一次寒潮背景下降水相态变化特征分析

利用常规气象观测资料和NCEP再分析资料,对2013年4月18日到20日河南出现的一次区域性寒潮天气过程的环流背景、影响系统及寒潮期间降水多相态转换的成因进行了分析。结果表明:本次寒潮过程属于横槽转竖型,冷锋迅速南下,导致寒潮暴发;此次寒潮天气的大气温度层结存在逆温层结构特征,温度廓线的变化会导致降水相态发生变化;受低层冷空气持续影响,暖层强度即融化层遭到一定程度的破坏或消失,冷层即冻结层强度增强,0℃层高度下降,以致降水相态发生相应的改变;降水相态的变化与暖层温度及0℃层高度密切相关。根据本次寒潮过程中NCEP再分析数据得到:当降水相态为雨时,暖层温度≥2℃,0℃层高度≤975 h Pa;当降水相态为雪时,暖层温度≤-1℃,0℃层高度≌1000 h Pa;当降水相态为冰粒时,2℃≥暖层温度≥-1℃,1000 h Pa≥0℃层高度≥975 h Pa。     

安庆市降水相态识别判据研究

利用1999—2014年11月至翌年3月安庆站逐日地面气象观测资料和探空资料,分析了安庆站不同降水相态的时空分布特征和雨雪转换过程中影响系统的配置及转变,选取雨雪转换、降雪和冰粒(包括冻雨)3种天气现象,研究不同降水相态与特性层温度及厚度层结的关系。结果表明:1999—2014年安庆市固态降水集中出现在11月至翌年3月;有降水相态转换的过程中,将850hPa及以下各层温度与地面温度结合对降水相态转变的识别具有更好的效果,当T_(850hPa)≥-4℃、T_(925hPa)≥-4℃、T_(1000hPa)≥-1℃、T_(地面温度)≥1℃时可以判定降水相态为降雨,各层温度继续降低将出现雨转雪,直接降雪在以上指标的基础上需要850hPa的温度降至-6℃及以下;H_(850—700hPa)和H_(1000—850hPa)厚度层结雨雪转换的临界值分别为154dagpm、129dagpm,低于此值则为雪,反之为雨;0℃层高度也可以作为降水相态转换的指标之一,当0℃层高度下降至1000hPa左右时为雨转雪;降水过程中逆温层普遍存在,各种降水类型的区别在于冰粒(冻雨)在850—700hPa之间存在一个0℃以上的暖层,而降雪需要逆温层温度小于0℃。     

吉林省东南部山区雨或雨夹雪转雪天气特征分析及预报指标探讨

选取吉林省白山市东岗气象站2005-2011年降水和地面观测资料及欧洲高空温度实况资料,研究吉林省东南部山区雨雪相态转换与影响系统、温度垂直变化特征的关系,获得雨雪相态转换的温度指标。结果表明:白天雨转雪时,925h Pa温度≤3℃,850h Pa温度≤-2℃,700h Pa温度≤-9℃,地面温度基本都在0℃以上,最高5℃时仍可出现降雪,但80%≤3℃,这与吉林省中西部地区有明显不同。夜间雨转雪时,地面和925h Pa均≤2℃,850h Pa温度80%≤0℃,700h Pa温度80%≤-8℃。500h Pa温度雨雪转换的温度指标不明显。同时降水相态的温度指标白天和夜间有所不同,其中白天925h Pa和地面温度高于夜间,而850h Pa、700h Pa和500h Pa则是夜间高于白天。     

沙颍河流域一次基于高分辨资料的降水相态分析

利用常规气象资料、NCEP 0. 25°×0. 25°分析资料以及微波辐射计、风廓线雷达等高分辨率资料,采用诊断和统计方法,对2017年2月21日沙颍河流域一次雨雪过程中降水相态进行分析。结果表明:在高空低槽与东路冷空气共同作用造成雨雪天气的背景下,925 h Pa及以下冷高压底部的偏北冷空气造成低层持续降温,导致降水相态变化。过程前期700 h Pa以下为强暖平流,冷平流在900 h Pa以下且较为浅薄,温度层结为冷层-暖层-冷层-暖层,冰晶粒子下落融化形成雨滴。降水中后期冷平流发展强烈导致温度迅速下降,整层温度变为冷层,导致相态为雪;即使下游局部地区仍有暖层,但暖层浅薄、低层冷层深厚,相态也为雪。雨雪转换时0℃层高度下降明显,降雨阶段0℃层在抬升凝结高度以上,降雪阶段0℃层降到抬升凝结高度以下; 0℃层亮带回波在相态转换时出现明显变化,其亮带高度逐渐降低。微波辐射计的温湿廓线、云底高度以及液态水等在雨雪转换中均有显著变化,液态水含量在雨雪转变时迅速增大。风廓线风场定性反映了冷空气持续南下,低层冷垫增厚,导致相态转变以及降水强度增加;风廓线速度定量反映出降雨和降雪之间的差异,降雨速度范围为1. 5～7. 0 m·s-1,降雪速度范围在0. 25～1. 5 m·s-1;雨雪转换时下落速度明显减小,可用于相态转变的监测和预报。     

黄山地区冬半年降水相态判据研究

利用2008—2018年逐年11月至翌年3月常规气象观测资料,从天气形势配置、降水相态与特征层气温、0 ℃层高度和层结厚度的关系等进行分析,归纳了黄山地区冬半年雨、冻雨、雨夹雪和雪四类降水相态的判别依据,并利用一次雨雪转换天气过程对判据进行了检验。结果表明,黄山地区固态降水和固液混合型降水主要发生在1—2月。850 hPa高度层及以下各层气温对雨雪转换的判别效果较好,当850、925、1 000 hPa特征层气温和地面气温分别大于等于-3.9、-2.6、0.5、1 ℃时可判定为雨,各层气温继续降低将出现雨夹雪或雪。当0 ℃层高度在1 000 hPa高度层以上时可能出现雨,反之出现雨夹雪或雪。此外,厚度层结也能较好地区分雨和雨夹雪或雪。冻雨（冰粒）的判据与其他降水相态的判据不同之处是在700 hPa高度层附近存在融化层。判据能较好地区分黄山地区不同降水相态,但对冻雨和冰粒的识别能力相对较弱。     

东营一次初冬寒潮天气的降水相态分析

应用常规气象资料、自动站资料及T639资料,对2009年11月东营地区一次初冬寒潮天气背景下的降水相态进行了分析。结果表明：当冷空气路径偏西时,东营地区降温缓慢,加之低层东北风将渤海的相对暖气流吹至内陆地区,导致北部沿海地区不易出现降雪。通过分析出现不同降水相态的相邻地区空中和地面温度场发现：0℃层高度在边界层内高度,可以导致降水性质的不同;0℃层高度的变化,可以作为降水相态变化的依据;地面气温和低空温度,可以作为判断降水相态的依据。综合近年来东营市出现雨雪转换的天气个例,得到了降水相态的预报方法和雨雪转换的气象指标。     

山东冬半年降水相态的温度特征统计分析

采用济南和青岛1999-2011年的降水、高空和地面观测资料,研究了山东冬半年降水相态与影响系统的关系及温度垂直变化特征,获得不同降水相态的温度预报指标.结果表明:(1)降水相态变化与影响系统有关,江淮气旋和回流形势产生的大雪以上强降雪存在雨雪转换,低槽冷锋、黄河气旋和切变线(低涡)多产生中雪以下直接降雪.(2)无相态变化的降雪过程一般发生在温度较低、垂直变化单一的条件下,850 hPa以下各层均有明显温度阈值.(3)有相态转换的降雪过程中,850和925 hPa的温度对于雨、雪、雨夹雪的识别没有明显指示性,1000 hPa以下的温度最为关键,将925 hPa以下各层与地面的温度结合起来判别相态,较使用单一特性层温度更为可靠;冰粒区别于其他降水类型,在温度场上的显著特征为700 hPa的温度较高.(4)0℃层高度可用于雨雪转换指标:降雨时0℃层高于925 hPa或在925 hPa上下,当0℃层的高度降至1000 hPa上下时转为降雪.(5)雨夹雪和冰粒发生在有雨雪相态转换的降水过程中,为过渡形态,不会单独出现.     

广东近60年一次最大范围的降雪过程分析

利用地面、探空实时业务观测以及NCEP 1°×1°分析数据等资料,对2016年1月下旬寒潮过程地面气压场、过程最低气温、广东降雪空间分布、大气温湿结构以及天气系统等方面进行了分析,结果发现:该次寒潮过程广东地面气压突破了有气象记录(1951年)以来的历史极值,但大部分市县最低气温未破历史记录;降雪南界较历史南界(1951—2015年)明显南压,即西部压到信宜、阳春一带,中东部则南压到了沿海;t8500℃或t9250℃的单层温度指标难以判断广东雨雪相态;当高空整层温度都在0℃以下,且近地面0℃层高度低时降水相态多为雪,0℃层高度过高时则降水相态为雨,其余为雨夹雪(霰);当高空有暖层存在时,出现纯雪的可能性较小,若地面0℃层高度低,且高空暖层厚度位于其下方的冷冻层,则有雨夹雪(霰)的可能;降雪时大气湿度呈下干上湿状态,90%以上的高湿度区主要在800~500 h Pa之间;降雪时的辐合抬升主要发生在700~500 h Pa,中层的槽和西到西南急流是重要的动力因子。     

吉林省中部半山区降水相态特征及温度预报指标初探

本文以吉林省辽源站为代表,并选取辽源市2008-2012年降水、高空和地面实况观测资料,分析研究吉林省中部半山区降水相态(指雨或雨夹雪转雪,下同)的影响系统及温度变化特征,结果表明:500h Pa低涡槽(包括低槽)、850h Pa切变或低涡槽、地面气旋(蒙古气旋、华北气旋)等影响系统共同作用是辽源市雨雪相变天气过程的典型形势,但低层系统对降水相态的影响较高层系统更为明显。分析降水相态的温度变化特征得出雨或雨夹雪转雪时的温度阈值和预报指标为:T700≤-5℃;T850≤-1℃;T地面≤1℃。     

一次暴雪成因及相态演变分析

利用河南省地面气象站监测资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,探讨了2017年2月21日河南省暴雪成因及相态演变与温度的关系。结果表明:700hPa西南急流及850~925hPa的偏东急流为暴雪提供了充沛的水汽,东南部暖倒槽的发展为暴雪的产生提供了有利的动力抬升条件。700hPa与850hPa水汽通量散度辐合叠加区域与暴雪区对应较好。当2m温度大于1℃或700hPa以下温度均高于0℃时为雨;当2m温度小于-1℃时或700hPa以下温度均低于0℃时为雪;当2m温度在±1℃之间时,降水相态较复杂,要结合中低空的温度来确定降水相态,即近地层温度(1 000hPa以下)在1~2℃时,并且750hPa附近有高于2℃的暖温层时,降水相态为雨;若低于2℃则为雨夹雪或雪。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.