发展中的板块边界:天山-贝加尔活动构造带

亚洲内陆的强地震密集地发生在天山-贝加尔一线,但该处并不存在一条连续的大断裂,学术界对这个问题的认识长期相左。文中分析了这条地震带的时空分布、分区特点、应力状态和活动周期,计算了欧亚大陆的布格重力异常场、均衡重力异常场,反演了上地幔的密度分布和剪切波速分布。发现在这个部位的70~250km的深部有一条北东向的密度、速度陡变带,它是新生代的冷地幔和热地幔的交界带,与浅部构造存在立交关系,对亚洲大陆的现今构造运动和应力场具有重要的控制作用。这个带的地震不同于传统意义上的板缘地震和板内地震,是一种因为深浅构造不同而造成的结构性地震,性质上为大陆内缘地震。文中还就深浅构造的空间立交关系、时间镜像关系进行了讨论,指出在南北地震带和伊朗东侧地震带的立交结构也与上地幔构造有关。天山-贝加尔活动构造带是正在发展中的板块边界,是大陆内部的一个典型构造,北侧为稳定的俄罗斯-西伯利亚次板块,南侧为活动的中国-东南亚次板块。     

亚洲东部“大三角”地震构造区的周边和深部动力环境

亚洲东部存在一个巨大的三角形地震构造区域,大体上,喜马拉雅山脉、帕米尔—天山—阿尔泰山—贝加尔和东经105°线是它的3个边界,主要覆盖中国和蒙古国西部众多高原、山脉及山间盆地。三角区内现今构造活动和地震广泛强烈,地壳破碎,显示不均匀的块体边界和块内变形;区外基本上是稳定的刚性陆块,地震很少,变形较弱,处于整体缓慢运动之中。这个宽阔的板内变形区起源于印度、菲律宾海—西太平洋和欧亚三大板块之间的动力作用以及深部地幔流的影响。向北快速运动的印度次大陆已近水平地插入到西藏板块下,沿喜马拉雅弧产生多种运动和变形,并向亚洲内部远距离地扩散。沿东经95°～100°,向北的地壳运动向东和东南方向偏转,阻截了喜马拉雅弧东端的北向运动;而在喜马拉雅弧西端,帕米尔继续向北挤进中亚,受天山—阿尔泰山—贝加尔一线西北側稳定地壳的限制,扩散的变形被中国、蒙古、俄罗斯边境地区一系列EW向和NW向的老断层吸收并在它们的西端终止。菲律宾海—西太平洋向欧亚大陆的消减-俯冲导致沿海沟-岛弧的漫长而狭窄的地震带,但对亚洲大陆的水平挤压较小,未能阻挡亚洲大陆东部向东移动。其部分原因可能是俯冲板片受到来自欧亚大陆下的ES向地幔流的推挤,这个ES向地幔流与来自印度下面的N向地幔流在西藏中部汇合并向东偏转,在大尺度上与GPS观测到的地表移动图像一致。     

亚洲中部天山—贝加尔陆内变形终止边界

亚洲中部,沿天山的西端、阿尔泰山的西北端到贝加尔地区,是一条显著的NE向边界(天山—贝加尔边界),在它的两侧,地形、构造、地震活动和其他地球物理特征都有显著的差异。沿这条边界不存在同方向的大断层,同时,一系列NW向大型走滑断层与这条边界以大角度相交,这些断层的西北段在边界西北侧附近终止。总体上,这条边界西北侧是稳定的哈萨克斯坦地台和西伯利亚地台,东南侧主要是构造活动的天山、阿尔泰山及蒙古西部,因此,这条NE向构造边界是大陆内部的变形终止边界。中亚地区的陆块拼合过程在古生代末已结束,天山、阿尔泰山等造山带与北边的哈萨克斯坦地台和西伯利亚地台焊接为一体,经历中生代的固化。新生代以来,受印度-欧亚板块碰撞的影响,天山、阿尔泰山等造山带在NS向挤压力作用下发生变形,包括近东西向逆断层和NW向走滑断层的活动以及分散的地震。这些变形向北扩展时,被刚性、结构完整的哈萨克斯坦地台和西伯利亚地台截断终止,因而造成NE向天山—贝加尔边界。亚洲大陆内部块体的地壳强度和变形特征有明显的继承性,新生代以来,原来的地台(克拉通)继续保持结构完整和稳定性,几乎没有内部变形,而天山、阿尔泰山等古老的造山带则再次经历强烈变形。这不仅是由于印度板块继续向北推挤的影响,而且与这些地区自身的地壳和上地幔结构有关,同时NE向天山—贝加尔边界的西北侧哈萨克斯坦地台和西伯利亚地台对变形扩散的阻挡也起了重要作用。     

中国岩石圈三维结构雏型

根据岩石圈的流变习性,可以将中国岩石圈分成3层,即:弹性上地壳、塑性下地壳和岩石圈地幔.它们的构造各不相同,并且各层间呈现复杂的关系.在新疆地区,上地壳推覆叠置形成以三山四盆为特点的盆山构造,驮伏在一系列东西走向的条带状背型构造与向型构造的下地壳之上.在强烈隆升中的西藏地区,它的周边是差异隆升,但它的腹部地区的弹性上地壳完整未遭破坏.这是因为它的腹部的下地壳和岩石圈地幔发生局部熔融,上地壳被局部熔融的下地壳和岩石圈地幔顶托,以液压的方式整体抬升.华北地区,则是软流圈上升破坏了岩石圈地幔,形成新生地幔与残留地幔并存的蘑菇云岩石圈地幔构造.并由于软流圈的上升,使地壳拉张减薄形成裂谷盆地.中国大陆下除了东北吉辽地区太平洋板块向大陆俯冲外,东部其他地区都没有发现太平洋板块俯冲的证据.中生代以来中国东部发生的岩石圈巨变不是太平洋板块向中国大陆的俯冲而造成的,而是软流圈物质上涌的结果.因此,中国大陆当今的构造动力,是西部由印度板块俯冲推挤和东部东亚-西太平洋软流圈上升构成的二元系统.这两个动力系统的分界是南北地震带.在南北地震带以西整体处在压缩环境中:南北地震带以东,则处在拉张环境中.正是由于应力场由压缩转变成拉张产生的剪应力造成了南北地震带.华北地区所以成为地震活动地区是因为它的岩石圈地幔已被强烈的改造成为蘑菇云构造.热流上升,弹性层急剧减薄,弹性极限下降所致.     

闽台地球动力学及其能态结构研究

台湾地处中国大陆东南边缘是菲律宾海板块凸向亚欧大陆俯冲-碰撞异常岛弧带。福建位于台湾岛弧西侧活动地块。闽台独特的构造格架、地球动力学状态和构造应力场与地震活动之间的内在关联性,使之成为研究海陆板块俯冲-碰撞效应及其对板内地震活动影响天然地区。本文主要依据近30多年以来对福建地块的地震地质背景、地壳变形观测、构造应力场、地震活动性以及地壳-上地幔结构探测、地热场等资料,结合台湾学者详细对台湾岛弧地球动力学与强震构造等研究成果,探索海陆板块俯冲-碰撞地球动力学特征及其对板内活动地块影响,进而揭示板间-板缘-板内强震活动关联性和动力学性状的异同性。试图为本区强震预测和防震减灾对策提供新思路。     

南海东北部及其邻近地区地壳上地幔P波速度结构

利用中国地震台网和ISC台站记录的P波到时数据,采用球坐标系有限差分地震层析成像方法反演了南海东北部及其邻近地区壳幔三维P波速度结构,并分析了不同地质单元的构造差异及其深部特征。结果表明:南海东北部表现出陆架地区的岩石层特性,属于华南大陆向海区的延伸,岩石层厚度较大,现今不存在大规模的地幔热流活动,推测大陆边缘张裂作用仅限于地壳内部而没有延伸进入上地幔,具有非火山型大陆边缘的深部特点。中央海盆附近上地幔P波速度明显降低,与海盆下方地幔热流活动密切相关。不同的速度异常特征表明:华南大陆暨台湾地区属于欧亚大陆的正常地壳或是与菲律宾海板块相互作用产生的增厚型地壳,冲绳海槽则是弧后扩张产生的减薄型地壳。滨海断裂带作为华南大陆高速异常和南海北部高速异常的分界,代表了一定地质时期华南地块和南海地块的拼合边界。断裂附近的上地幔低速异常揭示了闽粤沿海岩浆作用的深层动力机制。吕宋岛弧、马尼拉海沟、东吕宋海槽的速度异常与其所处的特殊构造位置有密切的关系,清晰地反映出岛弧俯冲带的地壳结构差异;台湾南部至吕宋岛弧的上地幔低速异常揭示了两个重要火山链的深部构造特征,北吕宋海脊下方100 km深度的条带状高速异常有可能代表了俯冲下沉的岩石层板片。     

青藏高原板内地震震源深度分布规律及其成因

青藏高原板内地震以浅源地震为主, 下地壳基本上没有地震, 地震震源多集中在15~40 km的深度范围, 主要在中地壳内, 呈似层状弥散分布.其中30~33 km深度是一个优势层, 与壳内分层有关.总体上青藏高原南、北部的震源面略呈相向倾斜特征.70~100 km深度区间出现了比较集中的震级较小的地震, 可能与壳幔过渡带的拆离作用有关.高原内部的正断层系与板内地震密切相关, 是板内浅源地震的主控构造.总之, 青藏高原地震震源沿着活动的上地壳脆性层与软弱层之间的脆-韧性过渡带分布.这些板内地震活动属于大陆动力学过程, 与板块碰撞和板块俯冲无关.初步认为青藏高原浅层到深层多震层的成因分别是韧性基底与脆性盖层、韧性下地壳与脆性上地壳、韧性下地壳与脆性上地幔的韧-脆性转换、拆离和解耦的产物.      

华南大陆东部壳幔结构的宽频带地震学探测

华南大陆是新元古代以来全球地质演化历史最复杂的地区之一, 也是欧亚板块东南缘地壳生长和大陆增生最活跃, 大规模构造变形、岩浆活动和多金属矿产资源最丰富的地区。揭示该区浅表构造与岩浆活动和成矿作用机制离不开对深部壳幔结构的研究。宽频带地震学是开展深部壳幔结构探测的重要手段, 基于宽频带地震学数据可以刻画地壳-岩石圈-上地幔-地幔过渡带不同深度和尺度的深部结构, 为深入理解研究区的深部构造、动力学过程、岩浆活动与成矿作用提供有效约束。本文较全面地总结了近二十年来在华南大陆东部地区开展的宽频带流动地震探测工作, 并对研究区的地壳厚度、Vp/Vs比值、岩石圈底界(LAB)深度、上地幔速度结构与各向异性等进行了分析与讨论。本文旨在为相关研究人员和团队提供未来在该区新布设地震探测台站时的参考, 也可为后续深入研究该区的深部结构与成矿过程提供一些深部要素约束。     

板块下的构造及地幔动力学

最新的全球地幔地震层析资料揭示了岩石圈板片可以俯冲到核幔边界，超地幔羽可以从核幔边界上升到地壳上部形成热点。在大陆板块汇聚边界，地幔地震层析图像不仅显示了岩石圈板片的超深俯冲，还保存了拆沉的岩石圈“化石”残片的重要信息。从地幔深部所获取的新资料为全地幔“单层对流“的新模式提供了依据。在介绍上述全球构造研究新动向的基础上，本文强调了研究岩石圈板块必须了解板块下的构造，探索岩石圈板块的驱动力应该从“岩石圈动力学”升华到“地幔动力学”，并提出了大陆板块汇聚边界地幔动力学研究的新思考。     

东海与黄海的三维速度结构及其构造意义

利用面波层析技术分析了该区地壳上地幔的三维构造。地壳上层的速度分布具有以海域中心为轴,东西两侧对称的特点,总体呈NE向展布,同结晶基底的构造对应良好。东海与黄海的构造差异主要表现在下地壳与上地幔,分别与华北和华南的速度结构相同。从杭州湾到吐噶喇海峡(大约沿30°N纬线)存在一条近EW走向的上地幔高速带。东海与黄海在地貌与地质、地震活动、大地热流、品质因数和重磁异常等方面存在系统性的差异,这与早第四纪从杭州湾到吐噶喇海峡出现的左旋剪切破裂以及贝尼奥失带的右旋撕裂有关。作者推断:东海是新生代弧后扩张作用而形成的;大巴-大别山南麓-杭州湾-吐噶喇海峡是华北与华南地壳块体的分界线,琉球海沟的消减带是华南地壳块体的东界;东亚的现代构造运动,主要与太平洋板块、印度板块和上地幔的运动有关,而菲律宾板块的俯冲对中国大陆的作用较小。     

Precursory activity in seismic belts containing the focal region of forthcoming large intraplate earthquake

Seismic activity in the region surrounding the foci is investigated for three severe earthquakes (two with a magnitude of 6.1 and one with a magnitude of 5.3) which have occurred in Japan in recent years. The most conspicuous feature commonly noticed is precursory activation of seismic belts which include the focal regions of main shocks. The repetition of the same pattern in the space-time distribution of earthquake occurrence along the seismic belt is also observed for each case. The precursory activity of seismic belts terminates in rather a short period and, after that, the area around the focus of the forthcoming large earthquake becomes quiescent, which demonstrates the appearance of the seismic gap of the second kind (Mogi, 1979). The periods of seismic quiescence for the cases investigated in this paper are longer than those which are given by the regression relationship between earthquake magnitude and precursor time proposed for example, by Sekiya (1977). However, our definition of anomalous seismic activity is clear, and it is possible to give a physical meaning to it as an increase in the local stress field in the seismic belt. We propose that a kind of coupling between intraplate tectonic blocks, analogous to interplate coupling in the subduction region, is responsible for the formation of the stress field relevant to these earthquakes. Although this is at present only one of the possible viewpoints on the formation of the focal region of large intraplate earthquakes, it may be worthwhile to study various precursory phenomena in-connection with this hypothesis.     

东亚陆缘带构造扩张的深部热力学机制

近年来,我国地球科学家提出“陆缘构造扩张”观点,较好的解释了亚洲东部大陆边缘于新生代发生扩张离散运动的原因。本文基于“陆缘构造扩张”观点,探讨东亚陆缘带构造扩张的深部热力学机制。东亚陆缘带是具有强烈岩浆活动和构造变形的扩张带,此构造带的主要地球物理特征是频繁的地震活动和明显的地热异常。东亚陆缘扩张带地震层析成像显示,太平洋板块低角度俯冲到欧亚板块之下并平卧于670km相变界面之上。这种图像可能是俯冲后撤导致陆缘扩张的结果。热模拟及地球动力学计算表明:俯冲后撤时间距今约76Ma,海沟带后撤为陆缘壳体的生长留下空间,并形成东亚陆缘壳体增生扩展的前沿带,陆缘扩张量约700km。     

孕震构造块体与相应地震区划分方法

可靠地划分地震区可奠定地震预测与地震危险性评价的地质基础,具有十分重要的意义。笔者等通过研究分析指出板内孕震构造块体侧向边界可由区域性大断层或由区域性大断层与板块边界界定,底边界为康拉德面或低速高导层;板间孕震构造块体为俯冲板块,可由区域性大断层和(或)板块边界约束;在同一个孕震构造块体和同一轮地震周期的地震具有内在联系。因此,地震区可定义为代表相应孕震构造块体地震活动的区域,其可表征该块体内源自锁固段破裂的地震活动。基于笔者等提出的孕震构造块体和相应地震区边界确定原则,把全球两大地震带(环太平洋地震带和欧亚地震带)划分为62个地震区;每个地震区的分区方案均通过了多锁固段脆性破裂理论的检验,这说明方案可靠。进而,笔者等归纳总结了地震区划分方法。     

Structural characteristics controlling the seismicity crustal structure of southern Japan Trench fore-arc region, revealed by ocean bottom seismographic data

The Japan Trench is a plate convergent zone where the Pacific Plate is subducting below the Japanese islands. Many earthquakes occur associated with plate convergence, and the hypocenter distribution is variable along the Japan Trench. In order to investigate the detailed structure in the southern Japan Trench and to understand the variation of seismicity around the Japan Trench, a wide-angle seismic survey was conducted in the southern Japan Trench fore-arc region in 1998. Ocean bottom seismometers (15) were deployed on two seismic lines: one parallel to the trench axis and one perpendicular. Velocity structures along two seismic lines were determined by velocity modeling of travel time ray-tracing method. Results from the experiment show that the island arc Moho is 18–20 km in depth and consists of four layers: Tertiary and Cretaceous sedimentary rocks, island arc upper and lower crust. The uppermost mantle of the island arc (mantle wedge) extends to 110 km landward of the trench axis. The P-wave velocity of the mantle wedge is laterally heterogeneous: 7.4 km/s at the tip of the mantle wedge and 7.9 km/s below the coastline. An interplate layer is constrained in the subducting oceanic crust. The thickness of the interplate layer is about 1 km for a velocity of 4 km/s. Interplate layer at the plate boundary may cause weak interplate coupling and low seismicity near the trench axis. Low P-wave velocity mantle wedge is also consistent with weak interplate coupling. Thick interplate layer and heterogeneous P-wave velocity of mantle wedge may be associated with the variation of seismic activity.     

青藏高原东缘—扬子特提斯构造域深部结构与地壳形变研究

青藏高原东缘和扬子西缘的构造带是中国特提斯构造域的重要组成部分,该构造域受欧亚板块与印度板块陆—陆碰撞、高原隆升、块体裂解或拼接挤压等强烈构造活动的影响,记录和保存了多期次的特提斯构造演化历史痕迹。同时,该研究区域也是中国西部地区地壳形变最强烈的地区之一,其浅表形变特征与深部构造之间存在怎样的关联和制约机制是目前国际地球科学的一个研究热点。本研究依据作者十多年来持续在该区域开展的地质—地球物理研究,通过深部地球物理多参数结构成像、沉积盆地分析、地壳形变和强震孕育机制等综合对比分析,发现在青藏高原东缘的下地壳存在低速和高泊松比异常带,该异常体与来自青藏高原上涌的软流圈热物质汇聚,导致从扬子西缘到青藏高原的下地壳和上地幔的深部结构发生显著变化。沿着龙门山断裂带,中、下地壳存在交叠相间的低速(高泊松比)和高速(低泊松比)区域,这些深部结构分布特征与地表形变及前陆盆地隆坳格局具有较好的一致性。基于上述认识,提出了青藏高原东缘—扬子板块的深部接触模式及其相应的盆山耦合关系,阐明了板块碰撞—耦合的深部动力学过程对剧烈地壳形变、盆地隆坳格局和强震诱发的制约关系。本研究成果将为深入认识青藏高原东缘高原急剧隆升、盆地基底结构与隆拗格局,以及强烈地壳形变的深部动力学机制提供参考信息。     

Lithospheric structure and dynamic processes of the Tianshan orogenic belt and the Junggar basin

Located at the center of the Eurasian continent and accommodating as much as 44% of the present crustal shortening between India and Siberia, the Tianshan orogenic belt (TOB) is one of the youngest (<20 Ma) and highest (elevation>7000 m) orogenic belts in the world. It provides a natural laboratory for examining the processes of intracontinental deformation. In recent years, wide angle seismic reflection/refraction profiling and magnetotelluric sounding surveys have been carried out along a geoscience transect which extends northeastward from Xayar at the northern margin of the Tarim basin (TB), through the Tianshan orogenic belt and the Junggar basin (JB), to Burjing at the southern piedmont of the Altay Mountain. We have also obtained the 2D density structure of the crust and upper mantle of this area by using the Bouguer anomaly data of Northwestern Xinjiang. With these surveys, we attempt to image the 2D velocity and the 2D electric structure of the crust and upper mantle beneath the Tianshan orogenic belt and the Junggar basin. In order to obtain the small-scale structure of the crust–mantle transitional zone of the study area, the wavelet transform method is applied to the seismic wide angle reflection/refraction data. Combining our survey results with heat flow and other geological data, we propose a model that interprets the deep processes beneath the Tianshan orogenic belt and the Junggar basin.Located between the Tarim basin and the Junggar basin, the Tianshan orogenic belt is a block with relatively low velocity, low density, and partially high resistivity. It is tectonically a shortening zone under lateral compression. A detachment exists in the upper crust at the northern margin of the Tarim basin. Its lower part of the upper crust intruded into the lower part of the upper and the middle crust of the Tianshan, near the Korla fault; its middle crust intruded into the lower crust of the Tianshan; and its lower crust and lithospheric mantle subducted into the upper mantle of the Tianshan. In these processes, the mass of the lower crust of the Tarim basin was carried down to the upper mantle beneath the Tianshan, forming a 20-km-thick complex crust–mantle transitional zone composed of seven thin layers with a lower than average velocity. The thrusting and folding of the sedimentary cover, the intrusive layer in the upper and middle crust, and the mass added by the subduction of the Tarim basin into the upper mantle of the Tianshan are probably responsible for the crustal thickening of the Tianshan. Due to the important mass deficiency in the crust and the upper mantle of the Tianshan, buoyancy must occur and lead to rapid ascent of the Tianshan.The episodic tectonic uplift of the Tianshan and tectonic subsidence of the Junggar basin are closely related to the evolution of the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic Tethys.     

台湾地震与大陆旱涝

利用近80年台湾、大陆和环西太平洋的地震资料,简要分析了地震场与我国东部旱涝分布的关系。台湾强震加上华北或蒙古两年内亦有强震是江淮干旱、华北涝的条件；单有台湾强震是江南旱的前兆；台湾弱震年的第一年加上长江中下游有4.5级以上地震发生是长江大涝的条件。对此统计结果从岩石圈与大气圈相互热交换的观点,提出了一个初步解释。     

Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis for Sumatra, Indonesia and across the Southern Malaysian Peninsula

The ground motion hazard for Sumatra and the Malaysian peninsula is calculated in a probabilistic framework, using procedures developed for the US National Seismic Hazard Maps. We constructed regional earthquake source models and used standard published and modified attenuation equations to calculate peak ground acceleration at 2% and 10% probability of exceedance in 50 years for rock site conditions. We developed or modified earthquake catalogs and declustered these catalogs to include only independent earthquakes. The resulting catalogs were used to define four source zones that characterize earthquakes in four tectonic environments: subduction zone interface earthquakes, subduction zone deep intraslab earthquakes, strike-slip transform earthquakes, and intraplate earthquakes. The recurrence rates and sizes of historical earthquakes on known faults and across zones were also determined from this modified catalog. In addition to the source zones, our seismic source model considers two major faults that are known historically to generate large earthquakes: the Sumatran subduction zone and the Sumatran transform fault. Several published studies were used to describe earthquakes along these faults during historical and pre-historical time, as well as to identify segmentation models of faults. Peak horizontal ground accelerations were calculated using ground motion prediction relations that were developed from seismic data obtained from the crustal interplate environment, crustal intraplate environment, along the subduction zone interface, and from deep intraslab earthquakes. Most of these relations, however, have not been developed for large distances that are needed for calculating the hazard across the Malaysian peninsula, and none were developed for earthquake ground motions generated in an interplate tectonic environment that are propagated into an intraplate tectonic environment. For the interplate and intraplate crustal earthquakes, we have applied ground-motion prediction relations that are consistent with California (interplate) and India (intraplate) strong motion data that we collected for distances beyond 200 km. For the subduction zone equations, we recognized that the published relationships at large distances were not consistent with global earthquake data that we collected and modified the relations to be compatible with the global subduction zone ground motions. In this analysis, we have used alternative source and attenuation models and weighted them to account for our uncertainty in which model is most appropriate for Sumatra or for the Malaysian peninsula. The resulting peak horizontal ground accelerations for 2% probability of exceedance in 50 years range from over 100% g to about 10% g across Sumatra and generally less than 20% g across most of the Malaysian peninsula. The ground motions at 10% probability of exceedance in 50 years are typically about 60% of the ground motions derived for a hazard level at 2% probability of exceedance in 50 years. The largest contributors to hazard are from the Sumatran faults.