桑沟湾邻近海域岬角潮余流涡对及其产生机理

桑沟湾邻近海域潮余流对该海域物质输运具有重要作用,但由于观测资料不足的限制,该海域潮余流的整体分布状况尚不明确。本文利用22套锚系海流观测资料和高分辨率数值模拟资料,分析了桑沟湾邻近海域潮余流的整体分布特征,并探讨了其产生机理。桑沟湾内潮余流总体上较弱,其邻近海域的潮余流在3个岬角(俚岛,寻山和楮山)附近呈现出显著的潮余流涡对结构,每个岬角的北面存在气旋式潮余流涡,南面存在反气旋式潮余流涡。无论是流速大小还是涡覆盖范围,俚岛和楮山外海潮余流涡对均大于寻山外海的涡对。动力诊断分析表明,岬角附近3对潮余流涡的主要形成机制都是由侧边界摩擦引起的水平剪切作用,底摩擦应力旋度的作用只影响俚岛附近的潮余流涡对,位势涡度守恒的作用都不显著。     

A numerical study of the relative importance of wind and topographic forcing on oceanic eddy shedding by tall, deep water islands

A process-oriented, quasi-geostrophic, barotropic model has been developed with the aim of studying the relative importance of wind and topographic forcing on oceanic eddy generation by tall, deep water islands. As a case study, we chose the island of Gran Canaria. Topographic forcing was established using different intensities (weak, medium, strong, and very strong) for the oceanic current incident to the island. Wind forcing was introduced to simulate the mean wind curl observed in atmospheric tall island wakes. As observed from in situ data, the resulting wind curl consists of two cells of opposite sign which become a complementary source of vorticity at the island lee. The intensity and the shape of the two cells depend on the strength of the incident wind against the obstacle. The oceanic model was forced at three different wind (trade winds) speeds which correspond to weak, medium and strong wind intensities. Results from several numerical experiments show that in those periods where the incident wind is in the medium–strong range and the incident current speed is low (low Reynolds number), the wind forcing is the trigger mechanism for oceanic eddy generation. Eddies are spun off from the island for a lower Reynolds number (Re)/intensity of the oceanic flow (Re = 20) when compared with only topographic forcing (Re > 60). However, when the current speed is strong (high Reynolds number), the vorticity input by the wind is quickly advected by the oceanic flow and does not contribute to oceanic eddy generation. When only wind forcing is considered, only two stationary eddies are generated in the island wake. In this case, eddies of opposite sign are not sequentially spun off by the island and a Von-Kármán-like eddy street is not developed downstream of the island. Therefore, the main mechanism responsible for the development of an eddy street is the topographic perturbation of the oceanic flow by the island flanks. The wind over the island wake acts only as an additional source of vorticity, promoting the generation of an eddy street at a lower intensity of the incident oceanic flow, but not being capable of generating an eddy street without the topographic forcing.     

岬湾海岸中人工岛建设对岬角涡旋及海湾地形冲淤的影响——以海南岛铺前湾为例

岬湾海岸中一般在岬角的右侧与左侧（面向大海方向）分别发育顺时针与逆时针涡流。这些涡流的存在对泥沙输运、海底地形演变、污染物扩散等都具有重要影响。而在海洋中岛屿的存在将产生局部的岛后尾流。如岛屿与岬角距离较近,岛后尾流可能与岬角涡旋相互作用,反之则相互影响较小。本文以海南岛铺前湾为例,研究在岬湾海岸中湾口处的人工岛建设对湾内涡旋的影响,并进一步分析人工岛建设对整个海湾海底冲淤变化的效应。本项研究主要采用COAWST模型进行研究。结果表明,大潮期在海湾内发育大范围的顺时针涡旋,小潮期涡旋发育不明显,以东向余流为主。人工岛建设并未影响整个海湾的涡旋结构,但人工岛分隔了湾内顺时针涡旋,且在周围产生局部的逆时针与顺时针涡旋。海底冲淤变化的基本格局为湾内以淤积为主,人工岛建设加强了这种趋势,但在人工岛与岸线之间的狭窄通道内,海底出现冲刷。本项研究对岬湾海岸的科学开发管理具有一定意义。     

Eddy formation behind a coastal cape in a flow generated by transient longshore wind (Numerical experiments)

It is shown that the process of eddy formation behind a coastal cape essentially depends on the method by which longshore flow is generated. Numerical simulations of the flow around a cape generated by transient longshore wind have revealed different modes of eddy formation in a rotating stratified environment depending on such dimensionless parameters as the Burger and Kibel–Rossby numbers, Bu and Ro, respectively. At Ro < 0.6, depending on the magnitude of Bu, either a trapped anticyclonic or cyclonic eddy (at Bu < 0.2) or periodic eddy shedding (at Bu < 0.2) forms. The eddies are weakened and stretched along the coastline at 0.4–0.6 < Ro < 1.4 and ultimately disappear at Ro < 1.4.     

Laboratory study of a shear instability of an alongshore sea current

A laboratory study of the alongshore current shear instability in a rotating and nonrotating homogeneous fluid was carried out with special attention paid to the conditions of the coherent eddy structure formation in a shear flow. The cases with both cyclonic and anticyclonic velocity shear between the current core and the coast were reproduced in a wide range of nondimensional velocity shear variations. No coherent eddy-like structure formation was observed in the nonrotating fluid; the flow was always chaotic or turbulent. However, chains of coherent eddy-like structures were formed in the rotating fluid in the case with cyclonic velocity shear in a broad range of its variations. In the case with anticyclonic velocity shear, a chain of eddies was observed only when the velocity shear was quite low. When it was high, the flow was chaotic or turbulent. A physical model that explained the asymmetry in the conditions of the coherent eddy-like structure formation in the rotating fluid with cyclonic and anticyclonic velocity shear was considered. The laboratory results agreed with the observations of coherent submesoscale eddies in the Black Sea coastal zone.     

Statistical characteristics and formation mechanism of the Lanyu cold eddy

The statistical characteristics and formation mechanism of the Lanyu cold eddy were examined using satellite data from 1993 to 2013. The statistical characteristics of the Lanyu cold eddy in this paper are given for the first time to the best of our knowledge. It is found that Lanyu cold eddies occurred seven times in total during the period examined, and that this eddy generally moves from southeast to northwest and gradually decays when it approaches the island of Taiwan. Next, we estimated the eddy lifetime, diameter, strength and straight line travel distance. Composite analyses of sea surface height anomaly and geostrophic current demonstrate that the formation of the Lanyu cold eddy mainly results from the combined action of the Kuroshio loop and an anticyclonic eddy east of Lanyu Island. Thus, our study provides a new insight into our understanding of the formation mechanism of the Lanyu cold eddy.     

Eddy Shedding from the Kuroshio Bend at Luzon Strait

TOPEX/POSEDIENT-ERS satellite altimeter data along with the mean state from the Parallel Ocean Climate Model result have been used to investigate the variation of Kuroshio intrusion and eddy shedding at Luzon Strait during 1992–2001. The Kuroshio penetrates into the South China Sea and forms a bend. The Kuroshio bend varies with time, periodically shedding anticyclonic eddies. Criteria of eddy shedding are identified: 1) When the shedding event occurs, there are usually two centers of high Sea Surface Height (SSH) together with negative geostrophic vorticity in the Kuroshio Bend (KB) area. 2) Between the two centers of high SSH there usually exists positive geostrophic vorticity. These criteria have been used to determine the eddy shedding times and locations. The most frequent eddy shedding intervals are 70, 80 and 90 days. In both the winter and summer monsoon period, the most frequent locations are 119.5°E and 120°E, which means that the seasonal variation of eddy shedding location is unclear.     

南海东北部中尺度涡对海表叶绿素a浓度的影响规律研究

基于南海东北部1998~2019年的多源卫星遥感数据和风场再分析数据, 较系统地分析了南海东北部涡旋内部叶绿素a浓度的分布特征, 通过量化统计和涡心坐标系参数合成等方法探究了中尺度涡对叶绿素a浓度变化的影响规律及潜在机制。结果表明: (1)南海东北部约有60%的中尺度涡旋内部存在叶绿素a浓度增加和减少的现象。(2)南海东北部中尺度涡内部叶绿素a扰动受到涡旋抽吸和涡致Ekman抽吸机制的共同调控, 其中约有38% (39%)的暖(冷)涡内涡旋抽吸的贡献更大, 21% (24%)的暖(冷)涡内涡致Ekman抽吸的贡献更大。(3)南海东北部中尺度涡生命周期内的海表叶绿素a浓度变化存在显著的阶段性差异, 在冷暖涡的生成期, 涡旋抽吸的作用更为显著, 而在冷暖涡的顶峰和消亡期, 涡致Ekman抽吸的作用更为明显。上述研究结果有助于理解南海东北部初级生产力对中尺度涡的响应过程与机理, 对认识海洋物理-生物耦合过程具有一定的参考价值和研究意义。     

黑潮流套脱落反气旋涡对声传播的影响研究

黑潮在冬季常以流套的方式入侵南海,并多伴随着反气旋涡的脱落,脱落的反气旋涡将黑潮高温、高盐水带入南海,影响南海东北部水文要素和声速场的空间分布,目前尚未有对黑潮流套脱落反气旋涡声学效应的研究。利用2009～2020年卫星高度计数据和再分析数据,在南海东北部选取了6个冬季黑潮流套脱落反气旋涡,研究了其水文和声场结构,并应用Bellhop高斯射线模型仿真给出了其对声传播的影响。结果表明:(1)6个黑潮脱落反气旋涡平均半径为110～135km,垂向深度可达1 000～1 200 m,最大旋转速度为0.4～0.6 m/s。反气旋涡中心暖水下沉,温度异常均为正异常,暖核位置位于100～250 m处,最大正异常达到2.5°C。中心盐度异常呈现负-正-负的三核结构。反气旋涡在100～900 m深度声速为正异常,最大正异常超过8 m/s,出现在400 m左右。(2)声波从涡外穿过涡旋和从涡内向外传播,当地形不会影响声线的反转时,会聚区的位置发生后移,后移的距离在5～10 km;当地形阻碍声线的反转时,声线与地形接触的位置不同,会聚区可能出现前移或后移,后移最大为29km,前移最大可达23km。(3)当...     

基于拉格朗日拟序结构的吕宋海峡表层水交换研究

黑潮通过吕宋海峡入侵南海呈现明显的瞬态特征。以往的研究通常将黑潮在吕宋海峡附近的流态分为几种不同类型。本文基于表层地转流计算得到的有限时间李雅普诺夫指数场（FTLE）,展示了拉格朗日视角下的吕宋海峡上层水交换特征。从FTLE场提取的拉格朗日拟序结构（LCSs）很好地识别了吕宋海峡附近的典型流态和旋涡活动。此外,这些LCSs还揭示了吕宋海峡周围复杂的输运路径和流体域,这些特征得到了卫星跟踪浮标轨迹的验证,且从流速场中是无法直接识别的。FTLE场显示,吕宋海峡附近表层水体的输运形态主要可分为四类。其中,黑潮直接向北流动的“跨越”形态和顺时针旋转的“流套”形态的发生频次明显高于直接进入南海的黑潮分支“渗入”形态和南海水流出至太平洋的“外流”形态。本文还进一步分析了黑潮在吕宋海峡处的涡旋脱落事件,突出强调了LCSs在评估涡旋输运方面的重要性。反气旋涡旋的脱落个例表明,这些涡旋主要源自黑潮“流套”,涡旋脱落之前可有效地俘获黑潮水。LCS所指示的输运通道信息有助于预测最终被反气旋涡所挟卷水体在上游的位置。而在气旋涡的形成过程中,LCS的分布特征表明,大部分气旋涡并未与黑潮水的输运路径相连通。因此,气旋涡对从太平洋到南海的上层水交换的贡献较小。     

南海北部陆坡中尺度涡的演化及传播规律分析

The continental slope in the northern South China Sea(SCS) is rich in mesoscale eddies which play an important role in transport and retention of nutrients and biota. In this study, we investigate the statistical properties of eddy distributions and propagation in a period of 24 years between 1993 and 2016 by using the altimeter data. A total of 147 eddies are found in the continental slope region(CSR), including 70 cyclonic eddies(CEs) and 77 anticyclonic eddies(ACEs). For those eddies that appear in the CSR, the surrounding areas of Dongsha Islands(DS) and southwest of Taiwan(SWT) are considered as the primary sources, where eddies generated contribute more than 60% of the total. According to the spatial distribution of eddy relative vorticity, eddies are weakening as propagating westward. Although both CEs and ACEs roughly propagate along the slope isobaths, there are discrepancies between CEs and ACEs. The ACEs move slightly faster in the zonal direction, while the CEs tend to cross the isobaths with large bottom depth change. The ACEs generally move further into the basin areas after leaving the CSR while CEs remain around the CSR. The eddy propagation on the continental slope is likely to be associated with mean flow at a certain degree because the eddy trajectories have notable seasonal signals that are consistent with the seasonal cycle of geostrophic current. The results indicate that the eddy translation speed is statistically consistent with geostrophic velocity in both magnitude and direction.     

Seasonal variation of eddy shedding from the Kuroshio intrusion in the Luzon Strait

Altimeter data and output from the HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model global assimilation run are used to study the seasonal variation of eddy shedding from the Kuroshio intrusion in the Luzon Strait. The results suggest that most eddy shedding events occur from December through March, and no eddy shedding event occurs in June, September, or October. About a month before eddy shedding, the Kuroshio intrusion extends into the South China Sea and a closed anticyclonic eddy appears inside the Kuroshio loop which then detaches from the Kuroshio intrusion. Anticyclonic eddies detached from December through February move westward at a speed of about 0.1 m s⁻¹ after shedding, whereas eddies detached in other months either stay at the place of origin or move westward at a very slow speed (less than 0.06 m s⁻¹). The HYCOM outputs and QuikSCAT wind data clearly show that the seasonal variation of eddy shedding is influenced by the monsoon winds. A comparison between eddy volume and integrated Ekman transport indicates that, once the integrated Ekman transport exceeds 2 × 10¹² m³ (which roughly corresponds to the volume of an eddy), the Kuroshio intrusion expands and an eddy shedding event occurs within 1 month. We infer that the Ekman drift of the northeasterly monsoon pushes the Kuroshio intrusion into the SCS, creates a net westward transport into the Strait, and leads to an eddy detachment from the Kuroshio.     

Eddy mass transport for the Southern Ocean in an eddy-permitting global ocean model

The eddy-induced mass transport is diagnosed for the Southern Ocean in an eddy-permitting global ocean model (OCCAM). The focus is on the transport by transient eddies in the deep ocean. The transport streamfunction is calculated in four different combinations of coordinate system. Depending on the coordinate system employed, the strength of transient eddy transport varies from 6 Sv meridional transport in latitude-density coordinates to 20 Sv across-streamline transport in streamline-depth coordinates. It is shown that transient eddies as well as standing eddies are necessary for cancelling the Deacon cell.In the Antarctic bottom water density layer, the major contribution of the transient eddies towards net equatorward transport occurs (a) as a strong transport over the narrow Drake Passage and (b) as a weaker but systematic transport over a broader region in the southeast Pacific where the Antarctic circumpolar current breaks up into multiple jets. In contrast, in the North Atlantic deep water density layer the net poleward eddy transport is spread out almost everywhere. This suggests that attention to eddies should not be restricted to places where the eddy transport has large magnitude.     

A synoptic survey of young mesoscale eddies in the Eastern Gulf of Alaska

Eddies in the Gulf of Alaska are important sources of coastal water and associated nutrients, iron, and biota to the high-nutrient, low-chlorophyll central Gulf of Alaska. Three primary eddy formation regions along the eastern boundary of the gulf have been identified, (from south to north, Haida, Sitka, and Yakutat). In the spring of 2005, three eddies (one of each type) were sampled soon after their formation. The subsurface eddy core water in all three eddies was defined by high iron concentrations and low dissolved oxygen compared with surrounding basin water. The Sitka and Yakutat core waters also exhibited a subsurface temperature maximum (mesothermal water) coincident in depth with the iron maximum, suggesting that eddies may play a role in the formation of temperature inversions observed throughout the Gulf of Alaska. The data suggest different formation regions, with the Yakutat eddy forming in shallow shelf water with riverine input, while the Sitka and Haida eddies appear to form in deeper water.     

Entrainment of Antarctic euphausiids across the Antarctic Polar Front by a cold eddy

An unusual region of high meso-scale turbulence has been identified in the Indian Ocean sector of the Southern Ocean. It has been shown that this is the result of eddy shedding from the Antarctic Polar Front. These eddies may dramatically affect the local distribution of marine organisms. To investigate this, the euphausiid community structure and species composition in the region of a cold eddy within the Antarctic Polar Frontal Zone (APFZ) was investigated during April 2005. Water masses within the core of the eddy were typically Antarctic, showing they had come from south of the Antarctic Polar Front. Results of numerical analyses indicate that the euphausiid community within the survey area consisted of three distinct groups: those in APFZ waters, those at the edge of the eddy and those in the core of the eddy. These results indicate that eddies generated by the interaction of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current with the South-West Indian Ridge play an important role in transporting Antarctic euphausiid species equatorward, thus contributing to the spatial heterogeneity of the zooplankton community within the region.     

东海黑潮周边中尺度涡的分布、运动规律以及生成机制

为了探究东海黑潮周边涡旋分布、形成机理及运动规律,基于法国国家空间研究中心(CNES)卫星海洋学存档数据中心(AVISO)的中尺度涡旋数据集展开了研究。首先,统计了近27年东海黑潮周边的涡旋分布,发现在黑潮弯曲海域产生了650个涡旋,在黑潮中段海域产生了271个涡旋,其中直径100~150 km之间的涡旋数量最多,涡旋振幅主要集中在2~6 cm。其次,分析了东海黑潮的运动路径和涡运动过程,结果表明,黑潮气旋式弯曲海域内侧易产生气旋涡,且移动路径较长,如台湾东北海域黑潮流轴气旋式弯曲处产生的涡旋,其平均位移达到了87.6 km;当反气旋式弯曲海域内侧产生反气旋涡时,涡旋往往做徘徊运动。黑潮中段海域的涡旋呈现出气旋涡在黑潮主轴西侧、反气旋涡在黑潮主轴东侧的极性对称分布特征,两类涡都沿黑潮主轴向东北方向移动。最后,结合再分析的流场、海面高度数据,讨论了涡旋运动规律和生成机制。黑潮弯曲处涡旋的生成与黑潮流体边界层分离有关,奄美大岛南部到冲绳岛西侧的黑潮逆流对黑潮中段海域涡的极性对称分布起到了关键作用,涡旋在运动过程中通常经历生长、成熟和衰变三个阶段。     

基于卫星高度计和浮标漂流轨迹的海洋涡旋特征信息对比分析

本文基于Chelton提供的涡旋数据集和浮标漂流轨迹提取的涡旋结果,对1993—2015年的全球涡旋进行特征信息对比分析。结果表明,在全球范围内高度计涡旋数据集中的欧拉涡旋和浮标漂流轨迹提取的拉格朗日涡旋的配对成功率在空间分布上并不均衡,在中纬度(20°—60°S,20°—60°N)配对成功率最高可达25%,而在20°S—20°N区域内配对成功率不到10%。由于低纬度地转效应并不显著,卫星高度计无法有效观测到涡旋,但通过浮标漂流轨迹识别出的拉格朗日涡旋却大量存在,这说明在低纬度区域内,采用漂流浮标手段对涡旋进行观测,能够有效地弥补卫星高度计识别涡旋的区域限制。进一步分析表明,总体而言,提取的欧拉涡旋半径要大于拉格朗日涡旋闭合回路半径。两种识别方法获得的涡旋(闭合回路)在20°—50°S, 20°—50°N的副热带和中纬度海区半径大致相当; 20°S—20°N度以内(特别是近赤道区域)、高纬度区域以及西边界流区域,欧拉涡旋半径是同期拉格朗日涡旋闭合回路半径的3倍或更多。此外,对配对涡旋的Rossby数分析结果显示,拉格朗日涡旋较小的闭合回路对应较大的平均相对涡度,这表明浮标在被中尺度涡俘获后,更容易在相对涡度较大的地方(如中尺度涡中心、中尺度涡边缘等)形成闭合回路。     

SAR-imaged spiral eddies in Mutsu Bay and their dynamic and kinematic models

A pattern of slick streaks winding into a spiral, known as a spiral eddy, was identified in 5 images taken by the ERS-1/2 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) in Mutsu Bay (Japan); dynamic and kinematic models of these spiral eddies have been proposed. Common characteristics of the five spiral eddies are: 1) an eddy diameter of about 15 km; 2) their location in the western part of the bay; and 3) their cyclonic direction of rotation. Moreover, the wind conditions over the bay were common: prior to acquiring the images, a strong easterly wind continued blowing for more than one day. The wind field on the bay is known to be orographically steered and has strong windstress vorticity, which generates cyclonic circulation. The diameter and location of the circulation simulated with a numerical ocean model corresponded well to those of the identified spiral eddies. Based on these facts, we propose a dynamic model for the movement of a slick streak, and a kinematic model for the formation of a spiral eddy. We have assumed calm air, a microlayer and seawater with a cyclonic circulation in the dynamic model. The balance of forces is established in the microlayer among the frictional force from the seawater, the frictional force from the calm air, the gravitational force, and the Coriolis force. As a result, the velocity vector of the microlayer deflects slightly towards the center of the cyclonic circulation. We have assumed a point source of the microlayer in the kinematic model. The shapes of a slick streak simulated with the models agree well with the identified patterns in the SAR images.     

Laboratory measurements of large-scale near-bed turbulent flow structures under spilling regular waves

The instantaneous turbulent velocity field created by the breaking of spilling regular waves on a plane slope was measured in a plane running parallel to the slope using particle image velocimetry. The measurement plane was located at a height of about 1 mm above the bed. The measurement area encompassed the region where the large eddies generated at incipient wave breaking impinged on the bottom inside the surf zone. A total of 30 trials were conducted under identical experimental conditions. In each trial, six consecutive wave cycles were recorded. The measured velocity fields were separated into a mean flow and a turbulence component by ensemble averaging. The instantaneous turbulent velocity fields were analyzed to determine the occurrence frequency, location, geometry and evolution of the large eddies, and their contributions to instantaneous shear stresses, turbulent kinetic energy and turbulence energy fluxes. The motion of single glass spheres along the bed was also investigated. The two-phase flow measurements showed that the velocity and displacement of large solid particles on a smooth bed were significantly affected by the magnitude and direction of turbulence velocities. Overall, this study has examined the kinematic and dynamic properties of large eddies impinging on the bed and the interaction of these large-scale turbulent flow structures with the mean flow. The study has also highlighted the important role of large eddies in sediment transport.     

Observations of the Labrador Sea eddy field

This paper is an observational study of small-scale coherent eddies in the Labrador Sea, a region of dense water formation thought to be of considerable importance to the North Atlantic overturning circulation. Numerical studies of deep convection emphasize coherent eddies as a mechanism for the lateral transport of heat, yet their small size has hindered observational progress. A large part of this paper is therefore devoted to developing new methods for identifying and describing coherent eddies in two observational platforms, current meter moorings and satellite altimetry. Details of the current and water mass structure of individual eddy events, as they are swept past by an advecting flow, can then be extracted from the mooring data. A transition is seen during mid-1997, with long-lived boundary current eddies dominating the central Labrador Sea year-round after this time, and convectively formed eddies similar to those seen in deep convection modeling studies apparent prior to this time. The TOPEX / Poseidon altimeter covers the Labrador Sea with a loose “net” of observations, through which coherent eddies can seem to appear and disappear. By concentrating on locating and describing anomalous events in individual altimeter tracks, a portrait of the spatial and temporal variability of the underlying eddy field can be constructed. The altimeter results reveal an annual “pulsation” of energy and of coherent eddies originating during the late fall at a particular location in the boundary current, pinpointing the time and place of the boundary current-type eddy formation. The interannual variability seen at the mooring is reproduced, but the mooring site is found to be within a localized region of greatly enhanced eddy activity. Notably lacking in both the annual cycle and interannual variability is a clear relationship between the eddies or eddy energy and the intensity of wintertime cooling. These eddy observations, as well as hydrographic evidence, suggest an active role for boundary current dynamics in shaping the energetics and water mass properties of the interior region.