Evidence for hydrothermal venting and sediment volcanism discharged after recent short-lived volcanic eruptions at Deception Island,Bransfield Strait,Antarctica

The results of a combined geophysical and geochemical research programme on Deception Island, an active volcano at 62°43′S, 60°57′W in Bransfield Strait (Antarctica), are presented. Ultrahigh-resolution acoustic data obtained with a TOPAS (TOpographic PArameter Sonar) system and multibeam bathymetry (Simrad EM1000) allow a detailed analysis of submarine vents in Port Foster, the submerged caldera of Deception Island. The data show three different types of seafloor structures: low-relief mounds, high-relief mounds (‘wasp nest’-like) and spire-like structures. We interpret these structures as products of sediment volcanism and seeps caused by heating and boiling of pore fluids in gas-charged sediments, and related to recent short-lived volcanic events, possibly those that occurred in 1967, 1969 and 1970. In addition, subsurface vertical disturbed zones, formed by increased amplitude and phase-inverse reflectors beneath the mounds, suggest the presence of fluidised and brecciated sediments within hydrofracture systems. A key finding of this study is that there appears to be a close relationship between the submarine mounds detected by our ultrahigh-resolution seismic study, geochemical haloes, fault-pathways and present-day thermal anomalies in surface waters. We suggest that seafloor hydrofracture systems and subsurface pipes can be re-used as fluid migration pathways, resulting in hydrothermal seeps and vents on the seafloor, possibly up to decades after coeval volcanic eruptions.     

Sediment geochemistry in coastal maritime Antarctica (Admiralty Bay, King George Island): Evidence from rare earths and other elements

We report the concentrations of 22 elements in short coastal sediment cores of Admiralty Bay (King George Island, Antarctica) determined by Neutron Activation Analysis. We focus the discussion on rare earth elements (REE) because their fractionation patterns in sediments relative to local sources may offer insights about weathering, transportation, deposition, and diagenetic processes. We found strong correlations between REE and Th, indicating detrital origin. Despite strong Eh gradients, the Th-normalized redox-sensitive elements (e.g., Eu, Ce, Fe, As, and others) showed little variability within the sedimentary environment. The exceptions were U (depleted in the upper few centimeters) and Br (enriched in the upper few centimeters). While U appears to be removed from seawater via uptake across the boundary of reducing sediments, the mechanisms driving Br accumulation are unclear, but perhaps related to increasing diatom production driven by regional warming. A comparison with published concentrations from rocks representing the regional eroding units showed that the characteristics of source rock could be recognized in the REE fractionation patterns in our sediments. These results imply no significant alteration during weathering and sediment transport in the coastal region of Admiralty Bay and the prevalence of strong periglacial erosion in ice-free areas of maritime Antarctica in spite of the relatively mild regional environmental setting (e.g., high moisture and high temperatures).     

防腐高效溶样罐-ICP-MS测定海洋生物体中微量元素

为明确海洋生物体中微量元素的含量状况,开发了一种适合海洋生物体中微量元素准确测定的分析方法。研究采用防腐高效溶样罐对GBW08517（海带Saccharina japonica）与GBW08571（贻贝Mytilus coruscus Goyld）2种国内海洋生物标准物质进行2种不同前处理方法的消解实验,然后应用电感耦合等离子质谱仪（ICP-MS）测试了包括稀土元素在内的33个微量元素。实验结果表明,除个别元素外,测试结果均与标准值相符合,且前处理方法1消解的生物样品测试结果更加准确和稳定。使用防腐高效溶样罐优化了生物样品处理的消解方法,能有效去除生物样品中的有机基体,使ICP-MS充分发挥优势。与以往的消解方法相比,在生物消解中效果优于微波消解,前处理方法1还具有易操作、处理效率高、低试剂消耗、安全性强、避免样品污染等优点。     

南极罗斯海氧化还原敏感元素沉积地球化学特征及其古海洋意义

大洋深部氧化还原环境与深部水体流通状况以及表层水体生产力密切相关。表层生产力与深部流通性变化影响着有机碳-呼吸CO2的转化及其在海洋-大气中的转移,最终与大气CO2分压(pCO2)变化密切相关。故探明大洋深部氧化还原环境的变化对于解决大气pCO2冰期旋回机制具有重要意义。本次研究以中国第31和32次南极科考获得的南极罗斯海柱状岩心ANT31-R23及表层样为研究材料。通过元素钙、钛,以及氧化还原敏感元素(RSE)锰、钼、镍、钴、镉的测试分析,以表层样中RSE与Ti的比值作为判断ANT31-R23孔中相应RSE富集程度的背景值。结果显示,Mn在沉积期均表现出富集,表明罗斯海深部在该孔沉积期为氧化环境。根据Mn在不同层位出现的富集峰识别出4次强氧化脉冲事件,可能由南大洋底层水流通性增强和/或生产力降低导致。4次氧化脉冲事件层位中Mo、Ni、Co的明显富集,是由于锰(氢)氧化物对其捕获或吸附所致。此外,推测分析认为罗斯海对冰期大气pCO2降低似乎没有明显贡献,但很可能对冰消期大气pCO2迅速升高起重要作用。然而这些有关南极罗斯海深部氧化还原环境与大气pCO2变化之间关联的推测,有待后续该孔精确年代模式的构建,方可进一步验证。     

一种移动式海水痕量元素洁净采集实验室的设计

痕量元素及其同位素采集、预处理和分析在海洋研究中具有重要的作用，由于含量极低，在采样、样品预处理及分析过程中容易受到外界污染源沾污。通过在一个20尺标准超高集装箱内制作一套移动式海水痕量元素洁净采集实验室，完成对实验室空间设计、空气质量控制，样品快速转移，实现水样上船后快速进入到洁净环境中，减少样品暴露在大气中时间，在洁净环境中高效完成样品取样、过滤和预处理等操作。所有操作满足GEOTRACES组织有关痕量元素采集的规范要求，从源头上保证分析测试结果的可靠性。     

微量元素Fe、Mn、Co对有毒甲藻生长和产毒的影响

实验通过培养基筛选实验和在此基础上的微量元素Fe、Mn、Co正交实验对海南三亚热带珊瑚礁海域有毒甲藻Coolia monotis的生长和产毒影响进行了初步研究,以期获得充足的原材料进一步开展毒素化合物的研究.实验结果表明,在Erd、f/2、GP和K 4种培养配方中,K系列培养液更适合于C monotis的培养.在以2K为基础培养配方的微量元素正交实验中,Fe、Mn和Co 3种微量元素的浓度配比为:Fe:2×10<'-5>mol·L<'-1>,Co:1×10<'-6>mol·L<'-1>,Mn:5×10<'-7>mol·L<'-1>时能获得最大的平均生长速率;而Fe:5×10<'-6>mol·L<'-1>,Co:1×10<'-7>mol·L<'-1>,Mn:2×10<'-6>mol·L<'-1>的条件下C monotis的毒性最强.     

南极乔治王岛的天气预报业务

本文利用从南极乔治王岛地区各国考察站获取的各种气象资料,从业务需求入手,介绍了该地区的天气预报业务概况,并总结了一些重要天气现象的特征和预报技术。作者认为架设先进的卫星通讯系统,以有效利用互联网上丰富的气象资源,提高数据传输的效率,是南极地区天气预报业务发展的新方向。     

Eutrophication and the rate of net nitrification in a coastal marine ecosystem

Rates of net nitrification were calculated for four large (13 m³) estuarine-based microcosms that had been subjected to inorganic nutrient enrichment. Calculated rates were based on two years of weekly nitrate and nitrite measurements and ranged from a maximum of 0·55 μmol NO₂₊₃⁻ produced l⁻¹ day⁻¹ in the control tank (no enrichment) to over 13 μmol NO₂₊₃⁻ produced l⁻¹ day⁻¹ in the most enriched tank (receiving 18·6 μmol NH₄ l⁻¹ day⁻¹). Almost all NO₂₊₃⁻ production was pelagic, little was benthic. Net NO₃⁻ production or net NO₂⁻ production dominated the net nitrification rates during different seasons. Good correlations were found between various oxidation rates and substrate concentrations. The calculated net nitrite production rates were 10 to 1000 times higher than previously reported rates for open ocean systems, demonstrating the potential importance of nitrification to estuarine systems.     

2006年南极长城站的气象要素特征

利用第22次南极长城站越冬气象考察所获取的常规气象观测资料,着重分析了2006年长城站的气压、气温、地温、降水、湿度、风等气象要素和天气现象的特征,并同1985～2005年的多年统计值进行了对比。所作分析有助于了解和研究南极长城站地区的气候特点。     

The use of molluscs for monitoring trace elements in the marine environment in New Zealand 1. The contribution of ingested sediment to the trace element concentrations in New Zealand molluscs

Reference elements, such as silicon, were used to calculate the effect of sediment in the gut contents of molluscs on the estimation of the total body burden of trace elements. A significant proportion of the aluminium, iron, manganese, and lead are contributed by the sediment in the gut of many New Zealand mollusc species. Local mineralisation is likely to produce an important contribution for elements such as chromium, vanadium, and nickel in some areas of New Zealand and the ingested sediment in molluscs from “clean” environments will result in the real body burden of some elements such as lead being naturally lower than the available data suggests.     

南极乔治王岛地区太阳光照气候特征及影响分析

利用南极长城站 1988—2017 年连续的日照、云量、天气现象、气温和湿度等观测资料,研究 了南极西部乔治王岛 30 a的日照变化特征及其与气象要素的关系。 结果显示,南极地区的日照时 间远少于中低纬度地区,这主要因为该地区常年以阴云天气为主,云层对太阳光的遮挡降低了日 照时间的总量值。2000 年以来,随着总云量和相对湿度的增加,日照时间呈减少趋势。 根据统计分析月平均相对湿度以及每月出现雨、雪、雾、轻雾、吹雪等天气现象和最低气温三0 ℃的天数,发 现液态（ 固态） 现象的发生频率与日照百分率的变化趋势一致（相反） ,即日照百分率低（高） 时,液态现象少（多） ,固态现象多（少） 。     

南极中山站气象要素变化特征分析

利用1989—2008年南极中山站及戴维斯站的气象观测数据统计分析了表面气温、气压、风向风速和相对湿度的年际、年和日尺度变化特征,并讨论了各气象要素的长期变化趋势。分析结果表明中山站年均气温趋于升高,气压趋于下降,但变化趋势并不明显,说明在全球气候变化大背景下,南极中山站的大气要素仍保持相对稳定。但也有一些比较显著的变化趋势,如风速减弱,以及秋季气温增暖趋势等。     

Carbon cycling in a high-arctic marine ecosystem – Young Sound, NE Greenland

Young Sound is a deep-sill fjord in NE Greenland (74°N). Sea ice usually begins to form in late September and gains a thickness of 1.5 m topped with 0–40 cm of snow before breaking up in mid-July the following year. Primary production starts in spring when sea ice algae begin to flourish at the ice–water interface. Most biomass accumulation occurs in the lower parts of the sea ice, but sea ice algae are observed throughout the sea ice matrix. However, sea ice algal primary production in the fjord is low and often contributes only a few percent of the annual phytoplankton production. Following the break-up of ice, the immediate increase in light penetration to the water column causes a steep increase in pelagic primary production. Usually, the bloom lasts until August–September when nutrients begin to limit production in surface waters and sea ice starts to form. The grazer community, dominated by copepods, soon takes advantage of the increased phytoplankton production, and on an annual basis their carbon demand (7–11 g C m⁻²) is similar to phytoplankton production (6–10 g C m⁻²). Furthermore, the carbon demand of pelagic bacteria amounts to 7–12 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹. Thus, the carbon demand of the heterotrophic plankton is approximately twice the estimated pelagic primary production, illustrating the importance of advected carbon from the Greenland Sea and from land in fuelling the ecosystem.In the shallow parts of the fjord (<40 m) benthic primary producers dominate primary production. As a minimum estimate, a total of 41 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹ is fixed by primary production, of which phytoplankton contributes 15%, sea ice algae <1%, benthic macrophytes 62% and benthic microphytes 22%. A high and diverse benthic infauna dominated by polychaetes and bivalves exists in these shallow-water sediments (<40 m), which are colonized by benthic primary producers and in direct contact with the pelagic phytoplankton bloom. The annual benthic mineralization is 32 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹ of which megafauna accounts for 17%. In deeper waters benthic mineralization is 40% lower than in shallow waters and megafauna, primarily brittle stars, accounts for 27% of the benthic mineralization. The carbon that escapes degradation is permanently accumulated in the sediment, and for the locality investigated a rate of 7 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹ was determined.A group of walruses (up to 50 adult males) feed in the area in shallow waters (<40 m) during the short, productive, ice-free period, and they have been shown to be able to consume <3% of the standing stock of bivalves (Hiatella arctica, Mya truncata and Serripes Groenlandicus), or half of the annual bivalve somatic production. Feeding at greater depths is negligible in comparison with their feeding in the bivalve-rich shallow waters.     

Incorporation,distribution and fate of saturated petroleum hydrocarbons in sediments from a controlled marine ecosystem

A simulation of a chronic input of petroleum into an estuarine environment was investigated using the facilities at the Marine Ecosystems Research Laboratory at the University of Rhode Island. An oil-water dispersion of No. 2 fuel oil was added to the system (twice weekly for 24 weeks) and the saturated hydrocarbons from this oil were measured in suspended material and sediments. After the initial chronic oil addition, trace amounts of hydrocarbons were detected in the sediments within two weeks, but substantial accumulation was not detected for approximately 135 days. The oil appeared to enter the sediment via the suspended material, with most of the saturated hydrocarbons associated with smaller size sediment particles (< 45 μm to > 0·3 μm). With time, the fuel oil saturated hydrocarbons in the sediments were mixed to a depth of 3 to 4 cm. Although only 12% of the total saturated hydrocarbons added to the system were found in the sediments, these hydrocarbons appear to be relatively stable and were still detectable in these sediments for at least six months after the last oil addition.     

Economic value of marine ecosystem services in Zanzibar: Implications for marine conservation and sustainable development

Marine ecosystem services are seriously undervalued, resulting in under-investment in conservation and lost opportunities for economic growth and poverty reduction. Economic valuation provides a powerful tool for sustainable development by showing how dependent the economy is on an ecosystem and what would be lost if the ecosystem is not protected. This paper estimates the value of marine ecosystem services in Zanzibar, links the values to the national income accounts, and quantifies how the benefits from each ecosystem service are distributed among five different stakeholder groups. Marine ecosystem services contribute 30% of GDP, yet the ecosystem is seriously degraded due to both human and natural causes. The paper explores the reasons for this, focusing on the distribution of benefits and the (dis)incentives this creates for conservation, especially among local communities that steward the marine ecosystem.     

南海北部涠洲岛海域Merulinidae珊瑚文石骨骼和海水间微量元素分配系数：来自珊瑚种属和瑞利分馏的影响

微量元素在珊瑚文石骨骼和海水间的分配过程是控制海水中微量元素进入珊瑚骨骼的关键环节,表征该分配过程的分配系数（K_D）常用于时间序列上的海水微量元素含量重建。由于缺乏珊瑚和海水的原位研究,我们对珊瑚文石骨骼与海水之间微量元素的分配行为的了解非常有限,这严重阻碍了我们对于准确的海水化学定量数据的获取。本研究中,我们选取了南海北部涠洲岛海域的两种典型的造礁石珊瑚种（网状菊花珊瑚（Goniastrea retiformis）和八重山扁脑珊瑚（Platygyra yaeyamaensis））和周围原位表层海水中的5种微量元素（Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd和Cr）进行研究,估算了这些微量元素在珊瑚文石骨骼和海水之间的分配系数。研究结果表明：各个微量元素在网状菊花珊瑚和八重山扁脑珊瑚文石骨骼和海水间的分配系数分别为3.65和3.49（Cu）;0.57和0.97（Zn）;1.06和1.42（Pb）;0.88和1.01（Cd）;0.66和0.60（Cr）。结合前人报道的各个种属珊瑚的分配系数,我们发现不同珊瑚种属Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd的K_D值存在显著差异,而Cr的K_D值差异则相对较小。此外,微量元素K_D值还在一定程度上受到瑞利分馏的影响,该影响与K_D值的大小有关。本研究为珊瑚文石骨骼和海水间分配系数提供了较为准确的K_D值,为未来的珊瑚研究提供了重要的基础数据,并扩展了我们对海洋生物成因矿物晶格的化学特征的认识。     

The interaction triangle as a tool for understanding stakeholder interactions in marine ecosystem based management

Expectations about ecosystem based management (EBM) differ due to diverging perspectives about what EBM should be and how it should work. While EBM by its nature requires trade-offs to be made between ecological, economic and social sustainability criteria, the diversity of cross-sectoral perspectives, values, stakes, and the specificity of each individual situation determine the outcome of these trade-offs. The authors strive to raise awareness of the importance of interaction between three stakeholder groups (decision makers, scientists, and other actors) and argue that choosing appropriate degrees of interaction between them in a transparent way can make EBM more effective in terms of the three effectiveness criteria salience, legitimacy, and credibility. This article therefore presents an interaction triangle in which three crucial dimensions of stakeholder interactions are discussed: (A) between decision makers and scientists, who engage in framing to foster salience of scientific input to decision making, (B) between decision makers and other actors, to shape participation processes to foster legitimacy of EBM processes, and (C) between scientists and other actors, who collaborate to foster credibility of knowledge production. Due to the complexity of EBM, there is not one optimal interaction approach; rather, finding the optimal degrees of interaction for each dimension depends on the context in which EBM is implemented, i.e. the EBM objectives, the EBM initiator’s willingness for transparency and interaction, and other context-specific factors, such as resources, trust, and state of knowledge.     

Distribution and transfer of trace elements in the Western Mediterranean

Results concerning the concentration of cadmium and lead in Mediterranean waters collected during the 2nd PHYCEMED cruise (Oct. 1983) are discussed. Sampling has been performed at seven stations in the Western Mediterranean Basin, two in the Strait of Gibraltar and the near Atlantic, two in the Sicily Strait and the Eastern Basin.In the Western Basin the observations are in fair agreement with those of PHYCEMED 1. Cadmium has a fairly homogeneous distribution vertically as well as from one station to another, with an average concentration of 8 ng l⁻¹; while lead shows a slight but continuous decrease in concentrations with depth (from at least 50 ng l⁻¹ in surface waters to 20 or 25 ng l⁻¹ at depth). On the other hand, at the basin boundaries, where waters from different origins are present, vertical distributions appear very different. On the basis of calculated water budgets it can be estimated that the Mediterranean Sea discharges about 200 t y⁻¹ of cadmium and about 250 t y⁻¹ of lead into the Atlantic Ocean while 1000 t y⁻¹ of lead are transferred from the Western to the Eastern Basin.     

Rock phosphate: The source of mercury pollution in a marine ecosystem at Albany,Western Australia

Mercury (Hg) is present in rock phosphate as a trace element (< 0·6 mg kg⁻¹). It has been established that some of this Hg was liberated, during fertilzer manufacture, into scrubber fluids. These were subsequently, discharged to Princess Royal Harbour, Albany, at a rate of about 14 kg Hg per annum between 1970 and 1983.This resulted in Hg pollution of sediments (< 1·7mg kg⁻¹), molluscs (< 50 mg kg⁻¹ wet weight) and demersal and pelagic fish (< 7·6 mg kg⁻¹ wet weight). Corrective action has been taken to stop the discharge and to protect consumers of fish from the area.