Gorely (RA) lavas in conjunction with geochemical modelling provides constraints for the degree of partial melting in the mantle wedge and the nature of their slab components. Degrees of partial melting are inferred to be significantly higher beneath Mutnovsky (∼18%) than Gorely (∼10%). The Mutnovsky (VF) slab component is dominated by hydrous fluids, derived from subducted sediments and altered oceanic crust, eventually containing minor but variable amounts of sediment melts. The composition of the Gorely slab component strongly points to a hydrous silicate melt, most likely mainly stemming from subducted sediments, although additional fluid-contribution from the underlying altered oceanic crust (AOC) is likely. Moreover, the Hf-Nd-isotope data combined with geochemical modelling suggest progressive break-down of accessory zircon in the melting metasediments. Therefore, the drastic VF to RA shift in basalt chemistry mainly arises from the transition of the nature of the slab component (from hydrous fluid to melt) in conjunction with decreasing degrees of partial melting within ∼15 km across-arc. Finally, systematic variations of key inter-element with high-precision Pb-isotope ratios provide geochemical evidence for a pollution of the Mutnovsky mantle source with Gorely melt components but not vice versa, most likely resulting from trench-ward mantle wedge corner flow. We also present a geodynamic model integrating the location of the Mutnovsky and Gorely volcanic centres and their lava geochemistry with the recently proposed thermal structure of the southern Kamchatkan arc and constraints about phase equilibria in subducted sediments and AOC. Herein, the slab surface hosting the subducted sediments suffers a transition from dehydration to melting above a continuously dehydrating layer of AOC. Wider implications of this study are that an onset of (flush-) sediment melting may ultimately be the main trigger for the VF to RA transition of lava geochemistry in subduction zones.     

Geochemical response of magmas to Neogene–Quaternary continental collision in the Carpathian–Pannonian region: A review

The Carpathian–Pannonian Region contains Neogene to Quaternary magmatic rocks of highly diverse composition (calc-alkaline, shoshonitic and mafic alkalic) that were generated in response to complex microplate tectonics including subduction followed by roll-back, collision, subducted slab break-off, rotations and extension. Major element, trace element and isotopic geochemical data of representative parental lavas and mantle xenoliths suggests that subduction components were preserved in the mantle following the cessation of subduction, and were reactivated by asthenosphere uprise via subduction roll-back, slab detachment, slab-break-off or slab-tearing. Changes in the composition of the mantle through time are evident in the geochemistry, supporting established geodynamic models.Magmatism occurred in a back-arc setting in the Western Carpathians and Pannonian Basin (Western Segment), producing felsic volcaniclastic rocks between 21 to 18 Ma ago, followed by younger felsic and intermediate calc-alkaline lavas (18–8 Ma) and finished with alkalic-mafic basaltic volcanism (10–0.1 Ma). Volcanic rocks become younger in this segment towards the north. Geochemical data for the felsic and calc-alkaline rocks suggest a decrease in the subduction component through time and a change in source from a crustal one, through a mixed crustal/mantle source to a mantle source. Block rotation, subducted roll-back and continental collision triggered partial melting by either delamination and/or asthenosphere upwelling that also generated the younger alkalic-mafic magmatism.In the westernmost East Carpathians (Central Segment) calc-alkaline volcanism was simultaneously spread across ca. 100 km in several lineaments, parallel or perpendicular to the plane of continental collision, from 15 to 9 Ma. Geochemical studies indicate a heterogeneous mantle toward the back-arc with a larger degree of fluid-induced metasomatism, source enrichment and assimilation on moving north-eastward toward the presumed trench. Subduction-related roll-back may have triggered melting, although there may have been a role for back-arc extension and asthenosphere uprise related to slab break-off.Calc-alkaline and adakite-like magmas were erupted in the Apuseni Mountains volcanic area (Interior Segment) from15–9 Ma, without any apparent relationship with the coeval roll-back processes in the front of the orogen. Magmatic activity ended with OIB-like alkali basaltic (2.5 Ma) and shoshonitic magmatism (1.6 Ma). Lithosphere breakup may have been an important process during extreme block rotations (60°) between 14 and 12 Ma, leading to decompressional melting of the lithospheric and asthenospheric sources. Eruption of alkali basalts suggests decompressional melting of an OIB-source asthenosphere. Mixing of asthenospheric melts with melts from the metasomatized lithosphere along an east–west reactivated fault-system could be responsible for the generation of shoshonitic magmas during transtension and attenuation of the lithosphere.Voluminous calc-alkaline magmatism occurred in the Cãlimani-Gurghiu-Harghita volcanic area (South-eastern Segment) between 10 and 3.5 Ma. Activity continued south-eastwards into the South Harghita area, in which activity started (ca. 3.0–0.03 Ma, with contemporaneous eruption of calc-alkaline (some with adakite-like characteristics), shoshonitic and alkali basaltic magmas from 2 to 0.3 Ma. Along arc magma generation was related to progressive break-off of the subducted slab and asthenosphere uprise. For South Harghita, decompressional melting of an OIB-like asthenospheric mantle (producing alkali basalt magmas) coupled with fluid-dominated melting close to the subducted slab (generating adakite-like magmas) and mixing between slab-derived melts and asthenospheric melts (generating shoshonites) is suggested. Break-off and tearing of the subducted slab at shallow levels required explaining this situation.     

Relations between subduction, slab heating, slab dehydration and continental growth

The hydrated altered basalts of the oceanic crust, if subducted, could release large volumes of water during their phase transformations and partial melting reactions. If heat from shear strain recrystallizations largely heats the altered basaltic layer, only a 2 km thick layer could be heated significantly before the slab reaches 80–125 km depth. Most of the released waters should be driven into the deeper but cooler regions at the slab and andesitic-tonalitic partial melts should form in the heated altered basalt layer. Large volumes of water initially at the surface could be added to the mantle and tonalitic partial melts could be lost from the oceanic crust and added to the continental plate and could account for continental growth.     

埃达克质岩的构造背景与岩石组合

本文介绍了埃达克质岩形成的构造背景与岩石组合。埃达克质岩可以形成于不同的构造背景并与不同类型的岩石同时出现：1）火山弧环境中常出现埃达克质岩一高镁安山岩-富Nb玄武质岩组合,它的形成可能与板片熔融以及熔体一地幔橄榄岩的相互作用有关;2）大陆活动碰撞造山带环境（如羌塘）中埃达克质岩常与同期钾质或橄榄玄粗质岩共生,这可能与俯冲陆壳熔融和俯冲陆壳熔体交代的地幔橄榄岩熔融有关;3）造山带伸展垮塌环境（如大别山）中埃达克质岩会伴随有镁铁质一超镁铁质岩浆出露,增厚下地壳产生埃达克质岩浆后的榴辉岩质残留体拆沉进入地幔,与地幔橄榄岩的混合可能形成后期镁铁质一超镁铁质岩浆的源区;4）大陆板内伸展环境中埃达克质岩常与同期橄榄玄粗质的岩石共生,增厚、拆沉下地壳,以及富集地幔的熔融或岩浆混合在岩石的成因中发挥了重要作用。     

Post-collisional adakitic volcanism in the eastern part of the Sakarya Zone, Turkey: evidence for slab and crustal melting

New geochemical and isotopic data for post-collisional Early Eocene and Late Miocene adakitic rocks from the eastern part of the Sakarya Zone, Turkey, indicate that slab and lower crustal melting, respectively, played key roles in the petrogenesis of these rocks. The Early Eocene Yoncal?k dacite (54.4 Ma) exhibits high Sr/Y and La/Yb ratios, low Y and HREE concentrations, moderate Mg# (44–65), and relatively high εNd and low ISr values, similar to adakites formed by slab melting associated with subduction. Geochemical composition of the Yoncal?k dacite cannot be explained by simple crystal fractionation and/or crustal contamination of andesitic parent magma, but is consistent with the participation of different proportions of melts derived from subducted basalt and sediments. Sr/Y correlates horizontally with Rb/Y, and Pb/Nd correlates vertically with Nd isotopic composition, indicating that Sr and Pb budgets are strongly controlled by melt addition from the subducting slab, whereas positive correlations between Th/Nd and Pb/Nd, and Rb/Y and Nb/Y point to some contribution of sediment melt. In addition to low concentrations of heavy rare earth elements (~2–3 times chondrite), a systematic decrease in their concentrations and Nb/Ta ratios with increasing SiO₂ contents suggests that slab partial melting occurred in the garnet stability field and that these elements were mobilized by fluid flux. These geochemical and isotopic signatures are best explained by slab breakoff and fusion shortly after the initiation of collision. Although the Late Micone Tavda?? rhyolite (8.75 Ma) has some geochemical features identical to adakites, such as high Sr/Y and La/Yb ratios, low Y and HREE concentrations, other requirements, such as sodic andesite and/or dacite with relatively high MgO and Mg# (>50), relatively high Ni and Cr, low K₂O/Na₂O (<0.4), high Sr (>400 ppm), for slab-derived adakites are not provided. It is sodic in composition and shows no traces of fractionation from dacitic parent magma. Low Nd and high Sr isotope ratios suggest derivation by partial fusion of calc-alkaline, juvenile crust with high Sr/Y and La/Yb ratios.     

Reaction between slab-derived melts and peridotite in the mantle wedge: experimental constraints at 3.8 GPa

Laboratory experiments on natural, hydrous basalts at 1–4 GPa constrain the composition of “unadulterated” partial melts of eclogitized oceanic crust within downgoing lithospheric slabs in subduction zones. We complement the “slab melting” experiments with another set of experiments in which these same “adakite” melts are allowed to infiltrate and react with an overlying layer of peridotite, simulating melt:rock reaction at the slab–mantle wedge interface. In subduction zones, the effects of reaction between slab-derived, adakite melts and peridotitic mantle conceivably range from hybridization of the melt, to modal or cryptic metasomatism of the sub-arc mantle, depending upon the “effective” melt:rock ratio. In experiments at 3.8 GPa, assimilation of either fertile or depleted peridotite by slab melts at a melt:rock ratio 2:1 produces Mg-rich, high-silica liquids in reactions which form pyrope-rich garnet and low-Mg# orthopyroxene, and fully consume olivine. Analysis of both the pristine and hybridized slab melts for a range of trace elements indicates that, although abundances of most trace elements in the melt increase during assimilation (because melt is consumed), trace element ratios remain relatively constant. In their compositional range, the experimental liquids closely resemble adakite lavas in island-arc and continental margin settings, and adakite veins and melt inclusions in metasomatized peridotite xenoliths from the sub-arc mantle. At slightly lower melt:rock ratios (1:1), slab melts are fully consumed, along with peridotitic olivine, in modal metasomatic reactions that form sodic amphibole and high-Mg# orthopyroxene.     

含水大陆下地壳的部分熔融：大别山C型埃达克岩成因探讨

       根据大陆下地壳的成分、含水基性岩体系部分熔融的基本原理和实验岩石学资料,本文对大陆下地壳的熔融机制展 开了讨论,并在此基础上对比实验熔体与大别山C 型埃达克岩的成分,进而探讨约束源岩成分、熔融的温压条件和部分熔 融程度。研究结果表明,大陆下地壳总体上是中- 基性（SiO2　50%~60% ）和含少量水的,在缺乏流体相条件下伴随含水 矿物脱水的部分熔融是下地壳产生含水长英质熔体和无水残留体的主要机制。角闪岩在中等压力下（1.0~1.2 GPa,相当于 35~40 km）理论上能够产生石榴石含量超过~20% 的熔融残余,从而使得与之平衡的长英质熔体具有低Y,高Sr/Y 和La/Yb 比值等埃达克岩特征。基于水活度模型和变质基性岩p -t 相图的估算显示,含有40%~60% 角闪石的源岩（含水0.8%~1.2%） 在~950 ℃能够得到最大为15%~20% 的熔体,该熔体分数满足熔体分离的要求。大别山C型埃达克岩主要为高钾钙碱性系 列（K2O 3.5%~5%）,与实验熔体成分的对比可知,其无法由低钾源岩在合理的部分熔融程度形成。根据钾在角闪岩部分熔 融过程过表现为强不相容元素的原理,利用合理假设的残余体组合得到的分配系数,估算K2O 含量为~1% 的源岩在熔融程 度为15%~20% 的情况下能够得到类似大别山C 型埃达克岩成分的熔体。     

The influence of water on melting of mantle peridotite

This experimental study examines the effects of variable concentrations of dissolved H₂O on the compositions of silicate melts and their coexisting mineral assemblage of olivine + orthopyroxene ± clinopyroxene ± spinel ± garnet. Experiments were performed at pressures of 1.2 to 2.0 GPa and temperatures of 1100 to 1345 °C, with up to ∼12 wt% H₂O dissolved in the liquid. The effects of increasing the concentration of dissolved H₂O on the major element compositions of melts in equilibrium with a spinel lherzolite mineral assemblage are to decrease the concentrations of SiO₂, FeO, MgO, and CaO. The concentration of Al₂O₃ is unaffected. The lower SiO₂ contents of the hydrous melts result from an increase in the activity coefficient for SiO₂ with increasing dissolved H₂O. The lower concentrations of FeO and MgO result from the lower temperatures at which H₂O-bearing melts coexist with mantle minerals as compared to anhydrous melts. These compositional changes produce an elevated SiO₂/(MgO + FeO) ratio in hydrous peridotite partial melts, making them relatively SiO₂ rich when compared to anhydrous melts on a volatile-free basis. Hydrous peridotite melting reactions are affected primarily by the lowered mantle solidus. Temperature-induced compositional variations in coexisting pyroxenes lower the proportion of clinopyroxene entering the melt relative to orthopyroxene. Isobaric batch melting calculations indicate that fluid-undersaturated peridotite melting is characterized by significantly lower melt productivity than anhydrous peridotite melting, and that the peridotite melting process in subduction zones is strongly influenced by the composition of the H₂O-rich component introduced into the mantle wedge from the subducted slab. Received: 7 April 1997 / Accepted: 9 January 1998