近50年华北区域性气象干旱事件的特征分析

本文利用区域性极端事件客观识别法(OITREE),进行了1961—2010年华北地区区域性气象干旱事件的识别,确定了该方法中相应的参数组并识别得到100次事件,并对排名前15位的事件与文献记载情况逐一进行对比检验。结果表明OITREE方法对华北地区区域性气象干旱具有良好的识别能力。100次华北地区区域性气象干旱事件分为10次极端事件、20次重度事件、40次中等事件和30次轻度事件,其中1998年9月至1999年5月秋冬春连旱是华北地区强度最强的干旱事件。事件的持续时间一般在17~120 d、最大影响面积集中在(70~105)×10~4km~2之间,干旱事件具有较明显的季节特征,3—7和10—11月是事件的两个高发时段;华北南部为干旱多发区,其中河北、河南和山东三省交界为强度中心区域。重度(含)及以上的干旱事件可分为全境型、东部型、南部型、西部型、中部型和零散型6种分布类型,其中全境型出现机率最高。近50年华北地区区域性干旱事件频次、累积综合强度总体呈上升趋势,其主要原因可能是降水量减少所致,同时气温显著升高也起到了明显的推动作用。     

2009/2010年中国西南区域性大旱的特征分析

针对目前各种干旱指数对干旱事件整体识别能力的局限性,采用一种新的客观识别方法"区域性极端事件客观识别方法(OITREE)"对2009~2010年中国西南地区的秋冬春连旱进行了特征识别。结果表明:(1)此次干旱事件的发生时段为2009年8月25日至2010年4月18日,历时237 d,为近50 a(1961~2010年)综合强度排名第五位的干旱事件,是一次极端干旱事件;(2)此次极端干旱过程最大影响面积为576.82万km2,影响范围涉及到云南全省、四川南部、贵州大部(主要是西部)以及重庆、广西西部,其中,云南、贵州和广西3省交界区干旱最严重,其次为云南的中部和中西部,且云南省不论受旱面积还是受旱强度都是最大的;(3)此次干旱过程有4个明显变化阶段:干旱增强、减弱、再增强、最后解除。第一阶段为2009年8月25日至10月下旬,干旱开始发展并持续增强,影响范围最大可达约370万km2,包括西南、华南、华东、华北及东北南部的小部分地区,持续达2个月,受影响的核心区域除了西南地区以外,还有华北和华南的部分区域;第二阶段为2009年11月初至12月中旬,干旱强度急剧下降,影响范围最小只有约50万km2,主要在西南地区,持续时间只有1个月;第三阶段,2009年12月中旬至2010年3月下旬,旱情再一次增强,干旱面积再次扩大,影响范围最大可达约200万km2,包括西南及西北地区东部,持续时间为3个月,是4个阶段中发展时间最长的,主要受影响的核心区域为西南地区;第四阶段,2010年3月下旬至4月中旬,干旱逐渐缓解,直到过程结束,旱情解除。OITREE方法能从不同层次和方面完整地描述干旱事件的时空变化特点,其判别结果与实际情况基本一致,是一种有效监测干旱的新方法。     

西南地区东部区域性暴雨事件的客观识别及其变化特征

利用区域性极端事件客观识别方法(OITREE)和1961-2018年西南地区东部118站逐日降水资料对该区域近58年的区域性暴雨事件进行了识别,确定了相应的OITREE方法的参数组,共识别得出246次区域性暴雨事件,其中25次达到极端强度,2004年9月3-6日发生的区域性暴雨事件是西南地区东部近58年来综合强度最强的一次区域性暴雨事件。进一步分析表明:西南地区东部区域性暴雨事件的持续时间主要为2天,最长为5天;事件的累积强度集中在500～1000 mm之间,累积面积集中在10×10~4～20×10~4km~2。西南地区东部区域性暴雨事件多发于5-9月,其中7月最多,占总发生频次的31.7%。四川东部和重庆西部的平原区是暴雨事件的频发和强度中心地区。近58年西南地区东部持续性区域暴雨事件增多[0.57次·(10a)~(-1)],持续时间延长[1.2 d·(10a)~(-1)],最大影响范围扩大[5.7×104km2·(10a)~(-1)],极端强度也增强[73.4 mm·(10a)~(-1)]。     

近55年来云南区域性干旱事件的分布特征和变化趋势研究

本文利用一种简化的区域性干旱事件识别方法,对近55年来云南区域性干旱事件进行了识别,在此基础上,选取区域性干旱事件的持续天数、影响站点数、平均强度、累积强度和极端最大强度这5个单一事件评价指标,构建了云南区域性干旱的综合评估模型,确定干旱等级划分标准。进一步分析表明,云南区域性干旱的发生频次、累积强度和累积影响站次均呈现上升趋势;云南在12、1和3月干旱发生最多,7、8月干旱发生最少;干旱持续天数集中在15～45 d,最长的可达222d;云南多发全省性的干旱且旱情偏重。云南中部区域干旱偏多、偏重发生;在严重的干旱事件中,中部型发生频次最多。     

1961—2018年长江中下游地区暴雨过程的客观识别及其变化特征

利用区域性极端事件客观识别方法(OITREE)和长江中下游地区381站逐日降水资料对1961—2018年长江中下游地区的暴雨过程进行了客观识别.共识别挑选出245次区域性暴雨过程.长江中下游地区暴雨过程持续时间以2～3 d为主,最长为8 d,累积强度主要集中于(2～4)×103 mm之间,累积面积主要集中于(2～5)×...     

2022年西南地区极端高温干旱特征及其主要影响

利用1961—2022年夏季（6—8月）西南地区441个国家地面气象站逐日基本气象要素观测资料,对2022年夏季西南地区的基本气候概况、高温干旱灾害的特征及其产生的主要影响进行分析。结果表明：此次极端高温干旱事件的严重程度实属历史罕见。2022年夏季西南地区平均气温历史同期最高,降水量历史同期最少,高温日数历史同期最多,极端最高气温历史同期最高。西南地区东部并发严重的气象干旱,特旱站数高达105站,主要发生在西藏中部、四川大部、重庆大部、贵州北部以及云南中部局部地区。受此极端持续的复合型高温干旱事件影响,西南地区东部部分农作物减产、甚至绝收;江河来水量出现“汛期返枯”的罕见现象;电网负荷创历史新高,加之水电发电量锐减,造成能源供应保障短缺;四川盆地东部、重庆西部发生多起森林火灾。本文力图从科学角度认识这次极端高温干旱事件,助力气象灾害风险评估业务发展,为提升防灾减灾和应对气候变化的能力提供支撑。     

2010年国内重要天气气候事件

1秋冬春特大干旱刷新西南地区气象纪录2009年9月至2010年3月中旬,云南、贵州、四川南部、广西北部温高雨少,降水量比常年同期偏少了30%～80%,云南、贵州降水量之少打破气象观     

云南极端气象干旱指标的研究

根据云南降水和蒸发的气候特征,剔除区域内降水多、蒸发小的站点,用剩余101个站1961-2012年的气象资料研究云南区域极端气象干旱标准。分析表明,云南气温与蒸发呈显著正相关关系,可用气温作为蒸发变化的表征量。进而提出了用修正的降水气温均一化指数I_S作为云南气象干旱指数。利用滑动3个月的I_S指数序列和I_S累加强度作为指标,检测出云南1961-2012年的十次极端气象干旱事件为1962/1963年、1968/1969年、1978/1979年、1980年、1983年、1987年、1992年、2003年、2009/2010年、2011/2012年的干旱过程。对这10次干旱过程分析及其与相关文献的对比表明,将这10次干旱过程作为云南极端气象干旱事件是合理的。     

2023年上半年我国干旱的特征及其成因分析

2023年1—6月我国西南、华北东部、华东北部、华中南部、华南及东北中部等地均发生不同程度的气象干旱,严重影响农业生产、制约当地经济发展。为提高应对旱灾能力,及时开展防灾减灾工作,应对旱情进行实时总结,本文利用K干旱指数、MCI指数、T-N通量和CABLE陆面模式,以及气象观测数据、再分析数据、土壤水分资料等,综合分析区域性干旱事件的时空分布特征及成因。结果显示：（1）2023年上半年,中国西南和内蒙古东部地区发生严重区域性干旱,西南地区经历了从持续型到骤发型的干旱转变,而内蒙古地区则持续干旱。（2）同期500 hPa高度场在中高纬度呈“两槽两脊”型,西太平洋副热带高压异常西伸北抬,欧亚中纬度Rossby波异常偏弱,导致中高纬地区的平直西风和冷空气影响减弱,造成西南地区和内蒙古东部地区降水偏少,进而引发区域性干旱。（3）2023年上半年,冬季La Ni?a事件转为春季El Ni?o事件,导致西南地区对流活动偏弱,诱发持续高温干旱天气;内蒙古地区的海温敏感区分布导致其上游高压脊稳定,造成内蒙古东部地区干旱少雨。     

西南地区1971—2012年干旱变化特征分析

利用西南地区378个气象观测站1971—2012年逐月降水量和气温资料,计算标准化降水蒸散指数（SPEI）,分析西南地区干旱气候及气候变化特征,结果表明：1971—2012年西南地区干旱强度中部最高,西部次之,东部最低;干旱强度增强,中部地区干旱强度增强最为显著,东部地区干旱强度增强趋势明显强于西部地区;干旱面积明显增大,干旱面积比率线性趋势率为（47%）/10 a,2000年以后该地区干旱发生范围增大最为明显;干旱持续时间中西部长、东部短,随时间变化呈明显上升趋势,中部地区增长最明显,东部次之,而北部减少。总之1971—2012年西南地区干旱强度增强,干旱面积增大,持续时间增长,中部地区干旱化最为明显,其次为东部地区。     

Characteristics of the Regional Meteorological Drought Events in Southwest China During 1960–2010

An objective identification technique for regional extreme events(OITREE) and the daily compositedrought index(CI) at 101 stations in Southwest China(including Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, and Chongqing)are used to detect regional meteorological drought events between 1960 and 2010. Values of the parameters of the OITREE method are determined. A total of 87 drought events are identified, including 9 extreme events. The 2009–2010 drought is the most serious in Southwest China during the past 50 years. The regional meteorological drought events during 1960–2010 generally last for 10–80 days, with the longest being 231days. Droughts are more common from November to next April, and less common in the remaining months.Droughts occur more often and with greater intensity in Yunnan and southern Sichuan than in other parts of Southwest China. Strong(extreme and severe) regional meteorological drought events can be divided into five types. The southern type has occurred most frequently, and Yunnan is the area most frequently stricken by extreme and severe drought events. The regional meteorological drought events in Southwest China have increased in both frequency and intensity over the study period, and the main reason appears to be a significant decrease in precipitation over this region, but a simultaneous increase in temperature also contributes.     

Comparison of two drought indices in studying regional meteorological drought events in China

The composite-drought index (CI), improved weighted average of precipitation index (IWAP), and the objective identification technique for regional extreme events (OITREE) were employed to detect China's regional meteorological drought events (CRMDEs) during 1961–2010. Compared with existing references, CI and IWAP both showed strong ability in identifying CRMDEs. Generally, the results of CI and IWAP were consistent, especially for extreme and severe CRMDEs. During 1961–2010, although the frequencies of extreme and severe CRMDEs based on CI and IWAP both showed weak decreasing trends, the two mean-integrated indices both showed increasing but not significant trends. However, the results of IWAP were more reasonable than CI’s in two aspects. Firstly, the monthly frequency of extreme and severe CRMDEs based on IWAP showed a clear seasonal variation, which coincided with the seasonal variation of the East Asian monsoon over central–eastern China, whereas the frequency based on CI presented a much weaker seasonal variation. Secondly, the two sets of results were sometimes inconsistent with respect to the start and end times of a CRMDE, and CRMDEs based on CI generally showed two unreasonable phenomena: (1) under non-drought conditions, a severe drought stage could suddenly occur in a large area; and (2) during the following period, drought could alleviate gradually in cases of non-precipitation. Comparative analysis suggested that the IWAP drought index possesses obvious advantages in detecting and monitoring regional drought events.     

Changes in Regional Heavy Rainfall Events in China during 1961–2012

A new technique for identifying regional climate events, the Objective Identification Technique for Regional Extreme Events(OITREE), was applied to investigate the characteristics of regional heavy rainfall events in China during the period1961–2012. In total, 373 regional heavy rainfall events(RHREs) were identified during the past 52 years. The East Asian summer monsoon(EASM) had an important influence on the annual variations of China's RHRE activities, with a significant relationship between the intensity of the RHREs and the intensity of the Mei-yu. Although the increase in the frequency of those RHREs was not significant, China experienced more severe and extreme regional rainfall events in the 1990 s. The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the northern part of South China were the regions in the country most susceptible to extreme precipitation events. Some stations showed significant increasing trends in the southern part of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the northern part of South China, while parts of North China, regions between Guangxi and Guangdong, and northern Sichuan showed decreasing trends in the accumulated intensity of RHREs.The spatial distribution of the linear trends of events' accumulated intensity displayed a similar so-called "southern flooding and northern drought" pattern over eastern China in recent decades.     

中国西南和华南地区秋季干旱变化规律

利用我国西南和华南地区131个测站1961~2010年近50 a降水和NECP资料,采用线性趋势分析、合成分析、功率谱分析等方法,基于秋季降水距平百分率,研究分析了近50 a我国西南和华南地区各级别秋旱的空间分布及时间变化特征,并初步讨论了各级别干旱形成的原因。结果表明：秋季干旱集中在川东、贵州中东部—华南,中旱、重旱、特旱主要出现在华南;近50 a来秋旱有显著增多的趋势,主要体现在轻旱的增多,而重旱和特旱趋势不明显。1960年代秋旱相对较多,1970年代初至1980年代后期秋旱较少,此后秋旱频繁,其中2002年以后秋旱突变性增多,干旱范围扩大的同时,其强度也在增强;秋旱频率具有显著的2.2 a周期,其中重旱有显著的12 a周期,特旱有显著的2.7 a周期;秋旱频率高的地方连旱频率也高,连旱高频区在川东—渝北、黔中—华南,连续5 a以上的秋旱较少,个别地方可达到6 a。700 h Pa上,西太平洋副热带高压、印缅槽、高原东部槽等是影响西南、华南地区秋季干湿的主要环流因子。     

四川山地暖季夜间暴雨的空间分布以及对海拔高度的依赖性

四川盆地是我国夜雨发生频次最高的地区，夜间暴雨是夜雨中可致灾并加剧防范难度的一类特殊气象灾害，但以往对四川山地夜间暴雨精细特性的相关研究较少。利用四川省2010—2019年2 165个国家及区域气象站逐小时降水资料，分区统计了四川暖季（5—9月）暴雨日夜间降水占日降水量的比例、夜间暴雨频次和夜间平均暴雨强度的基本特征，并通过趋势分析和地理加权回归等统计方法，分析了其空间分布及其与海拔高度的关系，获得以下结果：（1）四川暴雨日夜间降水占日降水量比例呈现自南向北递减的趋势，以海拔2 800 m为分界，表现为随海拔高度升高呈先增大、后减小的垂直分布特征，川西南山地与其他山地区域整体上升的变化趋势明显不同。（2）夜间暴雨频次较多的测站沿川西与川西南山地陡峭地形呈线性分布，夜间暴雨频次随海拔高度升高总体呈现减小的特征，川西山地和川西南山地的频次最大值分别出现在海拔800 m和500 m。（3）四川夜间平均暴雨强度整体随海拔的升高而减小，大值区主要位于川西山地和川东北山地，海拔700 m高度处的峰值强度主要由川西山地贡献。（4）川西山地夜间暴雨特征呈次数较多且每次强度大，川西南山地夜间暴雨为次数多但单次降水量较小，而川东北夜间暴雨的强度较大但次数较少。以上结果有助于深化对山地夜间暴雨精细特征的认识。     

Characteristics of Clustering Extreme Drought Events in China During 1961-2010

Based on the Multi-Scale Standardized Precipitation Index (MSPI), extreme severe drought events in China during 1961-2010 were identified, and the seasonal, annual, and interdecadal variations of the clustering extreme drought events were investigated by using the spatial point process theory. It is found that severe droughts present a trend of gradual increase as a result of the significant increase and clustering tendency of severe droughts in autumn. The periodicity analysis of the clustering extreme droughts in different seasons suggests that there is a remarkable interdecadal change in the occurrence of clustering extreme droughts in winter. Meanwhile, it is revealed that the clustering extreme drought events exhibit greatly different annual mean spatial distributions during 1961-2010, with scattered and concentrated clustering zones alternating on the decadal timescale. Furthermore, it is found that the decadal-mean spatial distributions of extreme drought events in summer are correlated out of phase with those of the rainy bands over China in the past 50 years, and a good decadal persistence exists between the autumn and winter extreme droughts, implying a salient feature of consecutive autumn-winter droughts in this 50-yr period. Compared with other regions of China, Southwest China bears the most prominent characteristic of clustering extreme droughts.     

Temporal and Spatial Characteristics of Extreme Hourly Precipitation over Eastern China in the Warm Season

Based on hourly precipitation data in eastern China in the warm season during 1961-2000,spatial distributions of frequency for 20 mm h 1 and 50 mm h 1 precipitation were analyzed,and the criteria of short-duration rainfall events and severe rainfall events are discussed.Furthermore,the percentile method was used to define local hourly extreme precipitation;based on this,diurnal variations and trends in extreme precipitation were further studied.The results of this study show that,over Yunnan,South China,North China,and Northeast China,the most frequent extreme precipitation events occur most frequently in late afternoon and/or early evening.In the Guizhou Plateau and the Sichuan Basin,the maximum frequency of extreme precipitation events occurs in the late night and/or early morning.And in the western Sichuan Plateau,the maximum frequency occurs in the middle of the night.The frequency of extreme precipitation (based on hourly rainfall measurements) has increased in most parts of eastern China,especially in Northeast China and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River,but precipitation has decreased significantly in North China in the past 50 years.In addition,stations in the Guizhou Plateau and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River exhibit significant increasing trends in hourly precipitation extremes during the nighttime more than during the daytime.     

气候变化国家评估报告(Ⅰ):中国气候变化的历史和未来趋势

The climate change in China shows a considerable similarity to the global change, though there still exist some significant differences between them. In the context of the global warming, the annual mean surface air temperature in the country as a whole has significantly increased for the past 50 years and 100 years, with the range of temperature increase slightly greater than that in the globe. The change in precipitation trends for the last 50 and 100 years was not significant, but since 1956 it has assumed a weak increasing trend. The frequency and intensity of main extreme weather and climate events have also undergone a significant change. The researches show that the atmospheric CO2 concentration in China has continuously increased and the sum of positive radiative forcings produced by greenhouse gases is probably responsible for the country-wide climate warming for the past 100 years, especially for the past 50 years. The projections of climate change for the 21st century using global and regional climate models indicate that, in the future 20-100 years, the surface air temperature will continue to increase and the annual precipitation also has an increasing trend for most parts of the country.     

近四十年我国东部盛夏日降水特性变化分析

基于中国地区740台站的日降水资料,细致分析了近40年我国东部盛夏即7、8月份降水长期趋势和年代际变化特征。按小雨、中雨、大雨以及暴雨降水强度分类,探讨了不同强度降水在我国东部降水变化中的贡献。结果表明,中国东部地区盛夏降水变化主要受暴雨强度降水变化的影响,占总降水变化60%以上。近40年来,盛夏长江流域降水量、 降水频率、极端降水频率以及暴雨降水强度均呈增大趋势,在华北地区则呈减小趋势,除降水频率在长江流域的变化趋势绝对值比华北地区小外,另三个指标在长江流域的趋势变化值大约是后者的2倍。降水强度在中国东部表现出一致的增大趋势,但华北地区增大趋势不显著。华北地区降水的减少主要是小雨强度降水频率减小的结果,强降水的频率和强度在该地区也呈微弱的减小趋势,其中小雨强度降水频率减小趋势大值中心值达到-3%/10a,比中雨以上强度降水频率变化趋势值大一个量级;长江流域降水的增多,是各强度降水频率和强度增大共同作用的结果。长江流域和华北地区在区域平均降水频率、降水强度、极端降水频率、最大降水量的时间序列上,彼此均为负相关关系,其中降水频率和极端降水频率序列在两区域的相关系数通过99%的信度检验。Mann-Kendall检验表明,除华北地区降水强度外,其他降水指标均存在显著的年代际跃变。与1970年代末的气候跃变相对应,华北地区降水频率较之长江流域的跃变明显;但长江流域极端降水在1970年代末的跃变较之华北地区更显著,其降水强度、极端降水频率以及最大降水量均于1970年代末期前后发生显著年代际跃变。