Zachery处理绿松石的探讨

现在市面上所谓的"美国松"其实大多经过一种Zachery的处理方法,本文采用放大观察、紫外-可见光谱仪、扫描电子显微镜、X荧光光谱仪、红外光谱仪等测试手段,对Zachery处理绿松石进行了宝石学、矿物学、化学成分和谱学特征的研究.结果显示,由于自然界产出的绿松石的光泽、结构、密度、硬度等变化范围较大,因此常规宝石学测试无法区分Zachery处理绿松石,紫外-可见光谱仪和红外光谱也无法鉴定Zachery处理的绿松石,只有X荧光光谱仪测试结果显示K⁺元素含量高以及扫描电镜显示表面具结晶现象可以作为绿松石经过Zachery处理的准确判断依据.     

丙烯酸酯类聚合物充填绿松石的红外光谱特征

丙烯酸酯类聚合物是绿松石充填处理常用的高分子聚合物。利用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪测试并研究各种用于绿松石充填处理的丙烯酸酯类聚合物的红外光谱以及经其充填处理后绿松石的红外光谱,寻找并总结出经过丙烯酸酯类聚合物充填处理后绿松石的红外光谱鉴定特征。研究发现,可用红外光谱中νs(CH2、CH3)吸收谱带与ν(C=O)吸收谱带的相对强弱来鉴别丙烯酸酯类聚合物充填处理的绿松石。     

基于气体吸附法和X射线Micro-CT三维成像技术定量解析天然和电化学处理绿松石孔隙特征

绿松石是一种多孔材料,其孔隙特征直接影响其颜色、光泽、硬度、耐久性等性质,进而影响其市场价值,电化学处理的主要目的是降低绿松石孔隙度从而使其耐久、保色。采用全自动比表面仪、X射线显微CT(Micro-CT)等测试分析手段,对电化学处理前后绿松石的孔隙特征进行了对比研究。比表面仪研究发现,电化学处理后的绿松石总孔隙度、总孔体积、平均孔径及比表面积均有一定程度的变化;吸附-脱附曲线高压区域天然绿松石吸附曲线斜率变大,而电化学处理绿松石吸附曲线斜率变小;天然绿松石孔径分布曲线为类抛物线,而电化学处理绿松石孔径分布曲线呈内凹曲线状。Micro-CT研究结果表明:天然绿松石中出现的由表面贯穿至内部的大孔洞,经电化学处理后孔洞被不完全充填;天然绿松石存在“流纹状”结构,孔隙沿“流纹”分布,而电化学处理绿松石的“流纹状”结构消失,孔隙分布杂乱无章。本研究首次从孔隙特征角度入手,发现天然绿松石与电化学处理绿松石在高压区域吸附曲线特征、50 nm孔径以上孔隙分布曲线、孔隙充填情况和内部结构等方面存在明显差异。通过检测绿松石的钾(K)含量,并结合孔隙特征差异,可以有效地对绿松石是否经过电化学处理进行检验判定。     

常见绿松石品种特征及充填处理的鉴定

总结了我国市场上大量常见的不同产地的天然绿松石的特征,同时对比我国市场常见的充填处理绿松石的特征,研究了天然与充填处理绿松石的一般鉴别特征,发现处理绿松石的颜色深浅、颜色分布、包裹体、外观与天然绿松石均有较大的区别。还利用红外光谱对天然的和充填处理的绿松石进行了测试,发现充填处理绿松石在1 735、1 600、1 500 cm^-1附近可见吸收峰,表明绿松石内部充填了人工类树脂,可作为鉴定充填处理绿松石的有力证据。     

应用FTIR-XRD-XRF分析测试技术研究新型仿制绿松石的矿物学特征

近年来绿松石及其仿制品的鉴定工作较多局限于应用傅里叶变换红外光谱对仿制品进行简单的筛选,前人报道的仿制绿松石的矿物组成主要为单一的矿物相(如异极矿、三水铝石、磷铝石、羟硅硼钙石、菱镁矿等)。本文应用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线粉晶衍射(XRD)与X射线荧光光谱(XRF)对当前珠宝市场上几种新型仿制绿松石进行了初步分类,并对不同类别的仿制绿松石的具体矿物组成、物相及晶型特征作了对比研究。结果表明,这些新型仿制绿松石可分为三大类:一类主要由硅酸盐(斜硅钙石)与碳酸盐(方解石)两种矿物组成;另一类为白云石与方解石两种碳酸盐矿物的混合相;第三类以硅酸盐类为主要矿物,并含有钡长石、辉石与石英。显然,新型仿制绿松石的矿物组成明显相异于传统仿制品,可见仿制绿松石的矿物组成日趋多样性、复杂化,该现状必然对新型仿制样品的物相鉴定提出了更高的要求。     

美国睡美人绿松石的宝石学矿物学特征研究

美国西南部亚利桑那州是高品质绿松石的主要产地之一.本文通过常规宝石学、紫外-可见分光光度法、X射线粉晶衍射、红外光谱、显微观察、波长色散X射线荧光分析等方法,对天然美国睡美人绿松石以及扎克里法处理、注胶处理的睡美人绿松石进行研究,测试分析其宝石学、矿物学特征,并对其颜色和高硬度成因进行探讨.结果显示,美国睡美人绿松石较其他产地绿松石结构致密,致蓝色元素(Cu²⁺)含量高,从而形成了其较高的硬度和纯净的蓝色.经过扎克里法和注胶处理的绿松石,其结构更为致密稳定,扎克里法处理绿松石中K元素含量增高,注胶处理绿松石的红外光谱在1 735 cm^-1处有特征的弱吸收带,为有机质胶中ν(C=O)伸缩振动所致.     

磷酸铝结合剂改性绿松石的结构特征

疏松绿松石经磷酸铝结合剂浸胶充填处理后,宝石学参数、力学和工艺性质均得到明显改善,与天然绿松石相仿.为查明这类改性绿松石的结构和探讨磷酸铝无机结合剂对绿松石的改善机理,采用环境扫描显微镜(ESEM)、差热分析(TG-DSC)、红外吸收光谱(IR)和X射线粉晶衍射分析方法(XRD),对此类浸胶充填处理后的绿松石结构、物相及热性质等特征进行了研究.结果显示充填入的磷酸铝结合剂呈凝胶状分布在绿松石微孔隙间,处理后绿松石的分子结构和矿物组构与处理前一致,但产生了一定程度的非晶质化,与磷酸铝结合剂的填充作用有关,即磷酸铝结合剂在固化过程中生成氢,结合形成无机网络高分子结构;处理后绿松石的热反应温度较处理前普遍有所降低,主要是由于添加入的磷酸铝结合剂具有较低的吸热反应温度所致.      

绿松石颜色指数分析

绿松石是一种由含铜、铝和水的磷酸盐矿物(CuAl6[PO4]4(OH)8·4H2O)组成的天然玉石原料。从石器时代到现在,绿松石已有6000～7000年的昌盛历史,特别是穆斯林国家,把它作为吉祥、辟邪的象征,相传古代由土耳其传往欧洲,又被称为"土耳其玉"。另外,绿松石还可做装饰品、雕刻材料等。世界上出产绿松石的国家主要有中国、美国、前苏联、埃及和伊朗等。中国绿松石矿早已驰名中外,主要分布在东秦岭,尤其集中在陕西与湖北交界的武当山隆起西南缘。绿松石最大的特点是它的颜色从天蓝到绿色醒目而明媚。随着自然科学的发展,对颜色的认识不断加深,从定性到定量颜色指数可以准确地描述颜色特征,笔者利用色度学原理,通过反射率测定,首次把金属矿物颜色指数分析方法应用于绿松石,分析了4个不同颜色绿松石的颜色指数,成功地实现了绿松石颜色的定量表示。     

利用磷酸二氢铝结合剂再造绿松石的矿物学研究

利用与绿松石化学成分相近的无机结合剂Al（H2PO4）3溶液及相关辅助材料,通过压制再造的方法对小颗粒绿松石废弃料进行了改善处理,提高了绿松石废弃料的品质,使其宝石学特征、工艺和力学性质得到了明显改善。为了研究压制再造绿松石的结构和Al（H2PO4）3结合剂对其的改善机理,采用环境扫描电子显微镜、红外吸收光谱、X射线粉末衍射和单矿物化学成分分析等方法对处理前、后绿松石样品的宝石学特征及结构物相等特征进行了测试与分析。结果显示,处理后的绿松石样品中P2O5和MgO的质量分数均有不同程度的升高,其它的主要化学成分则变化不大;Al（H2PO4）3结合剂呈凝胶状分布于绿松石微孔隙间,部分绿松石样品微晶可能发生了微弱的溶解重结晶反应;处理后绿松石样品的矿物组构和分子结构与处理前的一致。由于添加了Al（HPO）结合剂,促进了绿松石微晶面网（120）的发育。     

湖北、陕西一带绿松石的热性能及其共生矿物

我国的绿松石作为一种高档玉石已有数千年的开采历史,但对它的矿物学研究还很不够。最近,我们对湖北省郧县云盖寺,郧西县尧家坡、马家沟,竹山县喇嘛山,陕西省白河县月儿潭等地的绿松石进行了野外工作和室内鉴定,现报道如下。 一、地质概况 本区处于秦岭东段武当山复背斜西端。在背斜的南北两翼均有绿松石矿床出露。含绿松石的地层是下寒武统和下志留统的浅变质含碳硅质岩。在郧县、郧西一带,绿松石产于下寒武统水沟口组中。以云盖寺为例,含绿松石的地层是含碳硅质岩夹含碳硅质板岩,下部为厚层状含碳硅质岩,上部为碳质绢云母片岩。在竹山同一地层中有两个含矿层。在月儿潭,     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861