三疣梭子蟹幼体消化道发育的组织学研究

三疣梭子蟹的消化道分前肠、中肠和后肠,前后肠起源于外胚层,腔内有角质衬里,中肠起源于内胚层,腔内无角质层。消化管壁均由上皮层、结缔组织层、肌肉层和外膜组成。前肠包括口腔、食道和胃,食道壁内褶形成食道嵴,食道嵴的折叠程度以及食道放射肌的排列密度随幼体发育而增加。胃的结构复杂,其内的角质层特化成前部的胃磨和后部的腺滤器。胃磨、腺滤器、贲门胃和幽门胃之间的比例以及贲门－幽门瓣在幼体发育过程中变化明显。中肠的前端背面有一对前盲囊管,沿胃的背面向前延伸,在发育上有长度的变化。中肠后端背面发出一支后盲囊管,在Ｚ２形成,随后逐渐延长并发生弯曲。后肠始于腹部第二节,在蚤状幼体时最长可达中肠的两倍多,大眼幼体后随着腹部的退化而明显缩短。     

中国对虾(Penaeus chinensis)消化系统发生的研究

本文对中国对虾消化道和中肠腺的发生进行了研究。完整的中肠管形成于Ｎ３期，它是由幼虫腹面的内胚层板向背中线上卷合拢而形成。在Ｚ１期消化道完全贯通。至Ｍ１期，胃分化为贲门胃和幽门胃两部分，中肠前盲囊和中肠后盲囊也在此期出现，同时胃磨的雏形发生，但完整的胃磨形成于Ｐ期。另外，中肠腺始于Ｎ４－５期中肠前端突出的两对中肠腺盲囊。第一对中肠腺盲囊于Ｍ３期退化消失，而第二对中肠腺盲囊则发育为成体的中肠腺。中肠腺小管由４种不同类型的细胞（胚性细胞、吸收细胞、纤维细胞和泡状细胞）所组成     

许氏平鲉消化道的组织化学研究

运用组化方法对许氏平消化道碱性磷酸酶、酸性磷酸酶、羧酸酯酶和粘液物质进行了定位及半定量研究。发现幽门盲囊和肠上皮细胞顶端胞质和纹状缘具碱性磷酸酶活性 ;胃粘膜上皮细胞核上方胞质、幽门盲囊及肠上皮细胞顶端胞质中检测到酸性磷酸酶活性 ;在胃贲门部和盲囊部、幽门盲囊以及肠的上皮细胞内还检测到羧酸酯酶活性。整个消化道的粘膜层中存在许多粘液细胞。食道上皮含大量酸性粘液细胞 ,胃上皮细胞均含有中性粘液 ,而肠道由前向后中性粘液物质逐渐减少 ,酸性粘液物质逐渐增多。研究结果表明许氏平食道和直肠有润滑和微弱的吸收作用 ,胃有消化脂类和吸收二糖及短链脂肪的功能 ;幽门盲囊有较强的吸收脂类的功能 ;前肠、中肠和后肠有活跃的细胞内消化和吸收功能     

中国对虾（Penaeus orientalis Kishinouye）消化系统发生的初步研究

本文论述中国对虾消化道和肝胰脏(或称肝脏)在各幼虫期和早期仔虾的发育。中国对虾的原始中胚层细胞是自原肠的顶壁分出移入囊胚腔中。在发育过程中。口凹是在第三期无节幼虫时内陷形成．而原肛是在第六期无节幼虫时内陷形成的，所以口凹的发生早于原肛的发生。在溞状幼虫第一期，消化道的腔才完全贯通。在糠虾幼虫第一期，胃分为贲门胃和幽门胃两部分。胃磨和几丁质刚毛则出现于早期仔虾。甲壳类动物的消化道包括前肠、中肠和后肠三个部分。前肠与后肠起源于外胚层。中肠则发生自内胚层。我们对中国对虾胚胎发育的观察，发现中肠远远长于后肠。而后肠将发育为成体的直肠。两对肝盲囊分别发生自中肠的前段肠壁。在仔虾早期，前面一对逐渐退化消失，而后面的一对将发育为成体的肝胰脏。     

中国对虾(Penaeus orientalis Kishinouye)消化系统发生的初步研究

本文论述中国对虾消化道和肝胰脏(或称肝脏)在各幼虫期和早期仔虾的发育。 中国对虾的原始中胚层细胞是自原肠的顶壁分出移入囊胚腔中。 在发育过程中,口凹是在第三期无节幼虫时内陷形成,而原肛是在第六期无节幼虫时内陷形成的,所以口凹的发生早于原肛的发生。 在溞状幼虫第一期,消化道的腔才完全贯通。 在糠虾幼虫第一期,胃分为贲门胃和幽门胃两部分。胃磨和几丁质刚毛则出现于早期仔虾。 甲壳类动物的消化道包括前肠、中肠和后肠三个部分。前肠与后肠起源于外胚层,中肠则发生自内胚层。我们对中国对虾胚胎发育的观察,发现中肠远远长于后肠,而后肠将发育为成体的直肠。 两对肝盲囊分别发生自中肠的前段肠壁。在仔虾早期,前面一对逐渐退化消失,而后面的一对将发育为成体的肝胰脏。     

人工养殖长鳍篮子鱼消化道指数及3 种消化酶活性分布

以体质量58.51 g±21.15 g、体长13.08 cm±1.856 cm的长鳍篮子鱼(Siganus canaliculatus)为实验材料,对其消化道指数和主要消化酶活性分布进行了研究.采用常规方法测定了长鳍篮子鱼的消化道指数,其比内脏重、比肝重、比胃重,比幽门盲囊重、比肠重、比肠长分别为0.1572±0.0230、0.0166±0.0060、0.0115±0.0070、0.004 3±0.002 1、0.020 2±0.0102、2.595±0.457;体质量与体长的回归方程为Y=0.080 6X2.5457(r=0.9777,P<0.01).蛋白酶在各消化器官中的比活力顺序为幽门盲囊>肠>肝脏>胃;淀粉酶的比活力顺序为肠>幽门盲囊>胃>肝脏;脂肪酶比活力顺序为幽门盲囊>肝脏>肠>胃;肠的总蛋白酶活、总淀粉酶活、总脂肪酶活在各消化器官中都最高.肝脏、胃、肠、幽门盲囊的A/P值分别为2.15、22.65、3.81,1.96.研究表明,肠道是长鳍篮子鱼消化食物的最重要的消化器官;根据消化道指数、消化酶分布、A/P值,表明长鳍篮子鱼是偏植食性为主的杂食性鱼类.     

三疣梭子蟹幼体中肠腺发育的组织学和细胞学研究

将蚤状幼体 I期 (Z1)到仔蟹共六期三疣梭子蟹幼体固定 ,作横切、纵切和平切的连续切片 ,观察中肠腺的解剖学及组织学特征 ,并研究其细胞的超微结构。三疣梭子蟹的中肠腺起自前、中肠交界处 ,分左右两部分 ,每部分三叶 ,由总管与幽门胃和中肠相通 ,中肠腺管的长度和数量随幼体发育而增加。管壁的上皮细胞在各期幼体均可分为四种类型 :E-细胞 (胚细胞 )、F-细胞 (纤维细胞 )、R-细胞 (吸收细胞 )和 B-细胞 (分泌细胞 ) ,它们在中肠腺管中的分布位置和功能各有不同。     

黄鳍鲷消化道内分泌细胞的免疫组化定位

应用4种兔抗胃肠激素抗体和SABC免疫组织化学方法,对黄鳍鲷（Sparus latus）消化道中的内分泌细胞进行鉴别和定位。结果表明：PP细胞在幽门盲囊较为丰富,食道和小肠较少。Som细胞在贲门胃分布密度最高,在食道和幽门胃也有较多分布。5-HT细胞主要分布在食道和胃部,在幽门盲囊和小肠数量较少。NPY细胞在消化道各部位均未发现。黄鳍鲷消化道PP、Som和5-HT细胞的数量分布和形态特征存在一定的差异,为参与不同的消化生理作用提供了形态学依据。     

罗氏海盘车消化系统的组织学和组织化学研究

以组织学和组织化学方法研究了罗氏海盘车的消化系统。消化道管壁基本由三层组成：粘膜层粘膜下层和外膜,粘膜层由单层或假复层的柱状细胞和粘液细胞组成,贲门胃褶皱顶端柱的状细胞核内ＤＮＡ含量丰富,粘液细胞分泌酸呈混合性粘多糖。幽门腺为多分枝管状腺,腺细胞胞质内ＲＮＡ含量丰富。幽门腺和直肠盲囊呈现蛋白酶、脂酶和非特性酯酶活性。     

黑鱾消化系统的形态学及组织学研究*

鱼类消化系统的组织结构特点与食性密切相关。为了探究岛礁性鱼类黑魢的消化生理特点, 文章以黑鱾(Girella leonina)为研究对象, 采用苏木精-伊红(H.E)染色法研究其消化系统的组织结构特点, 探讨其组织结构特点与食性、环境适应性之间的相关性。结果显示: 1) 食道向腔内形成纵向6个粗大皱褶, 该皱褶具明显横纹肌, 扩张性较强, 黏膜上皮间分布着黏液细胞, 呈锥形; 2) 黑鱾为“V”形胃, 可分为贲门部、胃体部和幽门部3个部分, 胃腺横切面为圆形, 管腔由数个腺细胞围成, 胃肌层平滑肌层极厚, 为内环肌层外纵肌层结构, 其中胃体部固有层处胃腺最为发达, 胃黏膜形成许多皱襞, 幽门胃具多级分枝皱褶; 3) 幽门处分布有150多条分枝状盲囊, 盲囊腔内充满黏膜褶, 黏膜上皮由单层柱状上皮细胞组成, 不具有杯状细胞; 4) 肝脏分为左右两叶, 组织结构呈现出一般硬骨鱼类的共性, 肝细胞体积较大, 呈多边形, 大小约为30μm; 5) 肠道具有4个肠曲, 比肠长值约为1.52±0.06, 介于植食性和肉食性鱼类之间, 整个肠道均有大量杯状细胞分布, 肠道内具发达的小肠绒毛凸起, 绒毛基部上皮向固有层内陷形成肠腺, 腺体开口于相邻绒毛基部之间, 前中肠作为主要消化吸收场所, 其绒毛数量和高度要大于后肠。文章研究了黑鱾消化系统组织学特征与其消化、吸收的关系, 认为黑鱾消化系统具备典型杂食性鱼类消化系统的特征。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.