Mineral characteristics and their geological significance of black shales in southeastern Ordos Basin by X-ray diffraction analysis

X-ray diffraction analysis of black shale of Upper Triassic Member Chang 7 of the Yanchang Formation in southeastern Ordos Basin showed that black shales were deposited in brackish, strongly reducing, semi-deep-deep lacustrine facies, and mainly composed of quartz, feldspar, carbonate （dolomite）, clay minerals （illite and il- lite/smectite） and a certain amount of pyrite. The mineral composition characteristics of this set of black shales are similar to those of highly productive shale gas in North America, for example shallow burial, low clay mineral and abundant brittle mineral, so the strata are conducive to the development of cracks and fractures. Thus, this area is favorable for shale oil/gas exploration and development.     

川南地区下古生界页岩气储层矿物组成与脆性特征研究

应用X射线衍射(XRD)分析技术,对川南地区下古生界下寒武统筇竹寺组和下志留统龙马溪组两套海相页岩气储层岩心样品进行了矿物组成与脆性特征研究。结果表明,川南地区筇竹寺组和龙马溪组海相页岩具有差异的矿物组成和含量特征。筇竹寺组页岩中,石英含量最高(28.4%~42.8%,平均35.7%),黏土矿物含量次之(25%~35.3%,平均28.7%),碳酸盐矿物含量较低(1.4%~21.7%,平均11.2%)。龙马溪组页岩中,黏土矿物和碳酸盐矿物含量高,前者为13.4%~66.1%(平均34.7%),后者为14.6%~80.0%(平均35.9%),石英含量相对较低(5.2%~41.4%,平均21.0%)。另外,这些页岩中还含有少量黄铁矿、长石、白云石等其他矿物。总的来说,该区下古生界海相页岩的矿物组成特征与北美海相页岩比较相似。川南地区筇竹寺组和龙马溪组页岩中脆性矿物丰富、含量高,前者为55.6%~73.9%(平均64.1%),后者为26.9%~86.6%(平均62.5%),整体上具有良好的脆性和可压性,有利于该区海相页岩气的压裂改造。     

上扬子黔北地区下寒武统海相黑色泥页岩特征及页岩气远景区评价

依据大量野外页岩实测地质剖面和2口页岩气钻井、样品岩石矿物组分分析、有机地球化学实验等大量分析测试资料,系统研究了上扬子黔北地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组黑色泥页岩的发育特征与分布,并结合北美海相页岩气形成地质条件及我国页岩气选区评价标准,预测了黔北地区页岩气勘探的有利区。结果表明:黔北地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组海相黑色泥页岩厚度大、分布广泛,早期海侵体系域水体相对较深,沉积和沉降中心位于研究区的东南部,主要的物源来自西北部,沉积相类型主要为砂质陆棚、浅水陆棚和深水陆棚相沉积,深水陆棚相分布在东南部地区,呈北西-南东向带状展布。晚期高位体系域,水体深度逐渐降低,随着相对海平面的下降,研究区陆棚砂体范围进一步扩大,浅水陆棚和深水陆棚向东南迁移,范围缩小。黑色页岩的有机质类型为Ⅲ型干酪根,有机碳含量很高,平均值为4.880%,普遍大于2%;有机质成熟度平均值为2.7%,总体演化程度较高; 黑色页岩的矿物成分主要为碎屑矿物和粘土矿物,碎屑矿物含量平均值为61.3%,成分主要为石英和少量的长石;粘土矿物含量平均值为31.1%,主要为伊利石和伊蒙混层矿物。与美国产气页岩的各项指标相比较,黔北地区下寒武统海相黑色页岩具有厚度较大、有机质丰度平均值高、热演化成熟度高、脆性矿物含量低、粘土矿物含量中等,页岩孔隙度低的特征。具备了页岩气形成的基本地质条件,是我国海相页岩气勘探的主要地区之一。综合评价预测了黔北地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩气的有利、较有利远景区。     

湘西北下古生界海相页岩储层特征与含气性分析

基于野外地质和钻井资料,结合相关实验测试结果,对湘西北地区下古生界海相页岩储层特征进行了深入研究,并探讨了页岩甲烷含气性及影响因素。结果表明：牛蹄塘组黑色页岩以深水陆棚斜坡相沉积为主,厚度范围为50~250 m;龙马溪组为闭塞海湾沉积,底部黑色页岩发育。两组页岩有机质类型均属于Ⅰ型,有机碳含量平均为3.57%和1.16%,热演化程度较高,平均达2.61%和2.08%。受沉积环境和成岩作用影响,两组页岩均具有高石英、低黏土、少量碳酸盐矿物的组成特征。页岩储集空间可划分为3大类：矿物基质孔、有机质孔、微裂缝。受有机质和黏土矿物等因素影响,页岩内部孔隙结构参数各不同,但主体上孔径小于50 nm的微孔和中孔提供了大部分比表面积和孔体积,为气体存储主要场所。牛蹄塘组页岩甲烷最大吸附量平均为1.98 cm3/g;龙马溪组页岩甲烷最大吸附量较低,为1.16 cm3/g。其中有机质与黏土矿物对页岩甲烷吸附量均有一定的贡献,而过高的成熟度和含水量可导致页岩吸附能力下降。     

粘土矿物在油气初次运移中作用的探讨

本文在大量实际分析资料基础上,总结出我国含油气盆地中蒙脱石的转化类型,并讨论了它们在油气初次运移中的作用。在蒙脱石向伊利石连续转化型的盆地中,矿物转化对初次运移有明显作用;在蒙脱石向伊利石不连续转化或少量转化类型盆地中,由于矿物转化与生油期不相匹配或可转化的蒙脱石含量太少,对初次运移的作用不明显;在蒙脱石无转化和缺少蒙脱石的盆地中,基本不存在蒙脱石的转化过程,因而对初次运移不起作用。     

Characterization of a Lacustrine Shale Reservoir and the Evolution of its Nanopores: A Case Study of the Upper Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation in the Songliao Basin,Northeastern China

The Songliao Basin is one of the most important petroliferous basins in northern China. With a recent gradual decline in conventional oil production in the basin, the exploration and development of unconventional resources are becoming increasingly urgent. The Qingshankou Formation consists of typical Upper Cretaceous continental strata, and represents a promising and practical replacement resource for shale oil in the Songliao Basin. Previous studies have shown that low-mature to mature Qingshankou shale mainly preserves type Ⅰ and type Ⅱ1 organic matter, with relatively high total organic carbon(TOC) content. It is estimated that there is a great potential to explore for shale oil resources in the Qingshankou Formation in this basin. However, not enough systematic research has been conducted on pore characteristics and their main controlling factors in this lacustrine shale reservoir. In this study, 19 Qingshankou shales from two wells drilled in the study area were tested and analyzed for mineral composition, pore distribution and feature evolution using Xray diffraction(XRD), scanning electron microscopy(SEM), low-pressure nitrogen gas adsorption(N2-GA), and thermal simulation experiments. The XRD results show that clay, quartz, and feldspar are the dominant mineral constituents of Qingshankou shale. The clay minerals are mostly illite/smectite mixed layers with a mean content of 83.5%, followed by illite, chlorite, and kaolinite. There are abundant deposits of clay-rich shale in the Qingshankou Formation in the study area, within which many mineral and organic matter pores were observed using SEM. Mineral pores contribute the most to shale porosity;specifically, clay mineral pores and carbonate pores comprise most of the mineral pores in the shale. Among the three types of organic matter pores, type B is more dominant the other two. Pores with diameters greater than 10 nm supply the main pore volume;most are half-open slits and wedge-shaped pores. The total pore volume had no obvious linear relationship with TOC content, but had some degree of positive correlation with the content of quartz + feldspar and clay minerals respectively. However, it was negatively correlated with carbonate mineral content. The specific surface area of the pores is negatively related to TOC content, average pore diameter, and carbonate mineral content. Moreover, it had a somewhat positive correlation with clay mineral content and no clear linear relationship with the content of quartz + feldspar. With increases in maturity, there was also an increase in the number of carbonate mineral dissolution pores and organic matter pores, average pore diameter, and pore volume, whereas there was a decrease in specific surface area of the pores. Generally, the Qingshankou shale is at a low-mature to mature stage with a TOC content of more than 1.0%, and could be as thick as 250 m in the study area. Pores with diameters of more than 10 nm are well-developed in the shale. This research illustrates that there are favorable conditions for shale oil occurrence and enrichment in the Qingshankou shale in the study area.     

鸡西盆地下白垩统城子河组-穆棱组露头砂岩中的黏土矿物成因探讨

对鸡西盆地下白垩统城子河组—穆棱组露头砂岩中的黏土矿物进行了X-衍射分析。研究结果表明,黏土矿物主要由伊利石,高岭石和伊/蒙混层组成,组合可分为高岭石型与伊/蒙混层和伊利石型两种,根据黏土矿物组合判断露头砂岩处于中成岩阶段A期。下白垩统城子河组—穆棱组煤系地层和泥岩成岩过程中析出的有机酸是高岭石型黏土矿物组合发育的重要原因,而沉积相带水动力条件弱导致砂岩渗滤条件的变差则是伊/蒙混层和伊利石型黏土矿物组合形成的原因。     

中国二叠系海陆交互相页岩气富集成藏特征及前景分析

我国二叠系海陆交互相富有机质泥页岩层系分布广泛，主要有以山西组、太原组和龙潭组为代表的形成于滨浅海环境的含煤建造型和以孤峰组、大隆组为代表的含硅质建造型。本文通过大量页岩气富集评价参数资料对比和综合评价，得出两种层系富有机质页岩具有“有机质含量高、热演化适中、含气量高、孔隙度高”等特点，可与四川盆地已经开发的志留系龙马溪组海相页岩参数相媲美。按照页岩气形成富集成藏“岩相控碳、成岩控烃、构造控藏”的三大主控因素，综合评价和优选了鄂尔多斯盆地东缘、沁水盆地、南华北盆地、开江-梁平裂陷槽、城口-鄂西裂陷槽、皖江裂陷槽及湘中、川南-黔西等页岩气勘查远景区，期待对我国二叠系海陆交互相页岩气勘查开发提供支持。     

Mineralogy and chemical composition of the clay fraction of Neogene shales from the Surma Group in the Bengal basin,Bangladesh

Mineralogical and chemical investigations (<2μm clay separates) of shale samples from the Neogene-age Surma Group obtained from four wells (Habiganj-11, Shahbazpur-1, Titas-11, Titas-15) in the Bengal basin, Bangladesh, were carried out in order to reveal the clay mineral composition as reservoir exploration and exploitation requires a good understanding of the clay minerals. The samples were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-Ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF). Mineralogically, the sub-surface Surma Group shales comprise predominantly quartz, plagioclase, illite, chlorite, kaolinite, with lesser amounts of K-feldspar, dolomite and smectite, and minor to trace amounts of calcite, siderite and pyrite. The chemical composition of the <2 μm clay separates also suggests an illite and chlorite-rich composition. With increasing burial depth, the Surma Group shales are enriched in illite. The gradual decreasing of the smectite clays with depth and ultimate disappearance at greater depths (≥ 3000 m) may have been responsible for the presence of the diagenetic illite. Based on the mineralogical composition it is most likely that the illite-chlorite associations together with quartz and feldspar were predominantly detrital in origin and thus reflect the presence of a rapidly-rising source terrain not subjected to intense weathering.     

东营凹陷泥页岩矿物组成及脆度分析

对东营凹陷泥页岩矿物组成、脆度进行了系统研究,并与北美页岩进行了对比。研究表明:东营凹陷沙三下和沙四上亚段泥页岩主要由黏土矿物、陆源碎屑矿物（主要指石英和长石）和自生非黏土矿物（主要指碳酸盐和黄铁矿）三部分组成;泥页岩黏土矿物含量平均只有25％左右,远低于海相泥岩和传统观点;石英含量平均为29%,远低于海相页岩;长石含量平均约5％,高于海相泥岩;自生的碳酸盐矿物含量较高,平均约37％;分析认为,陆相盆地面积较小、距物源区近以及相变快是导致研究区泥页岩矿物组成特征的主要原因。鉴于此,提出了新的脆度计算方法并计算了东营凹陷泥页岩的石英脆度、碳酸盐脆度和总脆度。对比发现,碳酸矿物盐含量与泥页岩脆度相关性较好,是影响泥页岩脆度的主要因素。最后指出:研究区泥页岩脆性较好,易于形成天然裂缝或被压裂,是页岩气潜在的有利储层。     

鄂尔多斯盆地白垩系粘土矿物的分布特征及其沉积-成岩环境意义

系统地分析了鄂尔多斯盆地白垩系粘土矿物的特征及其沉积、成岩环境意义。研究结果表明:白垩系砂岩、泥质岩的粘土矿物组合以I+C+I/S型、I+C型为主,具有高伊利石含量,较高绿泥石、伊/蒙混层矿物含量的粘土矿物组成特点;其中泥质岩粘土矿物主要为陆源碎屑成因,次为沉积成岩过程中形成的自生粘土矿物,而砂岩粘土矿物兼有陆源碎屑成因和沉积成岩过程自生成因的特征;白垩系沉积时气候总体特征为干旱—半干旱,但局部时段发生干—湿气候波动而处于短暂的湿热气候环境;白垩系沉积物源富含长石等硅酸盐矿物,沉积物质主要自北、南、西向盆地内部搬运沉积;白垩系沉积和埋藏成岩过程中水介质整体上具有盐度较高,偏碱性,富K+、Fe2+、Mg2+的特点,且总体上盆地南部水介质中的这些指标都高于北部。     

柴北缘中侏罗统湖相泥页岩储层矿物组成与脆性特征

运用X射线衍射技术,对柴北缘中侏罗统46块岩心泥页岩样品和15块露头泥页岩样品进行了定性和定量分析。结果表明研究区泥页岩矿物成分中黏土矿物含量最高,介于33%~79.7%之间,平均54.3%;其次为石英,含量介于14.5%~57.8%之间,平均35.4%;碳酸盐矿物含量较少,总量一般介于0~13%之间,个别样品大于15%,露头样品与岩心样品矿物成分有差别。黏土矿物组合特征反映出研究区进入中成岩阶段,对应有机质演化的成熟阶段,具有适宜页岩油气形成的成熟度条件。扫描电镜显示,研究区泥页岩发育3种孔隙类型。与海相页岩相比,柴北缘中侏罗统泥页岩黏土矿物含量高但敏感性矿物含量低,石英、长石等脆性矿物含量偏低但达到湖相泥页岩开发标准,脆性指数平均为42.6%,整体上具有较好的脆性和可压性,有利于该区湖相页岩的压裂改造。     

Geochemical and Geological Characterization of Marine-Continental Transitional Shale: A Case Study in the Ordos Basin, NW China

The organic-rich shale of the Shanxi and Taiyuan Formation of the Lower Permian deposited in a marine-continental transitional environment are well developed in the Ordos Basin, NW China, which is considered to contain a large amount of shale hydrocarbon resources. This study takes the Lower Permian Shanxi and Taiyuan shale collected from well SL# in the Ordos Basin, NW China as an example to characterize the transitional shale reservoir. Based on organic geochemistry data, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) observations, the desorbed gas contents of this transitional shale were systematically studied and the shale gas potential was investigated. The results indicate that the Lower Permian Shanxi and Taiyuan shale has a relatively high total organic carbon (TOC) (average TOC of 4.9%) and contains type III kerogen with a high mature to over mature status. XRD analyses show that an important characteristic of the shale is that clay and brittle minerals of detrital origin comprise the major mineral composition of the marine-continental transitional shale samples, while the percentages of carbonate minerals, pyrite and siderite are relatively small. FE-SEM observations reveal that the mineral matrix pores are the most abundant in the Lower Permian shale samples, while organic matter (OM) pores are rarely developed. Experimental analysis suggests that the mineral compositions mainly govern the macropore development in the marine-continental transitional shale, and mineral matrix pores and microfractures are considered to provide space for gas storage and migration. In addition, the desorption experiments demonstrated that the marine-continental transitional shale in the Ordos Basin has a significantly potential for shale gas exploration, ranging from 0.53 to 2.86 m3/t with an average value of 1.25m3/t, which is in close proximity to those of terrestrial shale (1.29 m3/t) and marine shale (1.28 m3/t). In summary, these results demonstrated that the Lower Permian marine-continental transitional shale in the Ordos Basin has a significantly potential for shale gas exploration.     

渝东南牛蹄塘组与龙马溪组高演化海相页岩全孔径孔隙结构特征对比研究

中国南方主要富有机质海相页岩寒武系牛蹄塘组和志留系龙马溪组是当前页岩气勘探的重要目标地层,但演化程度普遍偏高,孔隙结构复杂。为加深对这种复杂性的认识,通过场发射扫描电镜、高压压汞实验与低温低压吸附实验(CO_2与N_2),对页岩全孔径孔隙结构特征进行对比研究。研究发现,牛蹄塘组孔体积与龙马溪组页岩的孔体积分别介于0.0202~0.0402 m L/g与0.0255~0.0310 m L/g之间,介孔在两套页岩孔体积中所占比例最大。两套页岩比表面积分别介于13.74~41.26 m~2/g与21.42~27.82 m~2/g之间,微孔与介孔几乎提供了两套页岩全部的比表面。孔隙结构的差异主要表现为牛蹄塘组页岩内溶蚀孔和粒间孔较为发育,有机质孔隙发育不均匀;而龙马溪组页岩内粒内孔、粒间孔和有机质孔隙均较为发育;牛蹄塘组在微孔范围内的孔体积与比表面积占有优势,而介孔与宏孔范围内的孔体积与比表面积均小于龙马溪组。根据实验数据结果与文献的调研,两套页岩孔隙结构差异的主要原因主要是成熟度与埋深的不同影响而形成的。     

滇东地区马龙区块筇竹寺组海相页岩储层特征及对比研究

利用最新钻探的马页1井的井下资料和大量岩心样品的测试分析数据,并结合野外地质调查资料,从富有机质页岩的有机地化、矿物组分、储集特性和裂缝特征等方面,系统地研究了滇东地区马龙区块下寒武统筇竹寺组黑色页岩的储层特征。研究区筇竹寺组黑色页岩有机碳丰度较高,TOC含量普遍大于2%;由于筇竹寺组地层较老,黑色页岩的有机质均处于高成熟过成熟阶段;黑色页岩的矿物组分主要为碎屑矿物、碳酸盐矿物和黏土矿物。脆性矿物含量较高,脆性指数平均值为0.62。黏土矿物主要以伊利石为主,其次为伊蒙混层和绿泥石,高岭石含量较低;该区筇竹寺组页岩的孔、渗较低,孔隙类型复杂多样,主要包括“墨水瓶”孔、板状孔和狭缝型孔。页岩主要发育纳米级中孔,且比表面积和总孔体积偏小,平均值分别为9.18 m2/g和10.38×10-3cm3/g;储层裂缝以高角度缝为主,上部碳质页岩裂缝发育,下部粉砂质页岩裂缝不发育。有机碳含量和脆性矿物含量促进了页岩裂缝的发育;与国内外典型海相页岩储层对比,滇东地区马龙区块筇竹寺组页岩以粉砂质页岩为主,碳质页岩层较薄,而Fort Worth盆地Barnett页岩、焦石坝地区龙马溪组页岩和岑巩区块牛蹄塘组页岩主要为硅质页岩和碳质页岩,筇竹寺组页岩的岩相与这3组海相页岩相比较差;筇竹寺组页岩有机碳含量低于其他3组海相页岩,有机质丰度中等;筇竹寺组页岩脆性矿物含量与龙马溪组页岩相当,稍低于牛蹄塘组页岩,脆性较好;Barnett页岩和龙马溪组页岩无论在储集物性上还是有机质孔隙发育程度上都要优于筇竹寺组页岩和牛蹄塘组页岩,筇竹寺组页岩有机质孔隙主要发育于有机质与黏土的混合物中;筇竹寺组页岩裂缝发育程度低于Barnett页岩、龙马溪组页岩和牛蹄塘组页岩。此外,筇竹寺组页岩含气量低于其他3组海相页岩,但吸附能力较强。     

四川盆地及周缘龙马溪组页岩产气效果影响因素

我国在四川盆地及周缘下志留统龙马溪组页岩气勘探开发中已取得一些重要发现和突破。JY1HF井、彭页1Hf、DY2HF井、南页1HF、龙参2井、保页1井等一系列针对龙马溪组的钻井及压裂改造都展现了我国南方龙马溪组页岩具备良好的勘探开发前景。本文对比分析了四川盆地及周缘多口页岩气井压后产量与储层地质条件、储层物性、地应力、构造保存及压裂施工规模等影响页岩气产能参数的相关性,总结提出了影响页岩气勘探开发效果的主要控制因素为优质页岩厚度、含气性、脆性矿物含量、孔隙度、地层压力系数和水平应力差异系数,为今后我国南方海相页岩气的高效勘探开发提供了重要的借鉴和指导。     

鄂西宜昌斜坡带五峰组—龙马溪组页岩优势岩相及其生气潜力

【研究目的】不同页岩岩相的矿物组分、含气性和可压性等的差异,决定不同岩相的开发潜力不同,页岩岩相的划分及评价对找寻页岩气勘探开发甜点具有重要指导意义。【研究方法】基于钻井、岩心和分析测试资料,综合利用地质理论结合硅质矿物-黏土矿物-碳酸盐矿物含量三端元图解,对鄂西宜昌斜坡带上奥陶统五峰组—下志留统龙马溪组下段含气页岩岩相进行划分,结合有机碳含量、含气量、岩心镜下特征等划分优势岩相。优选有机质丰度、硅质矿物含量、黏土矿物含量3项指标与页岩含气量进行相关性分析,建立了五峰组—龙马溪组含气页岩优势岩相的分级标准。【研究结果】研究区优势岩相均为II类优势岩相,II₁类（最优）优势岩相为S-2混合硅质页岩相和S-3含黏土硅质页岩相,位于龙马溪组一亚段和五峰组上段,厚6 m;II₂类（次优）优势岩相为S硅质页岩相,位于五峰组下段,厚4 m。【结论】宜昌斜坡带和涪陵地区具有相似的岩相垂向演化序列,优势岩相均位于五峰组—龙马溪组一亚段,但同一岩相组合的页岩厚度和品质差异较大,发生在鲁丹阶早期的湘鄂西水下隆起和鲁丹阶晚期的水下隆起是造成宜昌地区优势岩相的厚度和品质均要差于涪陵地区的主要原因。创新点：建立五峰组—龙马溪组含气页岩优势岩相的分级标准,提出龙马溪组一亚段和五峰组是优势岩相发育层位。     

蒙脱石+伊/蒙混层+伊利石等粘土矿物混合物相X射线定量分析方法—模拟定量法

本文提出粘土矿物(特别是含伊/蒙不规则混层粘土矿物)混合物相的X射线定量分析方法——模拟定量法。着重解决在蒙脱石-不规则伊/蒙混层粘土矿物-伊利石组合中,伊/蒙混层粘土矿物的定量分析计算。模拟定量法是对以前的各种粘土矿物X射线定量分析方法的补充。用纯净的蒙脱石、伊利石、高岭石、绿泥石及各种伊/蒙混层比的伊/蒙混层粘土矿物,配制了各种不同组合的粘土矿物混合样品,制成定向薄膜片,进行了X射线分析,讨论了各种组合的粘土矿物混合物相X射线衍射图谱的特征,并在此基础上提出了粘土混合物相定量分析的方法。     

火山活动期断陷湖盆富有机质混积页岩形成条件:以松辽盆地南部梨树断陷沙河子组富有机质页岩为例

中国地质调查局实施部署的JLYY-1井在松辽盆地南部沙河子组钻遇51 m的富有机质混积页岩.经过取心观察和室内综合分析发现,这套51 m厚的页岩具有以下特征:第一,混积（来自盆内和盆外的硅质、钙质无机矿物物源以及不同类型的有机物源混合沉积）;第二,页岩中夹多套薄层凝灰岩或凝灰质泥/页岩;第三,页岩的纹层和页理极为发育,现场岩心浸水实验观察到大量气泡顺页理面涌出.基于JLYY-1井的元素测井资料,结合地球化学测试、扫描电镜成像、光学显微成像和Roqscan矿物成分成像测试结果,将其归纳为火山活动期断陷湖盆的富有机质混积页岩形成模式,并得出其形成条件如下:（1）多种有机物源的输入提高了页岩中有机质的丰度,也使Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型干酪根均有发育;（2）火山活动后期营养元素迁移造成藻类勃发;（3）干热气候条件下封闭咸水环境的碳酸盐岩化作用促进有机质生烃;（4）水体氧化分层形成了该段页岩的4类纹层:硅质、黏土质、钙质和黄铁矿纹层.      

Geochemistry and mineralogy of the Al-rich shale from Baluti formation,Iraqi Kurdistan region: implications for weathering and provenance

The mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of the Upper Triassic Baluti shale from the Northern Thrust Zone (Sararu section) and High Folded Zone (Sarki section) Kurdistan Region, Iraq, have been investigated to constrain their paleoweathering, provenance, tectonic setting, and depositional redox conditions. The clay mineral assemblages are dominated by kaolinite, illite, mixed layers illite/smectite at Sararu section, and illite > smectite with traces of kaolinite at Sarki. Illite, to be noted, is within the zone of diagenesis. The non-clay minerals are dominated by calcite with minor amounts of quartz and muscovite in Sararu shale; and are dominated by dolomite with amounts of calcite and quartz in Sarki shale. Baluti shale is classified as Al-rich based on major and minor elements. The chemical index of alteration (CIA) is significantly higher in the Sararu than the Sarki shales, suggesting more intense weathering of the Sararu than the Sarki shales. The index of compositional variability (ICV) of the Sararu shale is less than 1 (suggesting it is compositionally mature and was deposited in a tectonically quiescent setting). More than 1 for Sarki shales (suggest it is less mature and deposited in a tectonically active setting). Most shale of the Baluti plot parallel and along the A-K line in A-CN-K plots suggest intense chemical weathering (high CIA) without any clear-cut evidence of K-metasomatism. Clay mineral data, Al enrichment, CIA values, and A-CN-K plot suggest that the source area experienced high degree of chemical weathering under warm and humid conditions, especially in Sararu. Elemental ratios critical of provenance (La/Sc, Th/Sc, Th/Cr, Th/Co, Ce/Ce*_PN, Eu/Eu*_PN, and Eu/Eu*_CN) shows slight difference between the Sararu and Sarki shales; and the ratios are similar to fine fractions derived from the weathering of mostly felsic rocks. The Eu/Eu^* _CN, Th/Sc, and low K₂O/Al₂O₃ ratios of most shales suggest weathering from mostly a granodiorite source rather than a granite source, consistent with a source from old upper continental crust. Discrimination diagrams based on major and trace element content point to a role of the felsic-intermediate sources for the deposition of Baluti Formation, and probably mixed with mafic source rocks at Sararu section. The chondrite-normalized rare earth elements (REE) patterns are similar to those of PAAS, with light REE enrichment, a negative Eu anomaly, and almost flat heavy REE pattern similar to those of a source rock with felsic components. The source of sediments for the Baluti Formation was likely the Rutba Uplift and/or the plutonic-metamorphic complexes of the Arabian Shield located to the southwest of the basin; whereas the Sararu shale was affected by the mafic rocks of the Bitlis-Avroman-Bisitoun Ridge to the northeast of Arabian Plate. The tectonic discrimination diagrams, as well as critical trace and REE characteristic parameters imply rift and active setting for the depositional basin of the shale of Baluti Formation. The geochemical parameters such as U/Th, V/Cr, V/Sc, and Cu/Zn ratios indicate that these shales were deposited under oxic environment and also show that Sarki shale was deposited under more oxic environment than Sararu.