Physical environment,decision-making and land use development in Metropolitan Lagos

In 1914, Lagos was chosen as the capital of Nigeria and from then onward, the demographic and physical expansion of the city has been so dramatic that by 1960, it has grown into a metropolis covering about 70 sq. km with well over 1 million inhabitants. The inhospitable physical environment, and the locational decision by the British colonial authorities to develop Lagos as Nigeria's capital are largely accountable for the rate and nature of land use development. The predominance of swamps imposes large scale land reclamations as a precondition for land use development, while the administrative, industrial, commercial and transport functions devolving on Lagos as the federal capital and primate city attract massive in-migration at a much faster rate than the pace of providing urban social services. The lagos Executive Development Board (LEDB) dominated land use development for many years. In spite of numerous constrainst, the Board succeeded in carrying out extensive swamp reclamations, residential and industrial estate development. The decision to transfer the capital to Abuja will certainly reflect on future land use development in Lagos. Above all, it is a clear evidence that urban planning alone has failed to tackle the problems meaningfully.With only 10% of the total urban land as against 60% for residential purposes, industrial activity in Metropolitan Lagos is of great social and economic significance both in terms of industrial jobs directly related to manufacturing and indirectly in terms of commercial, transport, banking and insurance opportunities created. The geometry of land use in Metropolitan Lagos is gradually changing under the influence of urban renewal and highway development radiating from the inner-city to the hinterland which have attracted new and centre-city industrial and residential estates are springing up.     

The deterioration of the Nigerian environment: Problems of solid wastes disposal in the metropolitan Lagos

Proper management of solid wastes is a key to environmental sanitation. In recent times the quality of life in most of the cities of the developing world is being deminished by uncontrolled and poorly managed solid wastes in the urban environment. Lagos urban is a typical example. It must be acknowledged that although wastes from homes, businesses and institutions make up a small part of the total load of solid wastes generated in any urban environment they are certainly the most offensive and most dangerous to health when they accumulate near residential points. The quality of life in urban Lagos, Nigeria, with respect to indiscriminate dumping of uncollected solid wastes approximates an aesthetic disaster. This study is therefore designed to examine the problems of solid wastes disposal in Lagos, Nigeria and to provide data base against which effective solid wastes disposal system in the Nigerian capital city might be monitored and tested.Acknowledgement: I wish to thank members of the Environmental Problems and Effects class (1978/9 Session) Geography Department, University of Calabar for their assistance in collecting data for this study.The Year of the last valid population census in Nigeria.     

Empirical assessment of the role of geospatial technology in delivering governance and strengthening democracy in Nigeria

The paper examined the concept of development in line with the role of geospatial technology applications in governance and geospatial management in Nigeria. It also evaluates the previous efforts made by successive governments in managing governance process through geospatial technology initiatives using Lagos State as a proof-of-concept. It empirically demonstrates the role of monitoring spatial development initiatives using Landsat multi-dates satellite images 1985, 1990, 1995, 2000, 5005, 2010 and 2016 and Geographic Information System technique. The paper then identified, mapped and examined the settlement growth of Lagos using Ikorodu Division as an empirical proof-of-concept. The study reveals a geometric increase in uncoordinated human activities resulting from sporadic spatial development (builtup area) from 27.67 sq km (7.7%) in 1985–313.02 sq km (87.3%) spatial coverage in 2016. Based on the regression line, the study reveals a strong correlation between increasing settlement development and time. Low level of community involvement and lack of sense of ownership of development project initiatives in developing a local “vision” and strategy are identified as a problem. The paper re-emphasized that sustaining democratic processes as well as the fight against poverty will be won or lost mostly in the rural and less in the urban areas. The rural area is home to about 70% of the world’s poor due to lack or inadequate government services and basic amenities. The study suggest that making the future better for the yet unborn requires appreciable fundamental dataset, technologies, human resources and reliable government structures.     

Engineering geological data in support of municipal land use planning—a case study in Analandia, southeast Brazil

This paper presents a method for transforming the information of an engineering geological map into useful information for non-specialists involved in land-use planning. The method consists of classifying the engineering geological units in terms of land use capability and identifying the legal and the geologic restrictions that apply in the study area. Both informations are then superimposed over the land use and a conflict areas map is created. The analysis of these data leads to the identification of existing and forthcoming land use conflicts and enables the proposal of planning measures on a regional and local scale. The map for the regional planning was compiled at a 1:50,000 scale and encompasses the whole municipal land area where uses are mainly rural. The map for the local planning was compiled at a 1:10,000 scale and encompasses the urban area. Most of the classification and operations on maps used spatial analyst tools available in the Geographical Information System. The regional studies showed that the greater part of Analandia’s territory presents appropriate land uses. The local-scale studies indicate that the majority of the densely occupied urban areas are in suitable land. Although the situation is in general positive, municipal policies should address the identified and expected land use conflicts, so that it can be further improved.     

The structure and development of greater Lagos

In the period between 1965 and 1976, when German geographers carried out their fieldwork for the Afrika-Kartenwerk under the sponsorship of the German Research Society, remarkable progress in urban development especially in Lagos could be observed. The cooperation with the Federal Survey Department of Nigeria gave the opportunity for collecting several series of aerial photographs which bring into focus some stages of the overwhelming urban expansion.The materials presented here have been selected to demonstrate some regional structures of the Nigerian capital. — In the geography of today the scientific evaluation of aerial photographs together with findings from local observation and historical as well as statistical data is still undervalued. Through this technique, the more classical and conservative method of geographical analysis, relying on subjective judgement, may regain some of its importance, which it once had in the age of exploration of new territories.Where data is scarce and written records of urban expansion are not available or difficult to extract, aerial photographs can give an impression of certain stages of urban growth. A functional analysis under geographical aspects has to be regarded by changes within spatial units in order to the factors of influence. Those factors are numerous, their influence will cause changes in a series of pushes arising from economic developments of the vast hinterland as well as from social conditions of certain groups of the population. In a metropolitan center, as Lagos, the highest ranking central place of Africa's most populous nation, heterogenous events and a confusing number of planning decisions must be taken into consideration. One consequence of nationwide regional interactions with the metropolis is migratory population dynamics. In pursuing lines of interaction, which originate from economic power, population density, and natural resources, one can hardly isolate a single element of influence because all factors are closely interrelated. For Lagos, there is only limited data available on the social and economic standard of the population, valid basic demographic figures of some value are not available.One still has to accept very rough estimates on population figures, number of industrial workers, the standards of housing and the social and economic hierarchy of the population. The present retrospective analysis of aerial photographs gives an interpretation of the regional structure of the town and indicate possible future development.     

Recent slum clearance exercise in Lagos (Nigeria): victims or beneficiaries?

Conclusion The sporadic application of ‘slum clearance’ programmes served only to exacerbate the already intransigent problem of urban housing shortage, as the example of Lagos has demonstrated. The continued application of Western assumptions in urban development (whereas they have since been modified in those countries) has inhibited a reassessment of issues in the Nigerian context. Some of the issues at stake have been considered in this paper. Conventional Western concepts have not only proved inappropriate to the realities of rapid urban growth and limited resources in Nigeria and most of tropical Africa, but have intensified the problems still further. In the context of Maroko slum clearance exercise as contained in this paper, they must be seen as an unsuccessful attempt to control rather than resolve the housing problems of the urban poor. I terms of planning five procedural steps are necessary to be followed to accomplish a desirable urban renewal exercise for the community. They are (1) to acquire land in accordance with the plan, consisting of purchase of land and the structures on it. (2) Relocation of residents from the acquired buildings into satisfactory quarters. The relocation exercise must be made not only mandatory on the government (local or state) undertaking renewal but made a legal requirement. (3) Site clearance — the razing of the structures on the land may be carried out only after the quality of such structures have been determined. This exercise also assumes that a process of data collection and analysis have been accomplished (social and physical). (4) Site improvements and supporting facilities and services are undertaken by the agency. Site improvements include streets, sewers, lightiing etc. Others may include parks, play ground, schools etc. (5) Land may be built upon by agency or sold to original owners if compensations have been paid. They may also be given back to owners with loans to rebuild either through self-help or cooperative venture. Amortization and interest on such loans should be made generous for the poor. Since demolition of housing must precede new construction in the project area, the existing stock of housing is decreased, forcing the displacees to seek shelter in the remaining housing in the city or erect squatter housing. This is especially likely at the low-quality end of the housing market, since the greatest reduction in the housing stock occurs there. The condition may remain depending on government’s degree of responsiveness. Perhaps the only way to avoid the problem of a reduced housing stock in any urban renewal project, thus curbing the incidence of the spiral process of slums among the poor, as the Maroko example has demonstrated in Lagos, is by building new dwelling units for relocatees before demolishing their present homes. Such policy would merge with general attempts to relocate the poor in suburbs, seeking a reduction in the concentrations of poverty in central cities of Nigeria.     

Urban land use transformation and determinants of urban land use size in China

Astract Recent economic reforms and shifts in land use planning in China have greatly changed the size and structure of urban land use. In this paper, an overview of the problems in urban land use and the impacts of economic reforms and planning policies on rapid urban land expansion and structural transformation is outlined. This is followed by statistical analyses to reveal determinants of urban land size. The study shows that urban land use in China has been improved, and urban land use size is related to urban reforms, urban land use adjustment, as well as to population growth and economic development.     

Volcanic Risk Assessment and Mapping in the Vesuvian Area Using GIS

This paper assesses the risk to people and property from lava flow hazard in the Vesuvian area of Italy using a Geographical Information System (GIS). The intense urbanisation and dense population near Mt. Vesuvius make the area very hazardous. Due to the large amount of available data, GIS is an essential tool to facilitate risk evaluation and constant monitoring of the zone. This analysis is based mainly on a lava flow hazard map of Mt. Vesuvius, determined from volcanic activity between 1631 and 1944. A land-use zonation map of the area was created in order to show areal distribution of the resources, built-up centres and population. For each of the 17 municipalities in the area, demographic and urban data were entered into the GIS database and linked to each appropriate geographic unit in order to create a set of reference maps at the 1:50 000 scale. The lava flow hazard map was overlain on the land use map, and spatial and numerical information of risk were extracted from the resulting maps.     

近40 a来基于低分辨率遥感数据和GIS的全球城市时空变化研究

近几十年来, 全球生态系统、气候和生物多样性已不同程度受到人口快速增长和城市持续扩张带来的负面影响. 使用低分辨率遥感影像数据和GIS技术定量分析了近40 a全球城市时空变化. 世界数字化图(Digital Chart of the World, DCW)城市图层代表1960年至1970年的全球城市面积, 利用MODIS影像数据、稳定夜间光数据和城市格网人口密度数据编制的全球土地覆盖数据城市图(Global Land Cover by National Mapping Organization, GLCNMO)代表2003年时的全球城市面积. 计算了1960年和2003年全球城市的城市用地比重和年城市增长率指数, 从区域尺度、国家尺度和单个城市尺度分析了全球城市扩展的时空变化过程. 结果表明: 在1960年代发达国家城市面积较大, 而发展中国家城市面积小得多; 到2003年发展中国家有相当大的变化, 新增长的城市区域快速扩大. 近40 a来发展中国家城市区域发展速度远快于发达国家, 与欧洲和北美国家相比, 发展中国家城市结构更紧凑和密集.     

Analysis of urban growth using Landsat TM/ETM data and GIS—a case study of Hyderabad, India

Hyderabad is one of the fastest growing mega cities in India and it is facing many economic, social and environmental problems due to rapid urban growth. For the better planning of resources and to provide basic amenities to its residents, it is necessary to have sufficient knowledge about its urban growth activities. Also, it is necessary to monitor the changes in land use over time and to detect growth activities in different parts of the city. To accomplish these tasks with greater accuracy and easiest way, remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) tools proved to be very advantageous. This study makes an attempt towards the mapping of land use classes for different time periods and analysis of apparent changes in land use using the Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM) data for the urban agglomeration of Hyderabad, India. In this study, three different time periods viz. 1989–2000, 2000–2005 and 2005–2011 are chosen for the analysis. The results have shown that high-density urban area had grown during 1989–2011 by encroaching into other land use classes. The urban growth has also affected water resources both, qualitatively and quantitatively in the region. The transformation of other land use types into urban area dynamically continued in the North-East and Southern parts of the city. In the North-East direction, the urban growth was mostly due to growth in industrial and residential area and in Southern part, mostly due to residential growth.     

城市空间扩展非协调性识别的基础理论与实证分析

针对当前国内外现有城市空间扩展研究因数据和方法的制约而相对缺乏合理性评价以及伴随快速城镇化进程推进的我国城市空间扩展引发了一系列区域可持续发展问题的现实背景,试图基于逆向思维和问题诊断视角构建一座由非协调病理诊断通向协调发展道路的桥梁,从非协调性视角构建城市空间扩展合理性评价指标体系;内涵上具体表征为城市建设用地总量控制非协调性、城市建设用地与农用地、生态用地配比结构非协调性以及城市建设用地空间配置非协调性3个层面。并在此基础上,以2008年中国246个地级市为样本单元展开实证分析。期间从分区(经济区划)、分类(行政等级、道路交通、城市规模、城市属性、气候条件、地形条件等)的思维对其内在规律性进行了揭示、归纳与汇总。结果表明该识别体系较为合理,揭示结果与现实情况相吻合,可以作为认知城市空间扩展,缓解人多地少的基本国情和人地矛盾冲突,促进土地资源的集约高效、合理利用和区际公平可持续发展的理论依据。     

新疆乌鲁木齐市城市化与土地利用结构的Granger因果关系分析

在城市化与土地利用结构的协调发展成为焦点问题的时代背景下,以新疆乌鲁木齐市为研究区域,采用Johansen协整检验和Granger因果关系分析法,对乌鲁木齐市2000-2015年的城市化水平及5类代表性城市用地结构变化数据进行了处理,并对城市化与用地结构进行了因果关系分析。结果表明：（1）2000-2012年,乌鲁木齐市城市化水平由84.82%降至77.12%,呈下降趋势;2013-2015年由77.73%升至81.62%,呈上升趋势,造成这一现象的主要原因是非农业人口增长速率相对于农业人口增长速率较慢;（2）2000-2015年各类用地所占比例变化情况如下：居住用地比例均在26%以上,明显高于其他用地;工业用地比例较为稳定,均为15%~19%;公共设施用地2014-2015年明显下降,即从平均比例11.46%降至5.03%;城市道路用地比例较稳定,均为5.8%~7.5%;绿地比例呈上升趋势,由20.01%升至30.94%;（3）城市化与居住用地之间的Granger因果关系不明显,工业用地、公共设施用地、城市道路用地是引起城市化的Granger原因,城市化是绿地的Granger原因。对乌鲁木齐市城市化与土地利用结构进行因果关系分析,对城市用地格局的改善、土地利用战略以及有关政策法规的制定具有一定的参考意义。     

基于多源数据融合方法的中国1 km土地覆盖分类制图

精确的全球及区域土地覆盖数据是陆地表层过程研究的重要基础。在集成研究兴起和多种数据并存的背景下,利用多源信息融合技术进行大尺度土地覆盖制图具有重要的现实意义。证据理论清楚地表达了由于不确定和不完全信息所带来的对命题认识的“无知”,能够确定相应的假设在目前的认知与知识状态下的确定、不确定和“无知”程度,是多源数据决策融合的重要方法。基于证据理论,将2000年中国1∶10万土地利用数据、中国植被图集（1∶100万）的植被型分类、中国1∶10万冰川图、中国1∶[KG-*2]100万沼泽湿地图和MODIS 2001年土地覆盖产品（MOD12Q1）进行了融合,最终基于最大信任度原则进行决策,产生了新的、IGBP分类系统的2000年中国土地覆盖数据。新的土地覆盖数据在保持了中国土地利用数据的总体精度的同时,补充了中国植被图中对植被类型及植被季相的信息,更新了中国湿地图,增加了中国冰川图最新信息,使分类系统更加通用。     

Engineering geological mapping developed in the Fortaleza Metropolitan Region, State of Ceara, Brazil

Engineering geological mapping was carried out, at a scale of 1:100,000, in the Fortaleza Metropolitan Region, located in northeastern Brazil, to provide engineering geological information as an aid in planning land use and occupation. In this study, eight basic maps were produced drawing: urban areas, lithology, unconsolidated materials in addition to geomorphological map showing slopes, water resources, engineering geological zoning and distribution of geological–geotechnical environmental problems based on information collected through field and laboratory investigations. The region was divided into nine engineering geological zones analyzed in terms of geohazard susceptibility and foundation, excavation and waste disposal conditions.     

长株潭地区耕地压力的时空变化及驱动因素分析

利用1997-2010年长株潭地区的土地利用现状数据和社会经济数据,运用耕地压力指数模型和主成分分析法分析了长株潭地区耕地压力的时空分布及驱动因素。结果表明:（1）长株潭地区耕地总量总体呈阶梯减少趋势;（2）整体看,长株潭地区耕地压力指数小于1,耕地压力不明显,但耕地压力指数呈上升-下降-上升走势,耕地压力呈上升势头。（3）具体看,长株潭地区耕地压力:长沙市>株洲市>湘潭市;并且县域空间差异明显,尤其是城区耕地压力指数远大于1,表明城区耕地压力非常大,其他县市压力相对较小。（4）人口快速增长、经济跨越式快速发展、农业机械化普及与农业投入的增加等4个方面是长株潭地区耕地压力变化的主要驱动因素。研究成果有利于提高人们对长株潭地区的耕地保护意识,为促进区域土地合理利用规划,实现两型发展提供科学依据。      

Compliance with land use regulations in peri-urban areas in Ghana: a study of Bamahu and Danko residential areas in Wa municipality,Upper West Region

GeoJournal - Globally, there is a sharp increase in human population in urban areas resulting to competition for land for settlement. With pressure on urban land, compliance with land use planning...     

Using Landsat data to determine land use changes in Datong basin,China

The aim of this study was to determine land use changes in Datong basin using multitemporal Landsat data for the period of 1977–2006. Four dates of Landsat images from 1977, 1990, 2000, and 2006 were selected to classify the study area. Based on the supervised classification method of maximum likelihood algorithm, images were classified into six classes: water, urban, forest, agriculture, wetland, and barren land. A multidate postclassification comparison change detection algorithm was used to determine changes in land use in four intervals. It is found that (1) urban land area increased 213% due to urbanization that resulted from rapid increase of urban population and high-speed economic development, (2) agriculture area increased 34.0% due to land reclamation that resulted from rapid increase of rural population and improvement of irrigation capacity, (3) forest area decreased 20.9% due to deforestation for urban area and agricultural use, (4) barren land area decreased 78.2% due to cultivation for agricultural use, and (5) water and wetland decreased 39.1 and 67.1%, respectively, due to exploitation of surface water and decrease of recharge from groundwater to surface water that resulted from over exploitation of groundwater.     

Is there a step-wise migration in Nigeria?: A case study of the migrational histories of migrants in Lagos

The paper sets out to test whether or not the movement pattern of people in Nigeria is step-wise. It examines the spatial order in the country and the movement pattern of people. It then analysizes the survey data and tests for the validity of step-wise migration in the country. The findings show that step-wise migration cannot adequately describe all the patterns observed. The multistep moves of the people is an indication of the complexity of factors influencing human mobility behaviour. Moreover, the preponderance of circuitory movement pattern is an indication of the socio-cultural life of the people. The urban-urban movement pattern that was observed is used as a basis for advocating for the development of intermediate urban centres, in addition to the rural areas. This is seen as a way of alleviating the increasing convergence of people on Lagos.     

Environmental Constraints and Part-time Farming in Southeastern Nigeria

In southeastern Nigeria where population pressure is a problem of accelerating importance the agricultural land is in short supply thereby necessitating off-farm jobs to supplement farm income. There is therefore, a high incidence of part-time farming in the region. Analysis of the operational characteristics of thirty-six villages confirms that the intensity of part-time farming varies spatially according to the severity of environmental degradation resulting from population pressure. In addition, villages around urban/industrial centres participate actively in part-time farming since opportunities for off-farm employment are relatively higher. The situation in southeastern Nigeria is used to illustrate the prospects and problems of part-time farming in a developing economy. The implications of part-time farming on the agricultural economy and on rural development generally are examined. Policy measures are suggested that will direct the co-existence of part-time farming with work in the off-farm sector in order to achieve a beneficial and integrated rural development.     

北方寒冷地区城市哈尔滨人口城市化与土地城市化协调关系研究

以哈尔滨市为研究范围,构建了人口城市化、土地城市化指标体系,运用熵值法计算各指标的权重,结合协调发展模型,分别研究了哈尔滨市1997-2014年期间人口城市化的内部协调性、土地城市化的内部协调性以及人口城市化和土地城市化的协调度及协调发展水平,并对人口城市化、土地城市化与协调发展水平进行了研究。结果表明：哈尔滨市的人口城市化内部协调性和土地城市化内部协调性都表现出前期加速,后期平稳的状态,在20世纪90年代,人口城市化内部协调性和土地城市化内部协调性都迅速提高,进入21世纪以后,协调度均保持在0.9左右,波动较小,内部协调度较高;综合人口城市化和土地城市化的协调度和相对发展度来看,除1999-2000年处于高级协调外,在研究期的其余时段哈尔滨市人口城市化和土地城市化基本处于初级协调状态,人口城市化与土地城市化的非同步性,是制约两者协调发展的关键因素,其中人口城市化对协调发展水平的影响更大。