无机成因二氧化碳气的类型分布和成藏控制条件

从无机成因天然气成藏主控条件－气源断裂体系构造变形场的类型出发,综合分析了无机成因二氧化碳气藏的成因类型,分布规律和成藏控制条件等。结合实例对气源断裂体系结构作了剖析,指出二氧化碳气藏研究中值得重视的几个方面。     

黄骅坳陷二氧化碳气成因类型及分布规律

二氧化碳气是经济价值很高且应用前景十分广阔的非烃气体。黄骅坳陷二氧化碳气有多种成因类型,即有机成因、热变质成因和壳 幔混源成因,其中前两种分布较广泛。对于不同成因的二氧化碳气,其分布控制因素有所不同。有机成因二氧化碳气主要分布于生油凹陷周围,是烃类气体的次要伴生产物,并远离大断裂分布。热变质成因二氧化碳气主要分布在深部碳酸盐岩发育、岩浆活动较强烈的地区,并在大断裂附近富集;二氧化碳的含量比有机成因的高,但比壳 幔混源成因的低。壳 幔混源成因二氧化碳气主要出现在深大断裂附近,其分布虽然局限,但纯度是最高的。二氧化碳富集的地区常常是次生溶蚀作用较强的地区,因此也是寻找深部次生优质油气储层的有利地区。     

二氧化碳气成藏的断裂控制作用

对二氧化碳(CO_2)气成藏来说,各种级别不同性能断裂的存在是必不可少的条件,按其在成藏过程中功能的不同可以分为成气、疏气、储气和封气四种类型。断裂对幔源-岩浆成因CO_2气最重要的作用是对幔源气的运移疏导作用。幔源CO存在于地下深处,其释放的途径有两种:一是没有岩浆喷发和侵入的情况下,沿深断裂直接释放;二是在岩浆喷溢、侵入过程中冷却时释放的幔源气,断裂作为岩浆喷溢、侵入的通道。岩浆活动为幔源型CO_2成藏提供了主力气源,深大断裂为CO_2提供了运聚的通道和赋存的空间。断裂对变质成因CO_2气的最重要的作用是对CO_2气的生成和疏导作用。在动力变质作用中,断裂活动的构造热使碳酸盐岩分解释放CO_2,压扭性断裂带与张启性断裂的交汇带即成为变质成因CO_2的生成与排放中心;在接触变质作用,断裂不仅作为岩浆或高温热液的通道使得围岩变质释放CO_2,而且也是变质成因CO_2运移释放的通道。     

新疆西南天山金矿分布、类型和成矿条件

西南天山是我国重要金和有色金属矿产远景区。金矿点众多,具成带分布特点,主要分布在下古生界以及海西期花岗岩分布区,分岩浆水热、火山水热、沉积－变质（改造）、变质水热、地下热卤水溶滤、风化壳和砂金７种类型,其中最主要的是变质水热型和地下热卤水溶滤型。金成矿条件表明,金矿化具明显的层控性和时控性,主要赋矿层位有元古宇、志留系、泥盆系和石炭系,主成矿期为石炭纪—二叠纪;金成矿作用与岩浆活动有关;金矿在空间分布上明显受区域重大构造—热事件控制,多产于韧剪带、断裂破碎带、节理裂隙带、片理化带、接触带等构造部位。     

松南长岭断陷无机气成因类型及分布特征

对长岭断陷 CO2气地化分析表明,松南气田多数井的δ^13 Cco2值均大于-8×10^-3,均为无机成因,而东岭气田部分井的δ^13 Cco2值均小于-10×10^-3,属于有机成因。其中无机成因 CO2气体中 R/Ra 值均大于1,表明其无机成因 CO2都属于岩浆幔源成因。对长岭断陷地区钻井气测含量资料综合分析表明,无机成因 CO2气的平面展布特征可划分为：高含 CO2气区（＞90％）,位于中部及东北部,表现有 NNE-NE 向展布的趋势;中高含 CO2气区（70％-90％）,主要位于乾安次凹南部,总体表现为 NNW-近 SN 向展布;中低含 CO2气区（20％-50％）,主要分布于2个地区。红岗地区,以 NNE 向为主。腰英台-达尔罕地区,以近 SN 向为主;南部的低含 CO2气区。垂向上长岭断陷南北2个次凹中的 CO2产出层位显著不同。北部次凹内的产出层位较高,主要以泉头组及其上的青山口组为主。南部的无机 CO2气产出层位以断陷期营城组火山岩为主,少量为登娄库组。     

清河沿金矿的矿床成因和成矿类型

清河沿金矿产于中元古代长城系和蓟县系的碳酸盐岩地层中；区域上成矿受冷口大断裂控制；部分矿体产于角砾岩带中；具微弱低温热液蚀变；金在其中呈微细浸染状分布，这些特征同卡林型金矿的基本特征相同或相似。清河沿金矿应属卡林型金矿。根据清河沿金矿近矿围岩蚀变十分微弱和其中的金呈微细浸染状分布的特点。提出清河沿金矿中的金是以气态形式迁移和沉淀成矿的。并根据矿床成因特点指出在本区寻找卡林型金矿的找矿方向。     

热液金矿床的分布,地质成因类型和成矿体系的含矿性

对世界和独联体国家热液金矿床分布的分析表明，晚太古代、元古代、古生代、中生代和新生代成矿时代金矿化的强度有可比性。主要以大型矿床（〉１００ｔ）金的总储量（已开采的量加储量）的资料作为评价金矿化显示强度的根据。本文把金的富集划分为４个级别：１→１０００ｔ，２→１００ｔ，３→１０ｔ，４→１ｔ。划分了１６种地质成在型的热液金矿床。对于一般达到４０００ｔＡｕ不同种类成矿体系的极限含矿性作出评价。探讨了岩浆     

陆上、水下喷发成因火山岩储层发育特征和成藏控制因素对比分析

火山岩油气藏的研究一般以陆上喷发沉积的火山岩体为主,事实上全世界四分之三的火山活动是在水下发生的,只是水下喷发沉积的火山岩在各个方面的研究还比较少,在勘探中尚未引起注意。本文以三塘湖盆地石炭系火山岩油藏为例,对比分析了陆上与水下喷发沉积形成的火山岩在岩性、颜色、结构构造以及储集空间特征和地震反射特征等方面的差异,指出了三塘湖盆地石炭系哈尔加乌组火山岩为水下喷发环境形成。通过对研究区两种类型的火山岩油藏系统的研究,总结出了水下喷发沉积的火山岩储层的形成机理以及其形成规模油气藏的条件,为今后的火山岩油气藏的勘探指出了新的方向。     

陆上、水下喷发成因火山岩储层发育特征和成藏控制因素对比分析

火山岩油气藏的研究一般以陆上喷发沉积的火山岩体为主,事实上全世界四分之三的火山活动是在水下发生的,只是水下喷发沉积的火山岩在各个方面的研究还比较少,在勘探中尚未引起注意。本文以三塘湖盆地石炭系火山岩油藏为例,对比分析了陆上与水下喷发沉积形成的火山岩在岩性、颜色、结构构造以及储集空间特征和地震反射特征等方面的差异,指出了三塘湖盆地石炭系哈尔加乌组火山岩为水下喷发环境形成。通过对研究区两种类型的火山岩油藏系统的研究,总结出了水下喷发沉积的火山岩储层的形成机理以及其形成规模油气藏的条件,为今后的火山岩油气藏的勘探指出了新的方向。     

Origin of CO2 gas from the north depression of the middle fault zone in the Hailar-Tamtsag Basin and natural gas in nearby depressions

Natural gas pools with the high contents of CO2 were discovered during exploring the middle fault zone of the Hailar-Tamtsag Basin. So far this kind of gas reservoir with CO2 with characteristics of carbon isotope is spe-cial. The stable carbon isotope of CO2 in the study area is relatively light with δ13 CCO2 values ranging from -13.1‰ to -8.2‰. The 40Ar/36Ar values of associated argon gas range from 916 to 996, with R/Ra of 1.20-1.26. Based on comprehensive analysis, it is believed that the CO2 gas in this study area is of crust mantle source.     

川东北地区酸性气体中CO2成因与TSR作用影响

通过对川东北地区52个天然气样品化学组分和稳定碳同位素分析,天然气以烃类气体为主,且甲烷占绝对高含量,重烃气体甚微,干燥系数C1/C1+为0.989～1.0。非烃气体H2S和CO2含量变化较大,当二者含量大于5.0％时,具有较好的正相关性。川东北地区天然气中CO2主要包括碳酸盐岩热分解和TSR作用,其中碳酸盐岩热分解生成的CO2含量一般小于5.0％,13CCO2值小于-2‰,且CO2含量与13CCO2值具有正相关性;而TSR作用生成的CO2含量大于5.0％,13CCO2值多大于-2‰,且CO2含量与13CCO2值具有较弱的负相关性。CH4/CO2比值和（H2S+CO2）/（H2S+CO2+∑C1-3）比值能够较好地反映TSR作用程度;当CH4/CO2比值和（H2S+CO2）/（H2S+CO2+∑C1-3）比值分别小于10和大于0.1时,随着TSR作用增强,CH4/CO2比值减少,而（H2S+CO2）/（H2S+CO2+∑C1-3）比值呈指数增加。同时,遭受TSR作用改造的天然气具有较高CO2含量和重的13CCO2,造成13CCO2值与实验结果不一致性的可能原因是在TSR反应过程中部分CO2与硫酸盐中Mg2+、Fe2+和Ca2+等金属离子以碳酸盐的形式沉淀且残余的重碳同位素组成的CO2与酸性气体腐蚀碳酸盐储层形成的CO2相混合。     

无机成因天然气的地球化学特征

甲烷(CH4)等烃类气体自地球深部选出的同时,还伴随有其它气体,如CO2、CO、N2、H2S、H2、He、Ne、Ar等,统称为无机成因天然气.无机成因天然气与生物成因天然气在地球化学特征上存在显著的差异,主要表现在化学成分和同住素组成特征.无机成因CH4的干燥系数较大,δ13C1值几乎都大于-25‰,且CH4及其同系物碳同住素组成的分布随碳数的增大而变轻(反序);无机成因CO2碳同住素较重;稀有气体中w(3He)/w(4He)值较低等.这些特征是判别无机成因天然气的重要地球化学指标.     

基于无机成因的油气勘查概念模型(BRCF)

基于超基性岩蛇纹石化成油理论,根据构造条件和沉积条件,提出了石油勘查概念模型——"BRCF"模型:B代表侵入地壳超基性岩;R代表储油层;C代表盖层;F代表深大断裂。运用该模型分析了波斯湾地区油气田和中国典型油气田油气成藏规律,并预测了中国大陆油气勘查靶区。     

济阳坳陷CO2气藏同位素地球化学特征及成因

济阳坳陷CO2气藏主要发育在高青-平南深断裂中南段和阳信次级凹陷西北缘及商店火山岩穹隆构造内.气藏中CO2气体浓度为69%～97%,δ13CCO2值为-5.67‰～-3.35‰,CH4/3He值为(1.01～5.65)×108,3He/4He值为(2.80～4.49)×10-6,即R/Ra为2.00～3.21,40Ar/36Ar值为317～1791,CO2/3He值为(0.25～2.61)×109.以上地球化学数据表明,济阳坳陷气藏中CO2主要来源于地幔,且幔源CO2在成藏过程中有损失,或者有壳源CO2的加入,特别是部分碳酸盐岩变质成因CO2的加入.在对CO2气来源定性分析的基础上,还需要在各来源的定量区分和CO2气藏的成藏及其与岩浆活动的时空匹配关系等方面作进一步的研究.     

Melt and fluid inclusion evidence for a genetic relationship between magmatism in the Shuangliao volcanic field and inorganic CO2 gas reservoirs in the southern Songliao Basin,China

We have studied melt and fluid inclusions in minerals from alkali basalts, mantle xenoliths, and dawsonite-bearing sandstones from the Shuangliao volcanic field in southern Songliao Basin, Northeast China. The inclusions have been investigated using petrographic, geochemical, and laser Raman spectroscopic techniques. Volcanic rocks of the Shuangliao field are predominantly alkali olivine basalts that contain rare mantle xenoliths. Silicate melt and fluid inclusions are common in both olivine phenocrysts and the mantle xenoliths. The fluid inclusions are mainly composed of CO₂ with small amounts of CO, CH₄, N₂, and H₂O, which is consistent with an upper mantle origin. CO₂ gas reservoirs in the southern Songliao Basin are mostly derived from a mantle–magmatic source. Coeval fluid-inclusion homogenization temperatures, coupled with the thermal burial history, show that the CO₂ gas reservoirs in the southern Songliao Basin are Cenozoic (40–63 Ma) and coeval with the magmatism in the Shuangliao volcanic field. Despite the relatively small scale of this volcanic activity, it released large amounts of CO₂. Much of the magma was not erupted, and CO₂- and H₂O-rich magma was probably intruded into the basin along deep faults, acting as a major source of inorganic CO₂ gas in the southern Songliao Basin.     

Geothermal energy exploitation from depleted high-temperature gas reservoirs by recycling CO2:The superiority and existing problems

CO2 can be used as an alternative injectant to exploit geothermal energy from depleted high-temperature gas res-ervoirs due to its high mobility and unique thermal properties.However,there has been a lack of systematic anal-ysis on the heat mining mechanism and performance of CO2,as well as the problems that may occur during geothermal energy exploitation at specific gas reservoir conditions.In this paper,a base numerical simulation model of a typical depleted high-temperature gas reservoir was established to simulate the geothermal energy exploitation processes via recycling CO2 and water,with a view to investigate whether and/or at which condi-tions CO2 is more suitable than water for geothermal energy exploitation.The problems that may occur during the CO2-based geothermal energy exploitation were also analyzed along with proposed feasible solutions.The re-sults indicate that,for a depleted low-permeability gas reservoir with dimensions of 1000 m × 500 m × 50 m and temperature of 150℃using a single injection-production well group for 40 years of operation,the heat mining rate of C02 can be up to 3.8 MW at a circulation flow rate of 18 kg s-1 due to its high mobility along with the flow path in the gas reservoir,while the heat mining rate of water is only about 2 MW due to limitations on the injectivity and mobility.The reservoir physical property and injection-production scheme have some effects on the heat mining rate,but CO2 always has better performance than water at most reservoir and operation condi-tions,even under a high water saturation.The main problems for CO2 circulation are wellbore corrosion and salt precipitation that can occur when the reservoir has high water saturation and high salinity,in which serious salt precipitation can reduce formation permeability and result in a decline of CO2 heat mining rate(e.g.up to 24％reduction).It is proposed to apply a low-salinity water slug before CO2 injection to reduce the damage caused by salt precipitation.For high-permeability gas reservoirs with high water saturation and high salinity,the supe-riority of CO2 as a heat transmission fluid becomes obscure and water injection is recommended.     

减少温室气体向大气层的排放--CO2地下储藏研究

本文中简要介绍了CO2收集的基本原理和技术,提出了我国进行CO2收集技术预研究的建议。     

The origin and distribution of natural gas in the frontal uplift area of the Kuqa depression,Tarim Basin

The frontal uplift of the Kuqa depression is an important oil and gas producing area. In this study, the distribution and origin of natural gas were discussed based on natural gas components and isotope data. The main components of natural gas were hydrocarbons with relatively high contents of C2+ component. Most gases were de-rived from terrestrial source rocks, and some came from marine rocks. The contents of non-hydrocarbon gases were high in the central part of the frontal uplift area and low in the two terminals. The distribution of oil composition was similar to that of natural gas, which was mainly controlled by the types of source rocks. Dry coefficient and maturity of natural gas in the frontal uplift were lower than those of gas in the Kelasu tectonic belt of the Kuqa depression, which was mainly affected by the difference of tectonic movements in both areas. In the frontal uplift, the traps were formed in the early stage and could capture the early formed oil and gas, and structural adjustment was slight in later stages, so the oil and gas could be effectively preserved. Multiperiodic oil and gas filling led to the complex distribu-tion of natural gas.     

火山岩吸附CO_2气的成藏潜力及实例分析

火山岩的脱气实验和对昌德东CO2气藏气源的分析结果表明:加热火山岩到250℃时,脱出挥发分总量为0.0299～0.0790mL/g,其中CO2脱出量为0.0218～0.0706mL/g(0.429～1.387wt%);挥发组分以CO2为主,还含有H2、CO、CH4等还原性气体,以及少量低碳烷烃,CO2含量和总烃呈现反比关系;基性岩的CO2脱出量、脱出率高于中、酸性岩;CO2脱出量与岩石碱质含量正相关。松辽盆地北部昌德东CO2气藏成藏模式为“自生自储”,成藏CO2气主要来自深部被火山岩吸附的气。随岩浆上升,在岩浆冷凝成火山岩的过程中被吸附于火山岩的节理、劈理和晶体位错之中的CO2气,连同火山岩包体中的残留气,成为高纯CO2气藏的主要补给源,并非地幔气体沿大断裂上来直接充注成藏。