沁水盆地安泽地区煤层气富集主控地质因素

通过对沁水盆地安泽区块煤层气地质条件和储层条件的深入分析,探讨了该区煤层气的富集规律及主要影响因素。研究发现,煤的岩石学特征、构造、顶底板岩性是影响煤层气富集的主要因素。总体上,安泽区块煤储层含气量受煤阶影响,表现为：煤的变质程度越高,吸附能力整体增强,含气量增大。局部区域,煤层气含量受煤层埋深、断层、褶皱及煤层顶底板岩性等综合因素的影响。在构造平缓带,煤层气含量随埋深增大而增大;在构造活动带,正断层上升盘含气量明显低于下降盘含气量,断层对煤层气的逸散作用明显。此外,泥岩顶底板封盖较砂岩顶底板封盖能力强。     

Factors affecting the groundwater chemistry in a highly urbanized coastal area in Hong Kong: an example from the Mid-Levels area

Coastal areas of Hong Kong Island are one of the most extensively urbanized areas in the world. Groundwater samples in natural slopes and developed spaces in the regions centered by the Mid-Levels area, Hong Kong Island, were collected and analyzed to investigate the natural and anthropogenic processes affecting the groundwater chemistry. The results presented may be of value to other coastal areas in the world for the identification of possible groundwater contamination sources. Groundwater samples in the natural slopes were in low total dissolved solid (TDS) (<100 mg/l), indicating that the waters were in the early evolutionary stage. Using chloride as a normalizing factor, the “non-marine” components of different major ions in the samples were calculated. The correlation analysis indicated the occurrence of weathering of plagioclase feldspars in the natural slopes. However, the breakdown of biotite and K-feldspar seems to be limited by short groundwater residence time and high resistance to weathering. The high variety in hydrochemical facies may suggest the presence of extremely heterogeneous subsurface geological conditions. In the developed spaces, groundwater samples exhibited a high range of TDS (~100–5300 mg/l) and were mainly dominated by Na–Cl and Na–Ca–Cl water types. Besides water-rock interactions, the groundwater chemistry was significantly affected by leakage from service pipes and the dissolution of concrete materials. Some chemicals were used as signatures to identify the leakage from various service pipes. The area generally suffered from widespread, but small amount of leakages, and no obvious leakage was discovered. The strong correlations among major cations and chloride suggested that even a small amount of leakage from salty flushing water pipes can significantly affect the groundwater chemistry. Groundwater is found to be highly aggressive toward concrete as supported by three commonly used aggressiveness indices. Additional Ca²⁺ may be released to groundwater by corrosion of subsurface concrete materials such as building foundations and basements. The strength of those subsurface engineering structures may be weakened. Besides, excess Ca²⁺ may deposit in the dewatering systems in the area, which may affect their performance in lowering high water tables. The findings regarding leakage from service pipes will be useful for various government organizations such as the Water Supplies Department and Drainage Services Department. Discussion of the behavior of Ca²⁺ is instructional to foundation and slope dewatering designs in the area.     

基于Logistic-ISM模型的喀斯特地区农户石漠化治理行为影响因素及调控研究

喀斯特地区农户的石漠化治理行为对保障我国长江、珠江流域生态安全极为重要。为了深入了解农户石漠化治理行为的影响因素,促进石漠化治理政策的落实和治理工作的有效开发,本文选取了贵州省3个典型的石漠化县,晴隆县、关岭县、 黔西县为研究区,应用参与性农户评估法对437位农户开展治理行为调查。以调查数据为基础,结合运用Logistic回归模型与ISM分析方法研究农户石漠化治理行为的主要影响因素及其层次结构,实现对石漠化治理行为的剖析。分析结果显示:距最近乡集镇距离、是否自愿选择技术、接触信息次数、交流信息次数是表层直接影响因素,石漠化面积是中层间接因素,家庭农业收入、是否有科研治理项目、专家走访次数是深层根源因素。因此,农户农业收入低、资金投入匮乏和石漠化治理相关技术缺乏是导致农户石漠化治理积极性不够的根本原因。建议多渠道增加农民收入,以推动农户参与石漠化治理的积极性;改善农村基础设施条件以降低石漠化治理的成本;完善石漠化治理技术推广体系,提高农户石漠化治理技能。      

湖南桃源、慈利一带的晚寒武世地层及三叶虫序列

<正> 湘西北武陵山南麓,沿桃源、慈利两县边界的长约40km、宽10余km的范围内,寒武纪地层广泛出露。层序完整,尤以上寒武统发育为佳,为一套斜坡相的碳酸盐岩组成的地层,含丰富的过渡型三叶虫动物群。1965年湖南区测队曾在桃源汤家溪测制剖面,对本区的寒武系做过初步划分。1980年,笔者在慈利沈家湾和桃源瓦儿岗详测了两条上寒武     

Factors affecting the distribution of potentially toxic elements in surface soils around an industrialized area of northwestern Greece

In order to investigate the factors influencing the distribution of 32 potentially toxic elements in the Ptolemais–Kozani basin, northwestern Greece, 38 soil samples were collected and analyzed. Concentrations of Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Ti, Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, La, Li, Ni, Pb, Sc, Sr, V, Y, and Zn were determined by ICP-AES and concentrations of As, Bi, Cd, Cs, Mo, Rb, Sb, Th, Tl, and U by ICP-MS. Bivariate analysis, principal component analysis, and geostatistical analysis were employed to investigate the factors influencing the distribution of the elements determined in the study area. The results indicate that the distribution of the majority of elements determined, especially for Cr, Ni, and associated elements, is greatly influenced by the geology and geomorphology of the study area. Principal component analysis has yielded four factors that explain over 77% of the total variance in the data. These factors are as follows: lithophilic elements that are associated with Al silicates minerals of K (factor I: 29.4%), ultramafic rocks (factor II: 20.5%), elements that are coprecipitated with Fe and Mn oxides (factor III: 18.0%), and anthropogenic activities (factor IV: 9.3%). The anthropogenic activities that influence the distribution of several potentially toxic elements (i.e., Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn) are agricultural practices and the deposition of fly ash in the vicinity of the local power stations.     

Factors affecting zircon metamictization in granites

Characteristics of metamict zircon and its relationship to granites are reviewed. The degree of metamictization of zircon increases with increasing acidity and alkali contents of the granites. It is evident that zircon metamictization is caused mainly by radioactive radiation from radioactive elements contained in it rather than by hydrolysis.     

Lithofacies succession of maar crater deposits in the Eifel area (Germany)

ABSTRACT Maar craters often contain exceptionally preserved fossils and maar sediments may reflect detailed environmental changes. Volcanosedimentary processes in a Middle Eocene maar crater lake are illustrated by the deposits of Eckfeld Maar in the Tertiary Hocheifel Volcanic Field (Rhenish Massif, Germany). The maar origin of the basin is evident from a circular negative gravity anomaly which indicates a low-density funnel-shaped basin filling. From the facies analysis of an Eocene (Eckfeld) and a Pleistocene (Döttingen) maar we develop a lithozone classification for the interpretation of maar sediments: syn-/post-eruptive breccias are followed by a fining-upwards sequence of lacustrine mud with coarse layers and final swamp deposits. From the facies analysis and regional geological data we reconstruct the pre- to post-eruptive history of a maar crater prior to post-Eocene uplift. These observations can be used for the interpretation of Tertiary and Quaternary maar craters that are ideal fossil and sediment traps.     

Factors affecting trans-Tasman air services

International civil aviation is circumscribed by a plethora of bilateral air service agreements between sovereign nations. In recent years there has been a marked trend to liberalise these agreements as well as moves to create multilateral common markets as appear to be emerging in Europe. Airline managements are being given opportunities to implement operational strategies once severely proscribed in confidential memoranda of understanding lying behind the public bilateral documents. In keeping with the philosophy of extending the Closer Economic Relations (CER) agreement, Australia and New Zealand have been exploring the ramifications of bringing trade in air services within the ambit of CER. This paper examines some of the factors affecting the trans Tasman civil aviation environment and discusses the implications of modifications to air services in and between Australia and New Zealand.     

影响咸淡水界面水敏性的几个因素

文章通过砂柱的水击试验,对水流速度、盐浓度、pH值对咸淡水界面水敏性的影响进行了研究.试验结果表明,咸淡水界面上存在临界盐浓度值和临界流速值,当入流溶液浓度达到临界盐浓度和流速达到临界流速时,都会产生颗粒释放现象,导致砂柱的渗透率下降,水敏性发生.在相同的盐浓度和进水流速条件下,进水的pH值越低,颗粒释放的速度越慢,释放总量越少;进水的pH值越高,颗粒释放的速度越快,释放总量越多.     

湖北神农架西部南华纪地层序列及其区域对比

新元古代是地质历史时期气候变化最为剧烈的时期之一,在全球范围内留下了多次明显的冰川活动记录。以峡东地区为代表的鄂西地区新元古界是国际研究的经典和热点。然而,峡东地区新元古代地层序列并不完整,其毗邻的神农架西部地层序列更具代表性。位于鄂西神农架西部的高桥河剖面,其南华系超覆于中元古界神农架群基底之上,从下而上依次为莲沱组、古城组、大塘坡组和南沱组,上覆震旦系陡山沱组。通过与鄂西峡东地区、长阳地区的代表性剖面的区域地层对比,发现高桥河剖面的南华纪沉积地层序列最为连续,是鄂西地区新元古代最完整和最具代表性的地层序列之一,能够作为该区域新元古代地层划分和对比的参照标准,并为研究这一重大关键地质时期的极端古气候演变提供基础材料。     

黔南上司地区石炭系有孔虫:兼论华南维宪阶有孔虫生物地层序列

石炭纪时期有孔虫具有演化快、分布广、数量丰富、分异度高的特点,对于地层的划分对比具有极为重要的意义。与全球其他重要的石炭纪沉积区相比,华南有孔虫生物地层划分精度相对较低。本文首次较为系统地报道了华南石炭系代表性岩石地层单位旧司组和上司组下部丰富的有孔虫化石及其在剖面上的分布情况,并综合现有关于华南的有孔虫化石资料,将华南维宪阶划分为7个有孔虫化石带,自下而上分别为Eoparastaffella simplex带、Viseidiscus/Planoarchaediscus带、Paraarchaediscus带、Pojarkovella nibelis带、Koskinotextularia带、Bradyina带和Janischewskina带。这些有孔虫带可与全球其他典型的石炭纪沉积区进行很好的对比,从而为相关的研究提供一个较为精细的地层格架。通过对黔南上司地区有孔虫的研究,提议中国石炭系区域性年代地层单位上司阶底界可用有孔虫Bradyina的首现定义,并将上司阶与西欧的Warnantian亚阶中上部和俄罗斯的Aleksinian亚阶—Venevian亚阶对比,对应国际维宪阶上部,为全球石炭系年代地层对比提供了可靠的化石依据。     

多股水平淹没射流水力特性的影响因素研究

采用数值模拟和模型试验相结合的方法,分析了水股分层、坎高、出口体型和跌坎形式等因素对多股水平淹没射流的流态稳定性和水力特性的影响。研究表明,多股多层水平淹没射流较单层多股水平淹没射流流态稳定性好、临底流速低、消能率高,是一种高效的新型消能方式。结合试验结果,提出中孔泄槽以等宽或微收缩为宜、表中孔最优坎高差应大于中孔水流的主流水深、跌坎形式的选择应结合具体工程特点等建议。     

Factors affecting the kinematic interpretation of asymmetric boudinage in shear zones

Based on work along a major mylonite zone in the northern Appalachians and scale model studies, a new mechanism for the origin of asymmetric boudins in shear zones is proposed. Along the Honey Hill Fault in southern Connecticut, granitic sills intruded into calc-silicate gneisses and schists were oblique to the boundaries of the mylonite zone and experienced the following sequence in the production of sigmoidal boudins: (1) as the calc-silicate schists experienced mylonitization and flow, the more competent, coarse-grained granitic sills deformed by extensional fracturing and quartz veining; (2) continued extension of granitic sills was accommodated by ‘normal’ shear on early-formed quartz veins; (3) continuing extension of sills and ductile modification of the corners of boudins resulted in granitic ‘fish’ with tails which stream from the top of the boudin in the ‘down-dip’ direction and from the bottom in the ‘up-dip’ direction. Based on a variety of kinematic indicators, the sense of asymmetry of the tails is identical to that expected for recrystallization tails on sheared augen (σ structure). Models composed of silicone putty and Plasticine were created to investigate the effect of pre-shearing geometry on boudin evolution, and were deformed in a simple shear device. The models reproduce the kinematics deduced from field relations and suggest that one of the primary factors in controlling the amount of extension is the angle which early veins make with the shear zone boundary. Varying the angular relationships in the models suggests that other pre-shearing geometric factors may affect the geometry of boudins formed in this way. Boudins formed through this mechanism appear very similar to Hanmer's type II asymmetric boudins. Because the pre-shearing geometry can exert a control on boudin asymmetry, caution should be used when attempting to deduce shear sense or shear strain values from asymmetric boudinage.     

西藏冈底斯带中西部措麦地区林子宗火山岩地球化学特征及意义

广泛发育在西藏冈底斯带南部的林子宗火山岩被认为是印度与亚洲大陆碰撞的火山作用响应,对于揭示大陆碰撞的时限和过程具有重要的意义。但迄今对林子宗火山岩的系统研究主要局限于拉萨东北部的林周盆地林子宗火山岩的典型剖面,缺乏对冈底斯带中西部地区林子宗火山岩的系统研究。本文在已有区域地质填图研究的基础上,对冈底斯带中西部的措麦地区林子宗年波组火山岩(65～70Ma)进行了岩石学、元素与Sr-Nd-Pb同位素地球化学研究。措麦年波组主要为酸性火山岩、钙碱性和高钾钙碱性系列岩石,比林周盆地年波组更偏酸性,更富碱,显示出更明显的碰撞后加厚背景的火山岩特征。岩石富集大离子亲石元素Rb、Ba、Th、U,富集Pb,亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta、Ti、P,与林周盆地年波组相似,都具有典型的岛弧火山岩特征。措麦年波组火山岩具有更为富集的Sr-Nd-Pb同位素特征(87Sr/86Sr为0.709～0.727;εNd(0)为-9.7～-6.9),相对于东部林子宗火山岩,措麦的岩浆源区中更加富集地壳基底组分,表明冈底斯带南部地壳基底组成的不均一性。若冈底斯带南部的林子宗火山岩底部年龄可以代表印度与亚洲的碰撞起始时间,则措麦地区发生更早,可能预示着印度与亚洲大陆沿着雅鲁藏布缝合带发生的碰撞具有穿时性,中西部地区碰撞时间略早于东部。     

不同因素对砂岩含水层介质吸附铀的影响

铀矿开采过程中及井场退役后,含铀浸出液的扩散会对地下水造成一定影响,该影响范围和程度决定了铀的天然衰减特征。本文以北方某地浸铀矿区砂岩含水介质为研究对象,研究了溶液化学特征和黄铁矿含量对砂岩吸附和转化铀的影响。结果表明,砂岩颗粒对U(VI)的吸附基本在12 h可达平衡。线性等温吸附模型可以很好地描述吸附特征;砂岩颗粒对U(VI)的吸附率总体随着粒径增大而减小,当岩石粒径增大到0.200.25 mm时,吸附率趋于稳定。溶液pH值是影响吸附的主要因素,通过控制溶液中U(VI)的络合形态和岩石颗粒表面带电荷情况,在库仑力的作用下促进或者抑制吸附,在pH=6时,达到最佳吸附状态。共存离子对U(VI)吸附的抑制程度是: {\mathrm{HCO}}_3^{-}>Ca²⁺>Mg²⁺> {\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-}。 {\mathrm{HCO}}_3^{-}主要通过与 {\mathrm{UO}}_2^{2+}络合形成带负电荷的络合阴离子抑制U(VI)吸附。近中性pH值试验条件下,黄铁矿含量的增加对U的去除起到显著的促进作用,这种促进作用体现在吸附和还原作用,被吸附的Fe²⁺在吸附剂表面通过电子转移还原吸附态的U(VI),还原产物是UO_2+x,吸附和还原是个相互促进的过程;在弱碱性pH值试验条件下,黄铁矿对U(VI)去除的影响不明显,水解沉淀作用和较低的吸附率抑制了还原反应的发生。     

Factors affecting FFT gravimetric geoid determination precision

The Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) has become a routine mathematical tool for the refinement of the Earth's gravity field, such as the computation of precise gravimetric geoid and terrain corrections, particularly over a large area. This paper presents ideas and methodologies to evaluate the accuracy of geoid undulation computations using FFT. A global geopotential model is used as a ‘ground truth’ gravity field model to assess the geoid determination precision by using FFT technique. It is demonstrated that special considerations must be given for a high precision FFT gravimetric geoid determination. A maximum of a few decimetres error could be introduced by the FFT algorithm if the gravity anomalies are not long wavelength filtered and/or no zero padding is applied.     

Factors Affecting Methane Emission from Rice Paddies

A comparative study of rice paddies and the uncovered water field in Taoyuan(Hunan) showed that methane emission from rice-vegetated paddy fields in 1993 was different from that in 1992(I,e,lower in rates and irregular in pattern).Climate has obvious influence on methane emission .And ebullition made a considerable contribution to the total flux of methane emission from rice paddies (45%).This implies that the intensification of paddy cultivation of rice might not be,as was proposed,the main con-tributor to the observed gradual increasing of atmospheric methane.24-hour automatic measurements of atmospheric temperature,air temperature and methane concentration in the static sampling boxes revealed that temperature,in addition to fertilization and irrigation style,is one of the most important factors that control the emission of methane from rice paddies.     

南海天然气水合物稳定带的影响因素

文章利用南海所积累的大量热流、海底温度和地温梯度数据，针对地温梯度的变化，对地温梯度数据进行了初步校正。分情况研究了纯甲烷，甲烷、乙烷、丙烷混合物分别在纯水、海水条件下形成的天然气水合物在南海的可能分布范围；进而对影响天然气水合物分布的影响因素进行了讨论。研究表明，随着天然气中重烃含量的增加，孔隙水盐度的降低，水合物稳定带在平面上的分布范围越来越大，水合物稳定带的厚度也越来越大。比较而言，气体组成的影响要比孔隙水盐度的大。同时，天然气水合物稳定带的厚度与热流有一定的负相关关系。在南海2000m水深范围之内，由于受海底温度的控制，水合物稳定带的厚度与水深呈明显的正相关关系。     

纳米镍-铁去除四氯乙烯的影响因素

氯代烃是地下水中最常检出的有机污染物之一,传统的处理方法需要很长时间与大量经费。本文利用批实验的研究方法以四氯乙烯(PCE)为目标污染物,研究纳米镍铁在去除PCE过程中的影响因素。实验结果表明,暴露后的纳米镍铁脱氯速率比不暴露时速率降低约4倍;反应温度是影响反应速率的重要因素之一,每升高10℃,反应速率常数kSA提高2～3倍;在一定范围内,镍/铁质量比越高,越利于脱氯反应的快速进行,镍/铁的质量比为8%左右时,对氯代烃脱氯速率最快;反应液中的溶解氧不利于纳米颗粒对氯代烃的降解。